concerned about the mixing of Chinese and native British populations, and the potential spread of opium smoking to the local population.

The practice was tolerated by some London magistrates, who viewed it as a cultural tradition rather than a criminal activity.

widespread practice among the Chinese population in Britain, particularly among seafarers.

development of drug cultures, including bohemian groups that consumed cocaine and other drugs in nightclubs and private parties.

The British System, which allowed doctors to prescribe heroin, morphine, and cocaine to addicts, was established in the 1920s, but it did not eliminate the drug trade.