- Sep 2015
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www.americanyawp.com www.americanyawp.com
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Connections between the Caribbean and North America benefitted both sides. Those living on the continent relied on the Caribbean colonists to satisfy their craving for sugar and other goods like mahogany.
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IV. Pursuing Political, Religious and Individual Freedom
Study Questions for this section:
What were the three different colonial political structures and how did they function?
How did the elected assemblies differ from Parliament in England?
How did changes in marriage, print and religion affect the colonists ideas about their obligations to authority?
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II. Slavery and the Making of Race
Study Questions for this section:
What change occurs in the 1660s that dramatically affects the nature of slavery?
What was the Middle Passage?
How does the idea of race evolve with the evolution of slavery?
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The 1660s marked a turning point for black men and women in English colonies like Barbados in the West Indies and Virginia in North America.
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While Penn never doubted that the English would appropriate Native lands, he demanded his colonists obtain Indian territories through purchase rather than violence.
This could have helped avoid a lot of previous violence in other colonies.
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with Indians and English alike struggling for supremacy and survival.
People can't coexist or respect each other. They always felt the need to compete which caused a lot of wars.
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Building contracts for the forts went to Berkeley’s wealthy friends, who conveniently decided that their own plantations were the most strategically vital.
This still happens in politics today where politicians give contracts to their wealthy friends.
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The English compounded their problems by attacking the powerful and neutral Narragansetts of Rhode Island in December 1675.
What if they had called for peace instead?
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As Pequot men, women, and children tried to escape the blaze, other soldiers waited with swords and guns.
A brutal plan of attack. The Pequots were defenseless.
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Referring to themselves as the “Sword of the Lord,” this military force intended to attack “that insolent and barbarous Nation, called the Pequots.”
These Europeans always used the excuse that they were doing the work of God.
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Between 1629 and 1640 the absolute rule of Charles I caused considerable friction between the English Parliament and the King.
what happened?
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Colonists in America quickly declared allegiance to the new monarchs.
Colonies pushing themselves away from England.
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This left the colony vulnerable to English attack during the 1650s and 1660s, resulting in the hand-over of New Netherland to England in 1664.
This may be why this piece of ;and remained unoccupied.
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The Dominion’s governor, Sir Edmund Andros, did little to assuage fears of arbitrary power when he forced colonists into military service for a campaign against Maine Indians in early 1687.
This may have been a starting point for the colonists wanting their independence.
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Parliament sought to bind the colonies more closely to England, and deny other European nations, especially the Dutch, from interfering with its American possessions.
Could the colonies have declined to take part in these acts or did they feel they needed to keep close ties with England?
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facilitating the natural reproduction of slaves
Slaves are getting raped by their masters
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Europeans made the first steps toward an Atlantic slave trade in the 1440s
Is this how European came into contact with others?
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cassava,
Poisonous if not prepared correctly.
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sufferings of slaves from shipboard infections and close quarters in the hold
There were not enough space for the slaves to move so they were getting weak. slaves were toppled on each other which cause slaves that were bunked below others were urinated and pooped on.
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desperation that drove some slaves to suicide
They would rather kill themselves instead of being another mans property.
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By the eighteenth century, colonial governments often discouraged the practice, although it never ceased entirely as long as slavery was, in general, a legal institution.
slave trade should have been illegal due to humanity.
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24,000 and 51,000 Native Americans were forced into slavery
How do historians come up with this number? During that time there were a war going on fighting for freedom and slaves were unhappy and were fighting back and some were also running away or getting hung.
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Barbados Assembly refused to import the New England Indians for fear they would encourage rebellion.
I believe that if all slaves came together that they could have out win their master.
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men and women of the American colonies created new worlds
And when creating New Worlds, it lead to dividing colonies and territories.
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1)What threat did Anne Hutchinson pose to the Puritan society? Hutchinson embrace to believe that those elected by god could communicate directly with god and puritan can be relieved of tension associated with the uncertainty. Theological and sociable.
2)What are some of the explanations for the outbreak of witchcraft accusations in Salem, MA? Historians believed that the outgrowth of conflicts between the rising merchant class and the people who are tied to the land based economy that the wealth and growing power of the merchant were achieved at the expense of power.
3)What fear does Bacon's rebellion cause among the ruling class? What transition does it hasten? Bacon's rebellion demonstraits that poor indentured servants and poor African slaves could be united. The fear hasten the transition away from indentured servant to racialize African slavery.
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English Puritans from Massachusetts Bay, Plymouth, and Connecticut colonies trekked into Indian country in territory claimed by New England. Referring to themselves
“Sword of the Lord,”
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III. Turmoil in Britain
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Bill of Rights
what does bill of rights do again?
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Middle Passage
European slavers transported millions of Africans across the ocean in a terrifying journey.
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Skin color became more than superficial difference; it became the marker of a transcendent, all-encompassing division between two distinct peoples, two races, white and black.
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Native American slaves died quickly, mostly from disease, but others were murdered or died from starvation. The demands of growing plantation economies required a more reliable labor force,
When the Native America labor forces stared dying, the European started bringing slaves from Africa to America.
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www.digitalhistory.uh.edu www.digitalhistory.uh.edu
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Even marriage itself was regarded as a covenant. Connecticut granted nearly a thousand divorces between 1670 and 1799.
I would have thought that marriage was considered as a covenant (a more serious agreement), but I think that a thousand divorces granted by Connecticut seems to be a high number and I'm assuming that population wasn't a very large number at that time.
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the Puritan had made a covenant with God to establish a truly Christian community, in which the wealthy were to show charity and avoid exploiting their neighbors while the poor were to work diligently
Did the Puritans decide this themselves? Did they know for a fact that the poor were supposed to work diligently or was this just something that they decided?
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the Puritan had made a covenant with God to establish a truly Christian community, in which the wealthy were to show charity and avoid exploiting their neighbors while the poor were to work diligently.
This could have been a test that the Puritans created for themselves to show God their ability to work together and find a common solution among the wealthy and the poor.
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Now the only way to avoid this shipwreck and to provide for our posterity is to follow the counsel of Micah: to do justly, to love mercy, to walk humbly with God. For this end, we must be knit together in this work as one man; we must hold each other in brotherly affection; we must be willing to rid ourself of our excesses to supply others' necessities; we must uphold a familiar commerce together in all meekness, gentleness, patience, and liberality. We must delight in each other, make others' conditions our own and rejoice together, mourn together, labor and suffer together, always having before our eyes our commission and common work, our community as members of the same body.
This passage describes what many religions ask of us as people who follow God and want to do what He asks us to do. It describes being part of your community, working together, having the same mind set, etc.
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In each seventeenth-century New England colony, government itself rested on consent. Governors and legislative assemblies were elected, usually annually, by the freemen of the colony.
This system sounds much better and very similar to our system today with voting. Although the votes were restricted to only freemen of the colony, it's still one step closer to more fairness.
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Even marriage itself was regarded as a covenant. Connecticut granted nearly a thousand divorces between 1670 and 1799.
Very Similar today. If Marriage was supposed to be sacred, then why were they so tolerant?
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But if they broke the covenant, the entire community would feel God's wrath.
Would this be another way for saying karma?
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When God gives us a special commission He wants it strictly observed in every article....
He believed that a person should strictly follow what God wants you to do.
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Winthrop was implicitly criticizing disruptive social and economic changes that were rapidly transforming English society. As a result of the enclosure of traditional common lands, which were increasingly used to raise sheep, many rural laborers were thrown off the land, producing a vast floating population.
Probably one of the few moves that saved the colonies.
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All social relationships--between God and man, ministers and congregations, magistrates and members of their community, and men and their families--were envisioned in terms of a covenant or contract which rested on consent and mutual responsibilities.
isnt it still the same now? we do anything based on the contract. Just set phone and bank as examples dont we all have to sign some papers that state we agree to the term stated on the contract or somthing like that and there would be consequences of some sort if we break the contract agreement.
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www.digitalhistory.uh.edu www.digitalhistory.uh.edu
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not sparing either age or sex, man, women or child; so sudden in their cruel execution that few or none discerned the weapon or blow that brought them to destruction....
it is unbelievable how we are still allowing this warfare to happen. What is the point of killing each other, aren't we all equal no matter what race we are? why does the ambition of power, money, or land are stronger than a human being? It is very sad to read that this happened in the 1620s as it is still happening nowadays.
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Since tobacco production rapidly exhausted the soil of nutrients, the English began to acquire new lands along the James River, encroaching on Indian hunting grounds.
More and more land was being taken since tobacco was killing off the land.
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so that we, who hitherto have had possession of no more ground than their waste and our purchase at a valuable consideration to their contentment gained, may now by right of war, and law of nations, invade the country, and destroy them who sought to destroy us
Nothing was gained by the attack. Only lives were lost, on both sides
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the colonists discovered that Virginia was an ideal place to cultivate tobacco,
Why is it the ideal place?
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not sparing either age or sex, man, women or child; so sudden in their cruel execution that few or none discerned the weapon or blow that brought them to destruction....
They didn't care if was female/male or an adult or child that they were killing
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Opechcanough was captured and shot and the survivors of Powhatan's confederacy, now reduced to just 2,000, agreed to submit to English rule.
It's kind of sad that our country was built upon the blood of the Natives.
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tobacco
so tobacco was the reason for the war?
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www.swarthmore.edu www.swarthmore.edu
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you are known to be a woman that hath had a great share in the promoting and divulging of those opinions that are causes of this trouble,
why is that?
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three years ago we were all in peace
I do not see how Mrs. Hutchinson is disturbing the peace by holding meetings at her house.
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fitting for your sex
I think it was punishment for women years ago to be judge because of our sex. A woman should have many rights as a man.
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historymatters.gmu.edu historymatters.gmu.edu
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Economic and social power became concentrated in late seventeenth-century Virginia, leaving laborers and servants with restricted economic independence
why was it concentrated?
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divide and separate us who have suffered by their oppressions.
It must have been a painful situation. The king put his two foot down and served his country.
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surrender themselves
With all the bloods that were left in their hands and all of the innocents people who have died. Sir William Berkeley should surrender himself and deal with the consequences.
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Planter Nathaniel Bacon focused inland colonists’ anger at local Indians,
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Bacon’s Rebellion: The Declaration (1676)
How does Bacon's Declaration reflect both his distrust of Berkeley's rule and his desire to wage war against Native Americans? Why does Bacon want to wage this war?
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white and black acting together to challenge authority
wow im touched that white and black actually get along and to do something together, make me wonder why not stay that way? why racism ?
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www.thelizlibrary.org www.thelizlibrary.org
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LETTERS BETWEEN ABIGAIL ADAMS AND HER HUSBAND JOHN ADAMS
Study Questions:
What does Abigail Adams mean when she writes “remember the ladies”?
What is John Adams reply to her request?
What power does she claim for women?
Abigail Adams (1744–1818) wrote to her husband John in 1776, as he and other colonial leaders were meeting in Philadelphia in the Second Continental Congress. Adams wrote from Braintree, Massachusetts, where she was raising her four young children and managing the family farm. Although her days were busy with the duties of a single parent living both in a war zone — the British Army was only about twelve miles away in Boston — and in an area ravaged by a smallpox epidemic, she still contemplated the political changes taking place, and those changes are reflected in her appeal to her husband.
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historymatters.gmu.edu historymatters.gmu.edu
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Another Race of White Men Come Amongst Us”
Study Question:
How does Alibamon Mingo remember his dealings with the French? What does he expect of his dealing with the British?
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www.learnnc.org www.learnnc.org
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Nathan Cole, The Spiritual Travels of Nathan Cole, 1761.
Study Question:
Do you think the scene that Cole describes is related or similar to more current day religious practice?
How does Cole come to see himself being “saved”? Is it related to a particular church or church authority? How might Cole’s experience be a threat to established church authorities?
In the 1730s and 1740s many rural folk rejected the enlightened and rational religion that came from the cosmopolitan pulpits and port cities of British North America. Instead, they were attracted to the evangelical religious movement that became known as the Great Awakening. The English Methodist George Whitefield and other itinerant ministers ignited this popular movement with their speaking tours of the colonies. In this account farmer Nathan Cole described hearing the news of Whitefield’s approach to his Connecticut town, as fields emptied and the populace converged: “I saw no man at work in his field, but all seemed to be gone. ” Like many others during the Great Awakening, Cole achieved an eventual conversion by focusing not on intellectual issues but on emotional experience. Cole took away an egalitarian message about the spiritual equality of all before God, a message that confronted established authorities.
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www.understandingslavery.com www.understandingslavery.com
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First Hand Accounts Case Study
Study Questions:
How do these descriptions of the “Middle Passage” from slave narratives confirm your understanding of the previous readings of this week?
How do these conditions lead to rebellion?
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www.swarthmore.edu www.swarthmore.edu
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The common ways mainly employed by the Spaniards who call themselves Christian and who have gone there to extirpate those pitiful nations and wipe them off the earth is by unjustly waging cruel and bloody wars
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San Juan [Puerto Rico] and Jamaica are two of the largest, most productive and attractive islands
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This large island was perhaps the most densely populated place in the world.
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And the Christians attacked them with buffets and beatings, until finally they laid hands on the nobles of the villages. Then they behaved with such temerity and shamelessness that the most powerful ruler of the islands had to see his own wife raped by a Christian officer.
How could they call themselves Christians with this kind of act of behavior?
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For in the beginning the Indians regarded the Spaniards as angels from Heaven. Only after the Spaniards had used violence against them, killing, robbing, torturing, did the Indians ever rise up against them....
The Indians probably thought that these people are going to share with them their ways as they would have done with them, only to get the exact opposite. They believed that since they are all kind and loving, that others lived the same.
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the most obedient and faithful to their native masters and to the Spanish Christians whom they serve. They are by nature the most humble, patient, and peaceable, holding no grudges, free from embroilments, neither excitable nor quarrelsome. These people are the most devoid of rancors, hatreds, or desire for vengeance of any people in the world. And because they are so weak and complaisant, they are less able to endure heavy labor and soon die of no matter what malady.
These Indians most likely lived in harmony together at peace and knew how to survive among each other without having conflict.
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Only after the Spaniards had used violence against them, killing, robbing, torturing, did the Indians ever rise up against them....
sometimes if its too good to be true, probably isn't.
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They are also poor people, for they not only possess little but have no desire to possess worldly goods. For this reason they are not arrogant, embittered, or greedy.
When you grow up in a situation where you don't have much you appreciate every little thing that yuo got or earned that much more.
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When the Spaniards saw that some of these had escaped, they sent a ship to find them, and it voyaged for three years among the islands searching for those who had escaped being slaughtered
Seems like a waste of time to be searching for them, but I can only think that they were viewed as valuable slaves.
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The milk in the breasts of the women with infants dried up and thus in a short while the infants perished
wow that should never happen, their babies died because they did not have enough substances starvation or what?
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cias.rit.edu cias.rit.edu
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s she had seen long the way, she began to crave and wanted to know what was underneath that tree – she wanted the roots of that tree
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one by one they took turns diving deep, deep down into the dark water of the sea world.
Why did they have to risk their lives for a creature that they knew about and different from them too? and they did that without hesitation. It actually surprised me that they wanted to save that woman/ a stranger to them.
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www.americanyawp.com www.americanyawp.com
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English privateering provoked Spain. Tensions worsened after the execution of Mary, Queen of Scots, a Catholic. In 1588, King Philip II of Spain unleashed the fabled Armada. With 130 Ships, 8,000 sailors, and 18,000 soldiers, Spain launched the largest invasion in history to destroy the British navy and depose Elizabeth.
This invasion was provoked by England's expansion and empowerment. It's unbelievable how many soldiers and sailors were a part of this invasion. And to think with this many people, they were wiped out by a storm, leaving England with victory.
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But then a fluke storm, celebrated in England as the “divine wind,” annihilated the remainder of the fleet. The destruction of the Armada changed the course of world history.
If it wasn't for this storm, then England may not have won dominance in North America and they would have never expanded through the opened seas. .
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a Dutch slave ship sold 20 Africans to the Virginia colonists.
Dynamics of slave trade changed forever.
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The population spread and grew more diverse as New England prospered.
Interesting that New England prospered when the population becomes diverse.
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Previously forbidden holidays like Christmas were not only celebrated in Church.
They did end up becoming more tolerant
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It saved Virginia from ruin, incentivized further colonization, and laid the groundwork for what would become the United States.
Tobacco may be the reason the United States exists. or at least a big reason.
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“He that will not work shall not eat.”
A very good philosophy.
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Moreover, promoters promised that the conversion of New World Indians would satisfy God and glorify England’s “Virgin Queen,” Elizabeth I, who was verging on a near-divine image among the English
Seems to be more of a competition with the Spanish rather than satisfying God.
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Santa Fe, the first permanent European settlement in the Southwest, was established in 1610. Few Spaniards relocated to the southwest due to the distance from Mexico City and the dry and hostile environment.
Spaniards are relocating and are in contact with the Europeans.
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The colonists were unable to find any profitable commodities and they still depended upon the Indians and sporadic shipments from England for food.
They didn't repay them that well in the future.
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The skyrocketing cost of land coincided with plummeting farming income. Rents and prices rose but wages stagnated
This sounds like the Bay Area in a nutshell.
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Relations with the Indians deteriorated and the colonists fought a kind of slow-burning guerrilla war with the Powhatan.
To think on how history would've changed if the Powhatan won
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tobacco as a “noxious weed, … loathsome to the eye, hateful to the nose, harmful to the brain, and dangerous to the lungs,
Still true to this day
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The happy minority God had already chosen to save were known among English Puritans as the Elect.
They believed that God had already picked who would be saved
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The skyrocketing cost of land coincided with plummeting farming income. Rents and prices rose but wages stagnated.
Just like what is happening right now
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a jealous England eyed the enormous wealth that Spain gleaned from the new World.
England wanted to gain wealth just like Spain did
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In fact, over the entire history of the Atlantic slave trade, more Africans were enslaved in Brazil than any other colony in the Atlantic World.
So African slavery had a higher percentage than Native American slavery because most Native Americans were dying off from diseases.
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both Portugal and Spain were instructed to treat the natives with Christian compassion and to bring them under the protection of the Church.
I wonder they were able to control themselves and force themselves to follow this rule.
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Spain had a one-hundred year head start on New World colonization and a jealous England eyed the enormous wealth that Spain gleaned from the new World.
England saw the profit Spain was getting from colonization, and figure theyd join the trend to gain such wealth.
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Dutch women maintained separate legal identities from their husbands and could therefore hold property and inherit full estat
Women were beginning to maintain rights by themselves. With their names solely on the document.
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New diseases wiped out entire civilizations in the Americas, while newly imported nutrient-rich foodstuffs enabled a European population boom.
So the Europeans gained some benefits from the Columbian Exchange.
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Dutch women maintained separate legal identities from their husbands and could therefore hold property and inherit full estates.
Women finally have some rights
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Land east of the Tordesillas Meridian, an imaginary line dividing South America, would be given to Portugal, whereas land west of the line was reserved for Spanish conquest.
so they were separated by their belief and because they both wanted more power.
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High mortality rates on sugar plantations required a steady influx of new slaves
Were the slaves worked to death? Was the work grueling? What was it that caused the high mortality rate?
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clpccd.blackboard.com clpccd.blackboard.com
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Sir, Your Highness has been kind enough to write to us saying that we should ask in our letters for anything we need, and that we shall be provided with everything
The king of Portugal may have said this to them, but it seems to me that he wasn't living up to his word given how Afonso has sent many letters and has gotten very little change.
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very often it happens that they kidnap even noblemen and the sons of noblemen, and our relatives, and take them to be sold to the white men who are in our Kingdoms
I could understand the lower class/poor people being taken and sold, but how are they able to capture noblemen?
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According to King Afonso, what have been the detrimental effects of the Portuguese presence in his kingdom? What steps has he taken to deal with the problems caused by the Portuguese? Why is he appealing directly to the Portuguese king for aid? Does King Afonso see the Portuguese presence in his kingdom as a right or a privilege? How does King Afonso distinguish legitimate and illegitimate trade in slaves? What elements of Portuguese culture does he welcome? Why?
According to King Afonso, what have been the detrimental effects of the Portuguese presence in his kingdom?
His kingdom verged on disintegration because of the Portuguese. The introduction of European products and customs caused widespread dissension and instability. Also, the unceasing Portuguese pursuit of slaves undetermined Afonso’s authority and made his subjects restive. Another issue was natives, sons of the land, noblemen, their sons, and the Afonso’s relatives were being captured and sold to the white men living in the kingdom.
What steps has he taken to deal with the problems caused by the Portuguese? In 1526, the king wrote three letters to King Joao 3rd of Portugal, urging him to control his rapacious subjects. Why is he appealing directly to the Portuguese king for aid? He is appealing directly to the Portuguese king because he can control who and what goes to Afonso’s kingdom. Since Afonso’s power and authority is being overseen, he has no choice but to seek aid from the Portuguese king since the Europeans will only follow him now. Does King Afonso see the Portuguese presence in his kingdom as a right or a privilege? I believe he see’s the Portuguese presence as a privilege because he needs certain things from the Portuguese for his kingdom. That’s why instead of trying to kick the Europeans out of his kingdom, he sends letters to the Portuguese king trying to fix the situation without losing any ties. In one of the letters, Afonso is asking for the king of Portugal to send two physicians, two apothecaries and one surgeon for his kingdom because they are in need of their assistance. So from that I can see how having connections with the Portuguese is a privilege because he also needs them for wine and flour for the holy sacrament as well as priests and people to teach in schools. How does King Afonso distinguish legitimate and illegitimate trade in slaves? King Afonso passed a law where if a white man living in the kingdom wants to purchase goods, he has to inform three of their noblemen and officials of court who will investigate if the mentioned goods are captives or free men. What elements of Portuguese culture does he welcome? Why? King Afonso adopted Christianity as the state religion, imitated the etiquette of the Portuguese royal court, and used Portuguese as the language of state business. He did this because he dreamed of achieving a powerful and prosperous state through cooperation with the Europeans.
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above.
According to King Afonso, what have been the detrimental effects of the Portuguese presence in his kingdom? Portuguese products and customs had caused dissension and instability throughout the kingdom, since most products are prohibited. King Afonso's vassals were caught up in the abundance of products that the Portuguese brought and and became less obedient to African customs. Also, the Portuguese pursuit of slaves undermined Afonso's authority which made his subjects uncontrollable.
What steps has he taken to deal with the problems caused by the Portuguese? He wrote a letter to the King of Portugal and asked him to stop sending the merchants that had been coming to his kingdom.
Why is he appealing directly to the Portuguese king for aid? He is appealing to the Portuguese king directly because he is the one who can send the aid that is needed right away, rather than try to go through middle men to reach the king.
Does King Afonso see the Portuguese presence in his kingdom as a right or a privilege? I think he sees it as a privilege, but feels powerless toward the king of Portugal, which is why he is pleading with him in the letter. If he were more powerful than the Portuguese he would demand they leave or negotiate for the aid that they need.
How does King Afonso distinguish legitimate and illegitimate trade in slaves? To King Alonso, illegitimate slave trade is when the white men enter his kingdom and take slaves and immediately brand them. If they are caught they would then say that they purchased the slaves and would not be able to be proven wrong. To try to avoid this, they passed a law so that any white man that wants to purchase goods has to go to one of three officials and be cleared for a purchase.
What elements of Portuguese culture does he welcome? Why? He asks for some priests, people to reach in schools, wine and flour for the holy sacrament . There was a lot of disease that was brought in and he wants two physicians and two apothecaries and one surgeon to help and try to cure the diseases.
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He thought that they were harming the Kingdom by allowing the merchants to set up shops with goods and many things that were prohibited by them. He thought that they were bring harm to security and the service to god.
He asks for the Kings help by telling him what is happening in the kingdom and tells him not to send anymore merchants. That he only needs to send no more than some priests and a few people to reach in schools, and no other goods except wine and flour for the holy sacrament.
He is appealing to the king because without the king agreeing there is no other way to stop there problem with the merchants.
He sees it as a privilege because they are using his kingdom to set up their shops and sell there own merchandise
He said that in his Kingdoms there should not be any trade of slaves nor outlet for them.
6.he physician, apothecaries and surgeons, because they were in the need of medical help.
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1.According to King Afonso, what have been the detrimental effects of the Portuguese presence in his kingdom? According to king Afonso, the Portygueses presence caused harm to the security and peace of the kingdoms and state, and to the service.
- What steps has he taken to deal with the problems caused by the Portuguese? King Afonso asked the other king assistance by commanding his factors to not send in anymore merchants and wares and no more than some priests and a few people to reach in schools, and no other goods except wine and flour for the holy sacrament.
3.Why is he appealing directly to the Portuguese king for aid? Because without the king's authority, the merchants would keep coming to cause problem in his kingdom.
4.Does King Afonso see the Portuguese presence in his kingdom as a right or a privilege? At first i think King Afonso thought that the Portuguese presence was a right because they helped his kingdom by providing goods but later on those merchants took advantage of that to practice slavery.
5.How does King Afonso distinguish legitimate and illegitimate trade in slaves? King Afonso once said to the king that there shouldnt be any trade of slaves, so to him slavery was not welcome in his kingdom.
6.What elements of Portuguese culture does he welcome? Why? King Afonso welcome and asked for Portuguese medical advancement, because his people wre suffering from diseases that couldnt be cure by his kingdom's medical team but he believed Portuguese had what it took to help find the cure.
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www.americanyawp.com www.americanyawp.com
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A 10,000 year history of disease crashed upon the New World in an instant. Smallpox, typhus, the bubonic plague, influenza, mumps, measles: pandemics ravaged populations up and down the continents.
Diseases were the ultimate downfall for people during these times..
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Mestizo mothers, for instance, might insist that their mestizo daughters were actually castizas, or quarter-Indians, who, if they married a Spaniard, could, in the eyes of the law, produce “pure” criollo children entitled to the full rights and opportunities of Spanish citizens.
The mother's were trying to look out for their daughters but it's sad how in order for them to have a better future, they need to pass as "castizas". What would happen if they were caught in the lie?
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. In the encomienda, the Spanish crown granted a person not only land but a specified number of natives as well. Encomenderos brutalized their laborers with punishing labor.
What gave them the right to have control over another human being? And while having control, why do they feel the need to brutalize them with labor?
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Many manipulated the Casta System to gain advantages for themselves and their children
How did they do it?
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we came here to serve God and the king, and also to get rich
I don't believe god would want them to do that
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we came here to serve God and the king, and also to get rich.
They came to serve God, but at the same he is saying that they also came to get rich, when god has said a person shouldnt care alot about money
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In central America the Maya built massive temples, sustained large populations, and constructed a complex and long-lasting civilization with a written language, advanced mathematics, and stunningly accurate calendars.
I'm from El Salvador and I had the opportunity to visit some temples that were constructed in El Salvador.
The place is called San Andres, and according to Wikipedia, San Andres was the capital of a Maya polity with supremacy over other establishments. It is impressive to see how they managed to construct this temples.
Here is the link from Wikipedia and they have some pictures of it:
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The “discovery” of America unleashed horrors. Europeans embarked upon a debauching path of death and destructive exploitation that unleashed murder and greed and slaver
What was a good thing for some people was a disaster for others..
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They were not quite Indios, or Indians, but their lack of limpieza de sangre, or “pure blood,” removed them from the privileges of full-blooded Spaniard
even though they were half Spaniards they still didn't get the same privilages.
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dominion
God created us to rule over the earth for him?
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The people sacrificed some goats, and Eshu returned to the sky
Was the sacrifice of goats necessary in order of Eshu to return to the sky?
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- Aug 2015
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But disease was deadlier than any weapon in the European arsenal. It unleashed death on a scale never before seen in human history.
Even if the Europeans had come over bringing peace, disease would have killed the Native Americans
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They were not quite Indios, or Indians, but their lack of limpieza de sangre, or “pure blood,” removed them from the privileges of full-blooded Spaniards
The Spaniards completely took control.
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Motives were plain: said one soldier, “we came here to serve God and the king, and also to get rich.”
Would God be happy with this statement?
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Wave after wave of disease crashed relentlessly. Disease flung whole communities into chaos. Others it destroyed completely.
More people died because of the different diseases that were brought over than by weapons the Europeans brought
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“purity of blood.”
separated by their race
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Smallpox ravaged the city.
Smallpox appears everywhere
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In central America the Maya built massive temples
How long did it take them just to build one temple?
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the Aztecs moved south into the Valley of Mexico, conquered their way to dominance, and built the largest empire in the New World.
They had cruel traditions so i didnt noticed that they were great at builting stuffs i learned about them in history in high school. i didnt like them much, they scared me.
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But Columbus had come for wealth and he could find little. The Arawaks, however, wore small gold ornaments. Columbus left thirty-nine Spaniards at a military fort to find and secure the source of the gold while he returned to Spain to great acclaim and to outfit a return voyage. Spain’s New World motives were clear from the beginning. If outfitted for a return voyage, Columbus promised the Spanish crown gold and slaves.
Even though Columbus was astounded by how sweet and peaceful the Arawak's were, he was more interested in the gold that they owned and wanted to find out where it was coming from.
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Thus were born the first great Atlantic plantations.
These plantations consisted of African slaves?
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A series of military conflicts between England and France–the Hundred Years War–accelerated nationalism and cultivated the financial and military administration necessary to maintain nation-states.
So the war between England and France lead to the growth of Nationalism. Why is that?
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Spiritual practices, beliefs on property, and kinship networks differed markedly from Europeans. Most Native Americans did not neatly distinguish between the natural and the supernatural. Spiritual power permeated their world and was both tangible and accessible. It could be appealed to and harnessed.
What does the sentence "spiritual power permeated their world....and accessible" mean?
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. The food surplus enabled a unique social organization, where individuals achieved social status by giving elaborate feasts, called potlaches. These days-long parties allowed the host to demonstrate his wealth by feeding and entertaining guests with food and artwork.
I'm guessing this is another way for the wealthy to present themselves as a higher class. Would they use these parties as ways to make people in debt with them?
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By 1300, the once powerful city had undergone a series of strains that led to collapse. Scholars previously pointed to ecological collapse or slow depopulation through emigration, but new research instead indicates that mounting warfare, or internal political tensions led to the collapse of the once mighty city.
Whenever there is too much power somewhere, there is always political tension. Did the fight over power lead to the collapse of the city?
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Whether because of overhunting, climate change, or a combination of the two, the megafauna population collapsed and mastodons, horses, and other large mammals disappeared. But native populations adapted: they fished, hunted small mammals, and gathered nuts and berries. Native peoples spread across North America.
You could say this links to Charles Darwin's "Survival of the Fittest". The Native American's were able to accommodate to a lifestyle where they would be able to survive in the areas they were surrounded by.
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The Indian population collapsed. Within a few generations a whole island had been depopulated and a whole people exterminated.
Utter destruction.
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But Columbus underestimated the size of the globe by a full two-thirds and therefore believed it was possible.
So was Columbus's success due to luck or not knowing?
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Culturally and geographically isolated, some combination of limited resources, inhospitable weather, food shortages, and native resistance drove the Norse back into the sea.
They settled in the wrong place, otherwise they may be well known like Columbus is.
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What were the variety of exchanges that occurred in Native American Societies? What role did giving play in establishing status and obligation? The Native Americans exchanged material goods, marriages across community lines, resources, labor of ideas, techniques and religious practices. Exchanges sealed social and political relationships. It was done to earn prestige, where they would be thought highly of by the individual or group who had received the exchange, Also, by giving away things, it makes the other party obligated to give something back or do a favor. Exchanges also lead to respect in their eyes.
What developments occur in Europe that help set the foundation for European exploration and empire building?
First, there was a massive growth in population recovering from the plague of the fourteenth century killing half the population of the region. Second, population growth brought the growth of national economies and raised the demand for consumer goods. Third, this growth led to the development of advances of shipbuilding and navigation so that sea merchants could compete more effectively in expanding trade. Fourth, these trades led to the rise of large kingdoms and powerful monarchs who wanted to consolidate their power and increase the economical development of their nation.
What was Portugal's interest in slaves? What role do the Portuguese come to play in the trade of African slaves?
Portugal’s interest in slaves was from the growth of sugar and sugar plantations that spread from the Mediterranean Sea to the Atlantic island off the coast of Africa. There was an increase in slave labor, and so the Portuguese traded with the Moors. By the beginning of the 1500's, the Portuguese had turned themselves into major purchasers and sellers of slaves in West Africa. They became the middle men in the trade in slaves in West Africa that had existed prior to their arrival.
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Columbus described them as innocents.
so he saw them as an easy target to get what he wanted
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Meanwhile, kinship bound most native North American people together.
Family was very important to them
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1. What were the variety of exchanges that occurred in Native American Societies? What role did giving play in establishing status and obligation? The exchanges between Native American Societies was about trading goods, resources, marriages between two different community lines, different ideas, religious ideas. It expanded resources and alliances - both in political and religious perspectives. The role of exchanges established status and obligation, in a way that if your tribe was able to provide the most useful resources - you would be higher than others. Also, it gives the opportunity to establish obligation unto other communities if it was necessary. 2. What developments occur in Europe that helps set the foundation for European exploration and empire building?
- Massive growth in population after the epidemic that killed half the population within the area. 2. With the population growth, there was a growth of economy and high demand of the necessities of living. 3. From the growing demand of goods, led to ship building and navigation so merchants could expand their variety with what they were able to trade. 4. Trade led to the establishment of higher regions, and also people who want to establish their own hierarchy in their own regions. 5. As monarchies were made, communities had gained the amounts of necessities allowing exploration, trade between farther regions as well as producing routes for transportation as well as trade. 3. What was Portugal's intent in slave? What role do the Portuguese come to play in the trade of African slaves? African slaves were around before Portugal had began using slaves, going back to Muslim using them during the crusade. Due to sugar plantations being grown from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic, there was a growing need of labor. After seeing an exchange of slaves between their source and another slave trader, the Portuguese soon became another main source of slaves as well.
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Nomadic hunter-gatherers, they traveled in small bands following megafauna–enormous mammals that included mastodons and giant horses and bison–into the frozen Beringian tundra at the edge of North America
How did they know to follow the animals? Did they follow them to use for food or because they knew that the animals knew where to find a better living enviroment
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Hunters across the hemisphere preyed on plentiful game and natural foods and the population boomed.
How did they learn to hunt? Why didnt they migrate or learn to grow their own foods?
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2. The First Americans
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3. Spanish Exploration and Conquest
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same.
What is the Columbian Exchange and what is transferred between Europe and the Americas in this exchange?
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continent.
Study questions:
How does internal tension in the Native American empires of the Americas aid Spanish attempts to create their empire?
What racial system is established by the Spanish in the New World? Why is it established and how does it operate?
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coming.
Study questions for this section:
What roles do sugar and slavery play in the expansion of European empires?
What diseases devastate Native American peoples?
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everything.
Study Questions for this section:
What were the three major crops developed in the Americas? What impact did they have?
What were the major differences between Native American and European peoples?
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over
God wanted man to be at the top and rule over all his other creations.
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¶ And God said, Let the waters under the heaven be gathered together unto one place, and let the dry land appear: and it was so.
Dry land was created for the rest of nature that God wanted to create as well as for humankind.
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And God blessed them, saying, Be fruitful, and multiply, and fill the waters in the seas, and let fowl multiply in the earth
God wants them to reproduce
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And God said, Let the waters bring forth abundantly the moving creature that hath life, and fowl that may fly above the earth in the open firmament of heaven.
God want them to reproduce
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The First Book of Moses, Called Genesis
This is the first chapter of Genesis from the King James version of the Bible. While I realize that this is clearly a religious text, I would like you to read it as an origin story. That is, think about it as it explains the creation of humanity.
What is the relationship between humanity and nature? What structure do you think society will take based on this origin story? Who authorizes this text? Why? These are questions I want you to think about and seek the answers to while you do this reading
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cias.rit.edu cias.rit.edu
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But now it was a long, long ways back to the top. So the little muskrat, as he reached for the bottom, he did get a paw-full of mud.
This kind of loyalty coming from an animal is just like the loyalty you see in dogs today. There are a lot of articles about dogs savings lives of humans. It just shows how every soul is beneficial for the world and for each other one way or another.
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The birds got together and they decided the big words with the big, big wings they decided they would open their wings; they would fly up and catch this creature on top of their wings because she didn’t look like she had wings.
So are they birds part of the sky world or water world?
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The woman was very curious and so she came over to the hole and was peering deep, down into the hole and wanted to see what was there.
Did she want to roots to begin with? Or was she actually bored and wanted to create some excitement by having her husband pushed over the tree to see what lies under them. Or did this urge to see what's under come after the tree was pushed over.
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Finally, the little muskrat stepped forward and he said, “I can do this. I know I can do this.
Even though he saw what happen to otter, the muskrat still was brave enough to try ans save the woman
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Seneca Creation Story
This Seneca story was recorded by Jeremiah Curtin, a white man fluent in the Seneca language. In 1883, 1886, and 1887, Curtin spent many hours talking with Seneca men and women on the Cattaraugus reservation in New York state. The largest of the five tribes of the Iroquois confederacy, the Seneca had inhabited much of central New York in the sixteenth century, but by the mid-seventeenth century they had moved west to Lake Erie and south into Pennsylvania. Curtin recorded this tale in the Seneca language, and it was subsequently translated into English by I. W. B. Hewitt. Source: Jeremiah Curtin and I. W. B. Hewitt, “Seneca Fiction, Legends and Myths, Part 1,” Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology 32 (1910–11 [1918])
I would like you to read it as an origin story. That is, think about it as it explains the creation of humanity.
What is the relationship between humanity and nature? What structure do you think society will take based on this origin story? These are questions I want you to think about and seek the answers to while you do this reading
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Wave after wave she unleashed, until much of the land was underwater and many of the people were drowned.
How could Olokun not care for the lives she was killing?
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The new people built huts as Obatala had done, and soon Ife prospered and became a city.
This is when civilization began.
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Obatala settled down with the cat for company.
So the cat didn't bring any use to the creation of earth, it was just there for company? But even that didn't work because he eventually got bored.
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She had not been consulted by Obatala, and grew angry that he had usurped so much of her kingdom.
Why hadn't they Olokun if he's the ruler of all below, shouldn't he been the first to know what was happening
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Not realizing he was drunk, Obatala returned to his task of fashioning the new beings; because of his condition he fashioned many imperfect figures.
it makes me think that God and Goddess are just like human beings they have flaws too, being drunk and did something so irresponsible.
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All the other gods were happy with what Obatala had done, and visited the land often, except for Olokun, the ruler of all below the sky.
Was she jealous of what Obatala had accomplished?
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She had not been consulted by Obatala, and grew angry that he had usurped so much of her kingdom.
Olokun's ego gets in the way of admiring what Obatala had built, but it was her kingdom that he was building on. Who was right and who was wrong?
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classicliberal.tripod.com classicliberal.tripod.comSeven1
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Chapter 9
This is a difficult reading. Try your best.
Study Questions:
According to Locke, why is “man” willing to give up the natural condition of freedom?
Why does “man” enter into a condition of society and law?
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1691.
Study Question:
What role does religious division play in the development of new colonies? Use specific examples.
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power.
Study Question:
How do the colonies attempt to remain independent from the religious and political turmoil in England during the 1600s?
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power.
Study Question:
How do the colonies attempt to remain independent from the religious and political turmoil in England during the 1600s?
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“Puritan.”
Study Questions:
What were Purtian beliefs?
How did the settlement of New England differ from the settlement of Jamestown and Virginia?
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Crown.
Study Questions:
How did Powhatan initially receive the colonists? Why?
How does tobacco change the colony?
How does the notion of race begin to change in the colony?
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Crown.
Study Questions:
How did Powhatan initially receive the colonists? Why?
How does tobacco change the colony?
How does the notion of race begin to change in the colony?
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New World.
Study Question:
What were the reasons that England entered in the competition for empire in the Americas?
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IV. English Colonization
Before reading this text watch and annotate the following video lecture for this week. Make sure you can answer the study questions that will appear within the video:
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slavery.
Study Question:
What role did slavery play in Dutch attempts to establish empire?
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New World
Study Question:
What was the "Black Legend" and how did other European powers use it to justify their attempts to compete with Spain for empire in the Americas?
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Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494
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bonds.3
Study question
In what ways did the French presence in North America differ from the Spanish?
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