The evolutionary process in which organisms acquire adaptations to allow survival in an environment.

The phenomenon is which two or more alleles are associated more frequently than expected.

Beneficial mutations that increase an organism's survival and reproductive rate are favored by natural selection. That is, alleles that increase an individual’s fitness are increased in frequency. Eventually most beneficial mutations become fixed : their frequency will reach 1. However, mutations increase in frequency but don’t get fixed. Beneficial mutations that are nearly fixed result in partial selective sweep.

A change in the gene pool where one allele becomes the dominant allele.

The ratio of one allele to other alleles in a particular population.

A set of genes inherited by a single parent.

A DNA sequence variation that occurs in a single nucleotide base.

One or two alternate forms of a gene that have arisen via mutation, that are found at the same location on the same chromosome.

resting breathing rate

The tendency of a body toward balanced physiological conditions in reaction to specific stimulus. For example, maintaining a body temp of 98.6 F regardless of the environmental temperature.

A protein or molecule that regulates the transcription of DNA to RNA.

When a specific trait is made more prevalent overtime in a population (the Tibetan highlands people in this case), because this trait increases the survival and reproduction of the person who expresses it.

The exchange of air between the lungs and atmospheric air.

The widening of blood vessels, which decreased blood pressure.

Nitric oxide

The oxygen transport system consists of the lungs and blood vessels. Oxygen is transported from the lungs through blood vessels.

Cellular process where energy generated by the cell (in the form of ATP) is made through oxidative phosphorylation (the electron transport chain) where oxygen is the final electron acceptor.

low oxygen concentration

To make up for

A molecule found on red blood cells that is responsible for the transport of oxygen in the body of vertebrates.

A characteristic associated with the normal function of the body.

A time period between 2.6 million years ago to 11,700 years ago.

the change that occurs in a cell due to disease or infection

newborn children, specifically up to 4 weeks old

single stranded RNA viruses that are transmitted by insects, such as mosquitos

a genetic technique that genetically modifies genome sequences to have a specific missing or inactivate gene that is “knocked-out” of the organism

when mitotic cells fuse with interphase cells, causing premature mitosis

a gene or characteristic that prevails among individuals in natural conditions

a virus belonging to the herpesvirus family causing a variety of symptoms in those with a weakened immune system or pregnant

summarize or state the main point again

family of kinases that regulate the cell cycle through the transfer of phosphate groups

tumors that arise from early forms of nerve cells in an embryo/fetus

tumors that arise from cells that make up supportive tissue in the brain

a stem cell that has limited cellular divisions and can differentiate into a neuron or glial cell

two or more phenotypic traits are influenced by one gene

in a living organism

happens outside of the normal environment, such as in a test tube or petri dish

inserting RNA or DNA into a cell through a plasmid

abnormal calcium deposits in certain parts of the brain

abnormal development of the outer layer of the cerebrum of the brain

underdevelopment of the brain causing a child’s head to be smaller than normal

Kinases are proteins that help move phosphate groups from one protein to another. p38 kinase phosphorylates tau and each form phosphorylates at a different site.

An accession number in BLAST is the specific identification number of a sequence. AT

Homology in protein sequences means that the sequences are similar enough that we can assume they developed from the same ancestral gene. AT

This marine biotoxin is incredibly common in aquatic environments because of pollution and other factors. Thus it was important to investigate how it affects the DNA/chromatin of mussels. Researchers mapped out the specific effects of the biotoxin and compiled it in a database.

A model organism is a species with a fast regeneration time and a relatively simple genome. We try to find similarities between model organisms and complex ones in order to make a clinical use of the research. AT

fixed in one place; immobile. EM

A regulated process during gene expression that results in a single gene coding for multiple proteins. EM

Alleles are different possible expressions of a single gene. When one is expressed the other is silenced. For nonallelic genes, both can be expressed at the same time. AT

A core protein as opposed to a variant. AT

Upregulation stimulates transcription and makes it go faster. Downregulation would make transcription go slower. AT

pertaining to the sex or reproductive glands of an organism that produces gametes (sex cells) and sex hormones.

The promoter is a region in DNA that tells the RNA polymerase protein where to begin transcription. AT

The H2A.Z.1 and H2A.Z.2 came from a common ancestor and developed mutations in their amino acid sequences that eventually gave them their own separate functions. AT

A complex of nucleic acids and proteins, which condense to form chromosomes during cell division, is highly consisted of DNA, RNA and proteins.

Similar to H2A.Z.1 in structure. Mediates cell proliferation, which is defined by the balance between cell divisions and cell loss through cell death or differentiation. EM

H2A.Z.1 differs from H2A.Z.2 by three amino acids. Functions range from transcriptional regulation, chromosome transmission and DNA damage repair. EM

H2A.Z is another variant in the H2A family. It replaces the core H2A protein and is involved in gene silencing. It wraps the DNA tighter than a normal H2A protein would. It is also involved in sensing heat which can damage the DNA or proteins. AT

H2A.B histone is present in actively transcribing DNA and helps during the elongation stage of transcription. AT

macroH2A is a variant that represses transcription (the transfer of genetic information from DNA to messenger RNA). It also works to inactivate the expression of alleles on one of the X chromosomes. AT

A variant histone is a substitute protein that acts in place of a real histone protein. They have mutations that result in a functional group. A functional group is an additional group on a protein that carries out a particular job (ie. signal, attachment point, etc). AT

A protein structure that DNA winds around to compact the DNA into tight structures instead of being loose in the nucleus. The protein amino acid sequence has two tail ends, the N-terminal at the beginning and C-terminal at the end. For histones these ends act as receptors to a signal that tells them to either open up to allow transcription or close to inhibit transcription. AT

A threadlike structure of nucleic acids tightly wounded by histone proteins that carry complex genetic information in the form of genes.

KM

There are five main families of histone proteins in eukaryotic cells. The family consists of several closely related histones. AT

A region's plants and their traditional uses- N.S.

Currently the most widely used pesticide in the world. It is used to control pests in agricultural crops and forests. It is also sold for home use, such as for gardening, killing household pests, and treating fleas in pets.

Resources and benefits that humans receive from properly functioning environments (e.g., clean water, pollination, flood protection, waste decomposition, and recreational enjoyment).

The concentration of a chemical at which effects on the body can be observed.

Different terms are used to standardize the question, "How much of chemical X does this sample contain?" The smallest concentration at which a chemical can be feasibly measured is known as the limit of detection, or LOD. The limit of quantification (LOQ) is the LOD plus any adjustment for known measurement bias or imprecision. LOQ can be thought of as the lowest LOD that can be made confidently.

Because of different instruments and protocols, LOQs vary across studies, which may make comparison difficult. (See definition for "quantification thresholds" above.)

A term used in food safety by the European Commission, a legal body of the European Union: "The traces pesticides leave in treated products are called 'residues.' A maximum residue level (MRL) is the highest level of a pesticide residue that is legally tolerated in or on food or feed when pesticides are applied correctly."

Sensitivity in detecting a chemical of interest. Varying quantification thresholds make comparisons across studies difficult, because there is no standardized baseline measurement. For example, if Lab A uses an instrument that is much more sensitive than Lab B's, then Lab A may report measurements that were too low for Lab B to detect. As a result, Lab B will appear to report higher results than Lab A. (See definition for "limit of quantification (LOQ)" below.)

A set of numbers arranged based on frequency.

Describe the features of a set of numbers, for example the average, median, mode.

An increase of one value is associated with a decrease in another value.

A one-ring sugar, cannot be metabolized to a simpler sugar form, unlike disaccharides (two-ring sugars), which can be metabolized to monosaccharides.

Production of egg cells.

Passage of a disease-causing agent from parent to offspring.

A subdivision of the animal kingdom that includes all multicellular animal organisms having cells that are differentiated and form tissues and organs.

Any organism that lives within the body or cells of another, offering some benefit and receiving some benefit in return.

These are two symmetrical extremities underneath the middle of a male ray or shark - Alejandro

It is a software that is engineered to accurately create maps that match with physical geographical sites on the planet - Alejandro

There are 50 species of carcharhinid sharks that can be grouped into 12 different genera. If the shark follows a migration path, stays in generally warm waters, and contains the stereotypical shark look, it can be considered a carcharhinid shark. - Alejandro

Radiation in the form of sound waves. -Mohammad

Log distance predicts the path loss a signal encounters inside a building or densely populated areas over distance. -Sindy

Detection's that appeared valid but in fact were not. -Sindy

The previously mentioned transmitters all starting with the letter V are versions of acoustic telemetry monitors. -Sindy

An endemic species is a species that tends to stick in one area or habitat for its whole life. Examples of an endemic species include the vasayan spotted deer, and the lemurs in madagascar.

Spatial and temporal abundance patterns relate to the study. Temporal abundance pattern has to do with quantity over a period of time and spatial abundance patterns have to do with quantity over a particular area of space. -Sindy

Focal species are species that are extremely sensitive to the changes in an environment. -Sindy

Temporal monitoring is monitoring that is conducted over time. -Sindy

A marine reserve is an area of the ocean that is protected and allows for the recovery of marine life and the expansion of it as well. -Sindy

Side-fidelity, also known as philanthropy, is the likelihood of a particular organism to stay in a set habitat, or to return to it. There are many reasons to this, such as breeding and food abundance. -Sindy

The word ecotypes refers to different species of a plant or animal living in a specific habitat.

• Carolina Jimenez-Pinilla

This term is used to describe speciation that happens when populations are separated by an acute difference in habitat opposed to a separation by a physical barrier.

• Carolina Jimenez-Pinilla

Hemipterans are an order of insects that share the common characteristic of a sucking mouthpart. Beatles are different because they have chewing mouthparts.

• Carolina Jimenez-Pinilla

a process of separation where components are distributed; in this case the chemical components of the gas

• Carolina Jimenez-Pinilla

Parapatric distribution refers to a distributional pattern where pairs of taxa are partially overlapping or have separate but adjacent distributions, typically along common boundaries.

-Angela Mujica

The Protium subserratum Engl. is the name of a species that has distinct defense mechanisms and is in the genus Protium, which are flowering plants in the family Burseraceae.

-Angela Mujica

the study of cyclic and seasonal natural phenomena, especially in relation to climate and plant and animal life.

conditions under which an animal lives -RKL

Isothermal Layer Depth YS & WT

Sea Surface Temperature YS & WT

Difference between active metabolic rate (AMR) and standard metabolic rate (SMR)

Information relative to the space and time of the tagged fish. --MSars

Until now or until the point in time under discussion -M.A.S.

Visceral= in the organs. -M.A.S

The quality or state of being diverse in character or content RS

Peritoneal- The area that contains the abdominal organs. The sentence references the peritoneal temperature, so that is the temperature in the abdominal region.

• D.N.B.

authorization for feeding -M.A.S

Stands for "boundary element model", which is used to model electric field structure based on the electric organ and to deduce electric field source poles from an electric field.

" the ability to detect weak naturally occurring electrostatic fields in the environment. Electroreception is found in a number of vertebrate species, including the members of... of teleosts (a group of ray-finned fishes) and...Electroreception facilitates the detection of prey or other food sources and objects and is used by some species as a means of social communication." (Hopkins,2017)

-This excerpt provides a brief synopsis of what electroreception is and explains its relevance to the experiment discussed in this article.

https://www.britannica.com/science/electroreception

An extremely large and diverse group of fish that are mainly identified by the presence of a homocercal tail;in which the upper and lower parts of the tail are equal in size. An example of a teleost fish would be a tuna or hailbut.

-Kierra Hobdy

https://www.britannica.com/animal/teleost

A predator that is able to use to receptors in their electric organs to sense the environment around them . The electrorecptors in the organism are located in a dilated part of a canal or duct . -Michelle Oriana Gomez-Guevara

The spread of the signals that are emitted by the electric organs within the organism -Michelle Oriana Gomez-Guevara

The anatomical position that relates to the underside or the abdominal part of an organism -Michelle Oriana Gomez-Guevara

A cycle, object or process that has two phases -Michelle Oriana Gomez-Guevara

The anatomical term that refers to the area of the body that located near the oral and nasal region . -Michelle Oriana Gomez-Guevara

Relationships between the evolutionary history of a group of organisms . "poly" - many "genetic"- origin -Michelle Oriana Gomez-Guevara

Resembling an ampulla , An ampulla is a dilated piece of a canal or duct. -Michelle Oriana Gomez-Guevara

This phrase means that the front-facing side of the organism does not have a supply of nerve. "non" - not , "innervated"- to supply with nerves

Michelle Oriana Gomez-Guevara

The pause that occurs in an insect during development. - Nicole Jones

Transformation from juvenile to adult where the adult will have similar hormone levels before and after metamorphosis. - Nicole Jones

able to adapt or be adapted to different functions. In this case, the juvenile hormone is a molecule that adjust to different environments. - Nicole Jones

means to show radiation from somewhere else by allowing the wavelength to become shorter with a x-rays or ultraviolet ways. - Nicole Jones

this a technique used in chemistry. It is important because it allows for a chemical compound to become a similar product of a desired chemical structure. - NAJ

memory formation deficits or ability to retain memories deficit

the role of an organism in the environment

These are permanent bodies of waters found interior to the coastal waters. These bodies include rivers, lakes and resevoirs.

Temperature, volumetric flow and discharge were observed and recorded for a year prior to the experiment.

Environments and ecosystems perturbed due to human interference.

The biological system includes bacteria, fungi and invertebrates. Fungi colonizes the leaves once they fall in the stream and break down the carbon.

Dissolved inorganic nitrogen is the combination of nitrogen forms nitrate, nitrite and ammonium. This is the most available form of nitrogen used by algae.

SRP is a measure of the filterable portion of phosphate known as orthophosphate.

This is a carbon source found on land commonly in biotic organisms.

Particulate organic carbon is a source of carbon to the ocean obtained from living organisms and detritus ; it is larger compared to dissolved organic carbon.

Within an ecosystem, there are external factors which may threaten the balance. Effects on stream ecosystems are heavily influenced by nutrients. Phosphorus, nitrogen, and carbon balance is essential to keep the ecosystem consistent. When carbon is released from the streams, it does not easily re-enter and goes into different forms. An excess of nutrients and the lack of standards for these ecosystems may be detrimental. Why is it important to conduct such research? Why is it important to care for and monitor other ecosystems?

Effects of Nutrients on Stream Ecosystems

A characteristic that is shared within species but not present within their ancestors.

RA

A flower that contains sex organs of both the male and female. These organs are known as the carpellate (produces ovules) for females and staminate (produces pollen) for males.

RA

A collection of preserved plant specimen used for specific scientific study.

RA

The junction between the leaf and the stem blade.

RA

Is a unit of biological classifications of an organism. This can be a group of rank such as, species, family or class.

RA

The influence of humans in the modification of nature.

RA

The division of large habitats into smaller patches, resulting in discontinuities within the organisms preferred habitat.

This phenomena results in the degradation of an ecosystem.

RA

Genetic variation is the differences in the genetic makeup within populations over time.

RA

In angiosperms, when a plant bares fruit.

RA

In a flowering plant, it is a cluster of flowers either on a main branch or system of branches.

RA

The study of how humans within a cultures use plants as folk remedy.

RA

can spread something harmful (NAJ)

early stage of development (NAJ)

anything having to involve only earth's resources. (NJ)

relating to a round-worm or thread-like worm. (NJ)

Initiation of a group. (NJ)

A copy of a natural system. (NJ)

An organism that spreads diseases. (NJ)

A design of a biological system. (NJ)

An organism that benefits from living from a host which is another organism. (NJ)

Having a common ancestor. (NJ)

proteins that have carbohydrate groups. (NJ)

Reproduction without a male and female. (NJ)

An organism that can make food. (NJ)

An order. In this case, RNA and DNA are aligned to facilitate gene expression. (NJ)

Preserved. (NJ)

All the genes expressed by mRNA. (NJ)

Has evolved in some way. (NJ)

a complete set of genes that carry information in an organism. (NJ)

an animal that does not have a backbone. (NJ)

means a living organism that is multicellular. (NJ)

Phylogeny refers to the study of evolutionary history among groups of organisms or individuals. The phylogenetic tree is a diagram that illustrates the relationships among species; this diagram is based on similarities and differences in the physical or genetic characteristics of different organisms. This diagram shows that all organisms originate from a single ancestor but have diverged due to speciation over a long period of time. (JP)

Speciation is an evolutionary process where populations become distinct from each other over a long period of time and develop into a new species. (JP)

Taxonomy deals with naming and classifying organisms. A taxonomic group of any rank, such as a species, family, or class is a taxa. ~S.Z.

The mutation rate of biomolecules is calculated and used narrow down the time in prehistory when two or more organisms diverged. (SZ)

Taxa refers to taxonomical groups like species, family, or class. Taxa are used in classifying organisms based on relatedness of characteristics.

Sister taxa refers to two groups in which the organisms derived from a common ancestral organism, therefore these two groups are very closely related. (DV)

Divergence is the differentiation of something (like an organism's genetic information) from its common state.

Molecular divergence is the differentiation between the nucleotide sequence in DNA or amino acid sequences in proteins of organisms. (DV)

Transisthmian refers to the opposite sides of an isthmus. The authors utilize this term to portray that the shrimps that were measured were from opposite sides (Pacific side and Caribbean side) of the Isthmus of Panama. ~J.D.A. (DV)

Sporadic production is referring to production that occurs in an irregular manner. the fertile clutches will occur in at an inconsistent interval. ~S.Z.

straightforward, clear. (SZ)

A process by which a species evolves into two or more descendant or different forms (SZ)

Foraminifera are single-celled planktonic animals. They have an external shell and a granular ectoplasm for catching their food. When they die their shell becomes part of seafloor matter. ~J.D.A.

A gene coding for the cytochrome oxidase enzyme. This enzyme is found in the mitochondrial membrane. It is responsible for catalyzing transfer of electrons to the oxygen atom. This is for the electron transport chain to make ATP as a product. ~J.D.A.

Allozyme is an enzyme. They are coded by differ alleles found at the same locus of the gene. They were studied in this experiment via taxonomic branching to map out closely related pairs. ~J.D.A.

This explains the process of gene transfer. Usually this is observed from shifts in genes between different populations. So lets say a blue bird from one population migrates out of its territory and mates with a brown bird from the new population, the allele frequency shifts. ~J.D.A.

Annotation needed

A fish that swims with moderate drag and maximized thrust. These fishes are evasive and have prey locally available near them, unlike cruising specialists. Some acceleration specialists are barracudas, flounders, and pike.

The length a fish swims with one tail beat (one stride). In humans, this would be the amount of distance a person walks with one step they make. Larger fish have larger stride lengths.

Hypermorphic

Hypermorphic refers to mutations in the gene that result in an increase of gene expression. Therefore, hypermorphic alleles result in hyper-pigmentation as described in the paper.

(ABE)

Prostaglandin

Prostaglandin are a group of fatty acids that act as hormones in the body. For example, during pregnancy the contractions are stimulated by a prostaglandin.

(ABE)

Hypoxic

Hypoxia refers to the condition in the body where there is a deprivation of oxygen to the tissues.

(ABE)

Heterotypic

Heterotypic refers things that are different in form or type. So, heterotypic cell to cell adhesion is adhesion between two different types of cells.

(ABE)

Catenin

Catenin is a type of protein in the human body that is in charge of regulation and coordination of cell to cell adhesion.

(ABE)

Synergistic effects

Synergistic effects refers to an effect where the combination of both is greater than the sum of the individual parts. So the whole is greater than its individual parts.

(ABE)

Irradiation

Irradiation refers to treating something with radiation, in this case UV light.

(ABE)

Aberrant

Aberrant refers to something that differs from the accepted standard, so it could be something that is abnormal. For example aberrant Edn3 expression is that expression which differs from the norm.

(ABE)

Melanomagenesis

Melanomagenesis efers to the development of melanoma through the multi step process of genetic mutations.

(ABE)

Epigenetic

Epigenetics relates to non genetic influences on gene expression, so the way our genes are expressed can be affected by factors not encoded in the gene. For example DNA methylation is an epigenetic change that affects gene expression.

(ABE)

Co-cultured

Co-cultured refers in this case to culturing two different types of cells together. For example, the null NC cells were cultured together with the wild typeneural tube explants. This would be co-culturing.

(ABE)

Non-cutaneous

Cutaneous refers to something in the body relating to the skin. Therefore, non-cutaneous refers to something that does not have something to do with the skin. For example non-cutaneous melanocytes would be those that grow in areas not relating the the skin.

(ABE)

Melanoblasts

Melanoblasts are precursors to melanocytes. So, they are the cells that come before the melanocytes.

(ABE)

Induces

Induce refers to the production or promoting of something. So if the Edn3 induces proliferation, it brings about proliferation.

(ABE)

The system that clears waste from the brain.