- Oct 2015
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scienceintheclassroom.org scienceintheclassroom.org
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DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a double stranded helix (coiled in a spiral) of proteins which form a sort of "alphabet" to encode genetic information. The "letters" of this alphabet consist of adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine.
Adenine always pairs with thymine, and cytosine always pairs with guanine, thus, when the two strands are divided the complete DNA molecule can be exactly reproduced. http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/handbook/basics/dna
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plasmid
Plasmids are circular double stranded DNA fragments which can insert themselves in a cell and thenceforth be reproduced in cell divisions even while staying apart from the cell's own DNA. Plasmids can spread resistance to antibiotics from one strain of bacteria to another. They are also important for genetic engineering because they can be used for targeted DNA changes. http://www.nature.com/scitable/definition/plasmid-plasmids-28
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viral
Viruses are submicroscopic parasites with a simple structure. Their main parts are a strand of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) and an surrounding protein shell called a capsid. Some viruses also have an outer viral envelope surrounding their capsid. Viruses are not capable of reproducing on their own, but rather must invade a cell and commandeer that cell's resources to reproduce themselves http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21523/
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CRISPR-associated (Cas) proteins
CRISPR associated proteins are proteins which act in concert with the rest of the CRISPR system to mediate its activities. These proteins are grouped in families. The types of proteins present characterize the distinction between type I, type II, and type III CRISPR systems http://www.biologydirect.com/content/6/1/38
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CRISPR RNAs
CRISPR RNAs are short strands of RNA transcribed from the CRISPR loci which play an important role in targeting foreign DNA https://www.neb.com/tools-and-resources/feature-articles/crispr-cas9-and-targeted-genome-editing-a-new-era-in-molecular-biology
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induced pluripotent stem cells
Induced pluripotent stem cells are cells derived from adult tissue which have been artificially made to act like stem cells. In other words, they have been forced to be capable expressing the full range of their gene capacities instead of specializing as adult cells normally do http://stemcells.nih.gov/info/basics/pages/basics10.aspx
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K562 cells
293T cells were originally derived from the kidney tissue of a human embryo. They have been modified to contain the SV40 T antigen, thus giving this cell line advantages for work with retroviruses. http://www.atcc.org/products/all/CRL-3216.aspx#characteristics
SV40 T antigen is associated with Simian Virus 40, a tumor producing virus which is in the Polyomavridae family http://www.nature.com/onc/journal/v24/n52/full/1209046a.html
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guide RNA
Guide RNA is a genetically engineered fusion of crRNA and tracrRNA. It targets the RNA sequence of interest and enables it to bind with the Cas9 nuclease https://www.addgene.org/CRISPR/guide/
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type II bacterial CRISPR system
There are three types of CRISPR systems: Type I, II, and III. Type II is the simplest type and is characterized by an operon (functional DNA unit) of only four genes: cas9, cas1, cas2, and either cas4 or csn2. https://dpb.carnegiescience.edu/sites/dpb.carnegiescience.edu/files/Bhaya_ARG.pdf
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clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats
Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPRs) are strands of DNA with repeating sequences (repeats) interspersed with other sequences which don't repeat (spacers).
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archaea
Like bacteria, archaea are also prokaryotes. Archaea have similar appearance and behavior to bacteria but differ greatly from bacteria in their genetic structure. Many archaea live in extreme environments such as extremely hot or cold areas or areas with high salt concentrations http://www.microbeworld.org/types-of-microbes/archaea/42-what-is-a-microbe-sp-828/types-of-microbes/149-archaea
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Bacteria
Bacteria are prokaryotes. This means that they don't have a nucleus to contain their DNA. In contrast, eukaryotes have a nucleus which contains their DNA. http://www.microbeworld.org/types-of-microbes/bacteria
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fully defined
Fully defined systems are standardized. Individual variations are minimized, thus enabling to system to yield predictable results.
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in vitro
In vitro means "in glass". This is used to refer to an experiment conducted in laboratory containers rather than in a natural environment
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scienceintheclassroom.org scienceintheclassroom.org
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racial profiling
The use of race, ethnicity, religion, or national origin to determine on which people law enforcement agencies conduct stops, searches, and other investigative procedures. Racial profiling is based on the false assumption that one race is more likely to commit crimes than another.
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rapid-eye-movement sleep
Also known as REM. This period of sleep is when most dreams are thought to occur.
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slow-wave sleep
Also known as 'deep sleep.'
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implicit
Unconscious, outside of awareness and control
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egalitarianism
The idea that all people are equal and deserve equal treatment
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sitc.isoveradev.com sitc.isoveradev.com
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augue at suspendisse
Glossary test
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local.sitc.org local.sitc.org
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cras mollis aliquam sapien
Yar yar
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local.sitc.org local.sitc.org
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e human face and skull is largely genetically determined. However, the genomic basis of craniofacial morphology is incom
Foo bar
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scienceintheclassroom.org scienceintheclassroom.org
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nanoparticles as building blocks
hello!
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formation of amphiphilic cylindrical
test test test
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local.sitc.org local.sitc.org
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Winter storms
winter is here
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midwestern
A region
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seismicity
Big term
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local.sitc.org local.sitc.org
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Recent observations of large numbers of distant-acting
Heavy!
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- Aug 2015
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jonudell.net jonudell.net
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most clearly seen1 in sites with
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critical state
Near the threshold for fault slip and earthquakes
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scienceintheclassroom.org scienceintheclassroom.org
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corona
The outside of a micelle.
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core
The center of a micelle.
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turbid
This term is used to describe solutions that have limited to no transparency; cloudy, opaque.
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epitaxial
The growth of one crystalline material on the surface of another crystalline.
In this case, the crystalline surface upon which epitaxial growth occurs is the exposed crystalline core of the cylindrical micelle. The exposed core can continue to elongate as more block copolymers are added to the solution.
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colloidal dispersions
A solution that has evenly dispersed particles that are 1 nm to 1000 nm. The particles are in solution and do not settle out. An example of a colloidal dispersion is milk.
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contour length
Maximum end-to-end distance of a linear polymer chain.
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coil block
In a block copolymer, a block which lacks crystallinity and has great freedom of rotation due to its flexible nature.
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ring-opening metathesis polymerization
A type of polymerization mechanism that uses strained cyclic olefins (alkene) as the monomer source to produce polymer chains.
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amphiphilic
A chemical compound that has a hydrophilic (water-loving) component and lipophilic (fat-loving) component.
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cross-linking
A cross-link bonds together different polymer chains together at a specific site (i.e., double bonds, sulfur atoms) to form a larger polymer network.
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non-centrosymmetric
Glossary: Molecules have different degrees of molecular symmetry. A molecule that is noncentrosymmetric will not contain an inversion center or a center of symmetry. An example of a molecule that is centrosymmetric is a benzene ring (C6H6) where the inversion center is the center of the ring.
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shape anisotropy
Anisotropy is defined as having a directional dependence. In the case of shape, anisotropy it is referring to an object that is not spherical.
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nanoparticles
Particles of any shape that have at least one dimension less than 100 nm or less in size.
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hierarchical assemblies
The formation of complex structures from a bottom-up approach.
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unidirectionally
From one direction or side.
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micelle corona
A micelle is an aggregate comprised of amphiphilic molecules. A micelle will have a core (inside-lipophilic) and a corona (outside-hydrophilic).
The individual components that make up this aggregate are referred to as unimers.
Although most micelles are have hydrophobic cores and hydrophilic corona, these micelles don't fit this classification. The corona is PI (hydrophobic) and the core is PFS (also hydrophobic). Self-assembly is induced because hexane/decane are poor solvents for PFS but good for PI .
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self-assembly
Molecular self-assembly is the process in which a disordered group of molecules occupy some organized arrangement without direction from an outside source.
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block copolymers
A block copolymer is a polymer chain comprised of homopolymer subunits linked by a covalent bond.
For example:
Homopolymer (where A is the monomer unit) : A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A
Block copolymer (where A and B are monomer units): A-A-A-A-B-B-B-B
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Abstract
As the field of nanotechnology continues to grow, the ability to carefully control nanoparticle size, shape, and composition still remains a challenge. Most nanoparticles exhibit a great deal of symmetry. The authors of this paper focused on developing a method to create block copolymer micelles that had very little symmetry (i.e., noncentrosymmetric). They were able to achieve their goal through unidirectional micelle growth. The authors later used this same strategy to synthesize a "supermicelle."
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- Jul 2015
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www.sciencemag.org www.sciencemag.org
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cytoskeleton
Cytoskeleton is a network of fibers composed of proteins (microfilaments made of actin and microtubules made of tubulin) contained within a cell's cytoplasm.
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coimmunoprecipitated
Coimmunoprecipitation (Co-IP) is the immunoprecipitation of intact protein complexes. Co-IP works by selecting an antibody that targets a known protein that is believed to be a member of a larger complex of proteins. By targeting this known member with an antibody it may become possible to pull the entire protein complex out of solution and thereby identify unknown members of the complex.
Immunoprecipitation (IP) is the technique of precipitating a protein antigen out of solution using an antibody that specifically binds to that particular protein. This process can be used to isolate and concentrate a particular protein from a sample containing many thousands of different proteins.
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Western blot
Western blot is an analytical technique used to detect specific proteins in a sample of tissue homogenate or extract.
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n vitro pull-down assay
The pull-down assay is an in vitro method used to determine a physical interaction between two or more proteins.
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Triton X-100
Triton X-100 is a detergent widely used to lyse cells to extract protein or organelles, or to permeabilize the membranes of living cells.
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point mutations
Point mutation is a technique in which a single base nucleotide is replaced with another nucleotide. As a result, the mutant protein has a different primary sequence with respect to the wild-type protein.
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zinc-finger
Zinc finger is any small, functional, independently folded protein domain that requires coordination of one or more zinc ions to stabilize its structure and is essential for DNA- or RNA-binding protein-protein interactions and membrane association. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11179890
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viral titers
Viral titer is a way to express concentration. It refers to the concentration of viruses in a sample.
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intratracheally
IAV was introduced into the trachea of mice.
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RNA interference (RNAi)
RNAi is a biological process in which RNA molecules inhibit gene expression, typically by causing the destruction of specific mRNA molecules. The final result is the depletion of specific target proteins.
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aggresome
Aggresomes are dynamic structures, formed of improperly folded proteins.
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ubiquitin
Ubiquitin is a small regulatory protein that has been found in almost all eukaryotic cells. Ubiquitin binds to proteins and labels them for destruction.
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tubulin
Tubulin is the protein that polymerizes into long chains or filaments that form microtubules, hollow fibers which serve as a skeletal system for living cells.
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hemagglutinin
Hemagglutinin is a glycoprotein found on the surface of the influenza viruses. It is responsible for binding the virus to cells.
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conformational change
A conformational change is a change in the shape of a macromolecule, often induced by environmental factors.
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endosomes
Endosomes are membrane-bound vesicles, formed via a complex family of processes collectively known as endocytosis, and found in the cytoplasm of virtually every animal cell.
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host cell
A host cell is a living cell invaded by or capable of being invaded by an infectious agent (as a bacterium or a virus).
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helical viral ribonucleoproteins (vRNPs)
The genome of influenza A viruses consists of eight segments of single-stranded, negative-sense RNA that are encapsidated as individual rod-shaped ribonucleoprotein complexes (RNPs). Each RNP contains a viral RNA, a viral polymerase and multiple copies of the viral nucleoprotein (NP).
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supramacromolecular
A supramolecular complex is a well-defined assembly of molecules held together by noncovalent bonds. While a supramolecular assembly can be simply composed of two molecules (e.g., a DNA double helix), it is more often used to denote larger complexes of molecules that form sphere-, rod-, or sheetlike species.
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capsid
A capsid is the protein shell of a virus. The capsid encloses the genetic material of the virus.
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single-stranded, negative-sense RNA genome
Viral RNA with a base sequence complementary to that of mRNA; during replication it serves as a template for the transcription of viral complementary RNA. Negative-sense (3' to 5') viral RNA cannot be translated into protein directly. Instead, it must first be transcribed into a positive-sense RNA (5' to 3') which acts as an mRNA. Some viruses (influenza, for example) have negative-sense genomes and so must carry an RNA polymerase inside the virion.
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www.sciencemag.org www.sciencemag.org
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coalescence
Coalescence is a merging of two units. For example, here the authors consider that Middle East or China are unlikely centers of dog origin because such a scenario would require that ancient wolves and dogs from these areas are united by a common ancestor.
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two-phase bottleneck
A population bottleneck is the reduction of the population size, followed by an expansion, e.g. a small group leaves the first population and immigrates elsewhere.
This reduction often leads to the loss of genetic diversity in the population; it is called the founder effect.
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tochastic effects
Stochasticity is randomness; in this context, the fact that several lineages mixed resulted in different offspring but each did not recapitulate all the characteristics of its ancestors.
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phylogenetically
A phylogeny is the method to resolve the evolutionary history of a group of species. The relationship between these species can be inferred from various statistical analyses that estimate the genetic relatedness of each species to one another, depending on their differences either in DNA or protein material.
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mitochondrialgenomes
DNA located in the mitochondria. All animal mitochondrial genomes, with a few exceptions, contain the same 37 genes, making them useful as a model for genome evolution.
Specifically, the comparison of mitochondrial gene arrangements in animals has been critical to inferring ancient evolutionary relationships.
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phenotypic variation
Phenotypic variation is the variability of all observable or measurable characteristics of the individual animals.
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Local file Local file
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phenotypic variation
Phenotypic variation is the variability of all observable or measurable characteristics of the individual animals.
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putative
Commonly accepted.
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tochastic effects
Stochasticity is randomness; in this context, the fact that several lineages mixed resulted in different offspring but each did not recapitulate all the characteristics of its ancestors.
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phenotypic variation
Phenotypic variation is the variability of all observable or measurable characteristics of the individual animals.
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Molecular dating
Molecular dating is a technique that allows biologists to determine the divergence time for two genes or for two species. It is based on the theory of the molecular clock stating that mutations accumulate in organisms at a stable speed.
Thus, if you compare genes or protein sequences in different species, you can, assuming you know the speed of variation for these sequences, estimate the age of the last common ancestor.
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phylogenetically
A phylogeny is the method to resolve the evolutionary history of a group of species. The relationship between these species can be inferred from various statistical analyses that estimate the genetic relatedness of each species to one another, depending on their differences either in DNA or protein material.
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mitochondrial genomes
DNA located in the mitochondria. All animal mitochondrial genomes, with a few exceptions, contain the same 37 genes, making them useful as a model for genome evolution.
Specifically, the comparison of mitochondrial gene arrangements in animals has been critical to inferring ancient evolutionary relationships.
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Local file Local file
- Feb 2014
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lawschool.westlaw.com lawschool.westlaw.com
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Citators- A set of books and online sources that provide the subsequent judicial history and interpretation of reported cases or lists of cases and legislative enactments construing, applying, or affecting statutes. In America, the most widely used citators are Shepard's citations and Keycite.
Definition of citators.
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