657 Matching Annotations
  1. Oct 2016
    1. Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump could not be more different.

      The author Victor Williams writes for The Catholic University of America, Columbus School of Law. The main focus of the article is the Electoral College, Donald Trump and Hilary Clinton. The author is trying to prove that both candidates are very different. Williams uses facts about Trump and Clinton to support his claim. He also has facts and statistics about the Electoral college to support him. The author states that the only thing Clinton and Trump have in common is their high unfavorable poll ratings. They both are seen as unfavorable. This could be a huge reason why they attack each other during debates. They both are seen as bad candidates and there needs to be someone who looks worse. One of the opponents must look better than the other, so there can be a winner. This is an article written for the Columbus School of Law, this is very credible and would have to be to make it on their scholarly articles section of they webpage. In my opinion this article is very bias towards Clinton. It seems like the entire article is trying to make Trump look bad. The author seems to leave out details about Trump that would make him look good in this article. The article starts out by talking about Clinton’s achievements then immediately goes to criticizing Trump, calling him names like “bombastic billionaire". This would appeal to the Democratic Party because it is making Clinton look good and Trump look bad, so that people who read this will want to vote for Clinton rather than Trump. People that would disagree with this article would people the people voting for Trump because they do not want the public to think badly about Trump.

    1. Seemingly random variation in the differentiation propensity of hiPSCs to neural,1 cardiovascular,2 and hemangioblastic lineages3 has frustrated investigators hoping to better exploit their potential for disease modeling and cell replacement therapies. In light of these somewhat dispiriting results, the recent publication of genome-wide reference “scorecards” for monitoring the quality and utility of 32 human pluripotent stem cell lines is a welcome advance.4 Such advances are crucial to aiding our ability to predict a cell line’s differentiation propensity in a high-throughput fashion.

      The authors of this article are researchers from Stanford University and the University of California San Diego School of Medicine. The article is a scholarly journal meant to compare embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and their potential. The article does a great job outlining that the two of them have been found very similar in their gene expression and almost indistinguishable in their genomes. Although the two stem cells are very similar in their gene expression, iPSCs have subtle differences that cause them to act differently and they believe that it is due to their epigenetic genome which is their genome after being modified and reprogrammed form their original somatic cell. The molecules that are used to reprogram iPSCs sometimes cause them to have a different genetic background and expression that causes them to act differently than ESCs. The article talks largely on their differences and whether they are important and what their effects may be. The main claim made is that although ESCs and iPSCs have different genome expressions, iSPCs could have the same uses and less differences than we think. Also, iSPCs do not have the ethical dilemmas that ESCs do and are available in abundance while embryos are difficult to obtain. Therefore, they could be very useful, maybe even more than ESCs. After briefly addressing the reason for iPSC research and advantages, the authors spend practically the rest of the article talking about the differences in the two stem cells and why it could be problematic. They also address the fact that the differences could be less problematic than we think and iPSCs could be used for more specific applications. Such as using different cell lines for different applications. The evidence used is very reliable. They cited all of their sources and the sources all of links to the article, website, etc.. The authors use logos and ethos to appeal to their audience. Their sources are a great example of ethos because it makes them very credible. Also the study based information presented in the article is an example of how they used logos to appeal to the audience.

      Narsinh, Kazim H., Jordan Plews, and Joseph C. Wu. "Comparison of Human Induced Pluripotent and Embryonic Stem Cells: Fraternal or Identical Twins?" Molecular Therapy 19.4 (2011): 635-38. Web. 10 Oct. 2016.

    1. The first and the fourth of the tweetsare about Hillary Clinton, former Secretary of State, who iscurrently leading in the Democratic presidential race.

      This article was written by five authors Yu Wang, Jiebo Luo, Richard Niemi, Yuncheng and Tianan Hu. The article was made in March 2016, it is recent. This article’s main focus is running a study about Donald Trump's tweets. It is showing that his tweets that attack his opponent Hilary Clinton are the most favorable. They use their own research as evidence to prove their claim. Attacking his opponent during a debate is not the only strategy Trump is using to win. He is attacking through social media. It is stated that Trump has 5.46 million followers on twitter. Not only are the millions of people watching the presidential debates hearing the ridicule about Clinton, but now it will be seen all over social media. Trump’s average amount of likes on his tweets are about 3 thousand. His tweets regarding Clinton ranges from 2 to 11 thousand likes. Using social media opponents can attack each other to make the other look bad in ways other than saying it on live television. The credibility of the authors is high due to them actually conducting the experiment. They did all the research and work that went with making sure their prediction was accurate. They are all also either Political or Computer Science majors at the University of Rochester. This article would appeal to Trump supporters, especially ones that follow him on twitter. This would appeal to the younger generation because that is who uses twitter. This article’s main focus is Trump which could possibly make this article bias. They could be Trump supporters and are using their research to advertise Trump.

  2. download.springer.com.ezproxy2.library.colostate.edu:2048 download.springer.com.ezproxy2.library.colostate.edu:2048
    1. Another challenging issue regards the decreased effi-ciency of iPSCs compared with ESCs according to some reports, which raisesadditional questions about the differentiation potential of iPSCs [95]. Directconversion of one cell type to another one, or ‘‘transdifferentiation’’, is anotherapproach that may help researchers clearly understand cellular plasticity and itsapplication in regenerative and personalized medicine.

      Ali Seifinejad is the author of this chapter and he speaks on the authority of Springer Science+Business Media which is a large publishing company. Seifinejad makes a lot of claims throughout this chapter, however, I think that this concluding paragraph is the most important. In the passage I have selected, he outlines the fact that induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have not yet proven to be as important as effective as Embryonic Stem Cells(ESCs). This claim and conversation is a response to the current debate in the science community over the ethical dilemma of using ESCs. Their goal is to inform us of the most recent research done in stem cells. IPSCs are typically reprogrammed to stem cells via a virus, a protein or mRNA, or other "small molecules" such as microRNA (miRNA). The mechanisms by which they are reprogrammed are complex and irrelevant for this paper. The point I would like to make and will be used much in my argument, is the effectiveness of each technique and the possible consequences or impacts of each. That being said, in the case of using a virus is difficult to ensure that the virus' can be found in the cells genome, or genetic code, after reprograming. This could be problematic for many reasons but for the most part its effects are unknown. When using small molecules and mRNA or proteins they are able to reprogram the cells and "Eliminate the Application of Exogenous Reprogramming Transcription Factors." This basically means that they can ensure that the reprograming mechanism is coming from the intended reprograming agent. Their goal with small molecules is to use them to reprogram cells and do it without using any genetic materials because genetic materials could effect the iPSCs genetic material. They have been able to generate partially reprogrammed cells using small molecules and their goal is to eventually be able to completely reprogram the cell. Proteins and mRNA are also another possible way to reprogram cells. It is hoped that they can find a way to use these to reprogram them in a pure way and with minimal steps, compared to past experiments that have created them in very complex processes. Seifinejad uses citations of credible sources to support all of his evidence. This article is meant to be informational more than anything and does a great job in doing so. He informs us of all of the most recent research and findings with stem cells and says what their goal is with each method of reprograming somatic stem cells. He leaves it to us to interpret whether the findings are promising and could lead to iPSCs being as or more useful than ESCs. Lastly, this book was published in 2012 so some of the findings and studies could be outdated.

      Baharvand, Hossein, and Nasser Aghdami. Advances in Stem Cell Research. New York: Humana, 2012. Print.

      External sources used to interpret article: Murnaghan, Ian. "Pluripotent Stem Cells." Pluripotent Stem Cells. N.p., 12 Feb. 2016. Web. 10 Oct. 2016.

    1. The two candidates are taking vastly different approaches to what is expected to be one of the most widely watched presidential debates since Carter vs. Reagan in 1980. And their divergent strategies reveal how the candidates and their campaigns see the race, their strengths and their opponents’ weaknesses.

      The authors of the article are three journalists from The New York Times, Patrick Healy, Amy Chozick and Maggie Haberman. The main focus on this article are the strategies used by opponents Hilary Clinton and Donald Trump to prepare for their debate. The authors’ claims are that their strategies reveal their own personal strengths and opponents weaknesses. Both candidates do their research on each other. Clinton and her team did months of research on Trump to ensure that she will get under his skin at this debate. Trump as well has been doing his research by watching videos of Clinton to figure out her vulnerabilities. The candidates plan to use what they find out to attack their opponent at the debate. The answer to my question,”why is it so common for opponents to attack each other during debates?”, is that they believe these strategies will help them look better at the debate. The people that would disagree with this would be people on either party voting for the opposite opponent. It would make a Trump or Clinton supporter angry to see the ways the opponent is playing dirty, because they want their candidate to win. The article is fairly new which makes it more credible, but The New York Times is a more liberal news source. This could create bias because they could try to make Trump look worse than Hilary due to their own political preference. Although they do seem credible in the way that they equally talk about each party. They do not just talk about one, in each section they have a paragraph for each candidate. This article would appeal to either party because it shows the strategies of each party rather than just one. Both parties would be interested in finding out what their preferred candidate is going to do to win. People voting want who they vote for to win.

    1. Libertarian vice presidential nominee Bill Weld said Wednesday his decision to focus on attacking Donald Trump ahead of Election Day is "the way to win."

      The author of this article is journalist Eli Watkins. He writes for CNN news, a non-scholarly cable news net work. His main focus of the article is vice president nominee Bill Weld and his strategy to win the debate. One of Watkins' coworkers Jake Tapper spoke with Weld and discovered his strategy. Watkins makes Weld’s claim very clear by the title and the first sentence of the article. Weld believes that the way to win is to focus on attacking Donald Trump. Weld believes that he needs to peel off Republican votes from Trump. This article also clearly answers my question of “why is it so common for opponents to attack each other during debates?”. Opponents believe that attacking each other is the key to winning an election. Those who would disagree with Weld would say that to win the election you must be a good candidate. Making the opponent look bad does not always look good on your part. Watkins’ credibility is in high standings due to his coworker having a personal encounter with Weld, instead of taking something her heard off the media. Weld verbally said that his way to win is to attack Trump to Tapper and CNN. This is also a recent article that was updated on October 5th. Watkins’ article would appeal to a Democratic audience. People that are voting Hilary Clinton and Bill Weld want to hear what they have to say. This will appeal to them because there is nothing more that want to hear than finding out their preferred candidate won. They will want to know how to get their side to victory. CNN is a know liberal news source which is a bias because they are writing about the libertarian vice president. They could very well be reporting on this because it is their beliefs instead of trying to be a mediator.

  3. Aug 2016
    1. Admitting that white privilege helps you is really just congratulating yourself

      deBoer, Frederik. "Admitting that White Privilege Helps You is Really Just Congratulating Yourself." The Washington Post 28 Jan. 2016. Web. 8 Aug 2016.

    2. Just as in the fight against heart disease or drunk driving, awareness only has value if it actually leads to a change in behavior,

      A solution is being alluded to here, but a solution that may not be enacted.

    3. The unspoken but unmistakable logic is that by declaring themselves a part of the problem, they are defining themselves as part of the solution.

      Perfect way to articulate this. Here he is addressing his audience, those who are interested in the topic and those who fall under the category of boasting privileged people.

    4. If anything, they have always struck me as supremely self-satisfied.

      Very much so agree. Here, deBoer is addressing the hypocrisy and stagnancy of self-recognition within white privilege that retains white supremacy. When the oppressed are heard when they voice their dissatisfaction with oppression, it is deemed as their duty to do such: it is their job to fight for their rights. However, if a privileged person recognizes their role in oppression, they are praised for doing such just as they were unconsciously praised for not to anything...because that's the way that privilege works.

    5. the ritualistic practice of white self-indictment.

      Well articulated. As he further states within his article, the form of "self-indictment" places the "guilty" on a pedestal of approval and "self-regard".

    6. Strange that self-criticism seems so similar to self-improvement, and is expressed in such terms of self-congratulation.

      Liberation for the liberated and oppression for the oppressed it seems like. In other words, the self-awareness made him feel liberated in such a redundant way that it wouldn't make a difference if he proudly boasted as someone who does not have privilege and equality is attainable by all. Either way, nothing really changes.

    7. I mean that if genuine contrition and meaningful apology are the purpose of self-criticism — for complicity in white supremacy or anything else — then the practice is a paradox because the very performance of self-indictment, in this context, functions as a form of self-congratulation.

      I agree. The question there here would be what can the privileged to acknowledge, yet not boast in self awareness, about their privilege.

    8. That’s fine as far as it goes, but there’s a trap within his request: public self-indictment is impossible.

      Acknowledging the side that he is going to criticize for its legitimacy gives him some credibility.

    9. But like so much else in our society, the practice has ultimately worked not to undermine structural racism — the putative aim — but merely to deepen the self-regard of the educated white elite.

      This is his claim. I am using this perspective because it differs so much from any other perspective. There is the audience that altogether does not acknowledge that white-privilege exists. There is the audience like myself that pushes for white privilege recognition. And there is his perspective that disapproves of both so far.

    10. Fredrik deBoer is an academic and writer. He lives in Indiana.

      Fredrik deBoer is "writer and a researcher who works at the intersection of writing assessment, applied linguistics and literacy education." He receives his authority from an institution of learning to write his opinion for public consumption. http://purdue.academia.edu/FredrikdeBoer

  4. content.ebscohost.com.ezproxy2.library.colostate.edu:2048 content.ebscohost.com.ezproxy2.library.colostate.edu:2048
    1. question of how one should understand the normal restrictions, rules and burdens above which the privileged are placed.

      Here he is providing clarity about why privilege is so significant and how it interconnects with societal norms that are comfortable and accessible "to an exclusive subset of a given population" i.e. heterosexuals or white people.

    2. White Privilege: Unpacking the Invisible Knapsack’,

      I am glad that he referenced Peggy Mcintosh because I referenced this particular work of hers as well for my essay. She does a great job of making it a point to speak from personal experience.

    3. The understanding of privilege that is the focus of this essay is thus like the classical definition in that it posits privileges as tied to birth, but appeals to the modern/liberal notion in claiming that such unearned privileges are illegitimate.

      Here he establishes his claim in that privilege is something that a person is typically born into, in other words, something that was earned. I am still unsure of what he means by unearned privileges that are illegitimate. Perhaps he means that they are not legally recognized.

    4. Kruks 2012: p. 94

      Much of his evidence comes from the research of others on the same topic and they are all credible sources. He uses many of them to get his point across.

    5. Rather, the problem with privilege was that it attached to birth status, rather than to individual merit.

      True of all privileges, they are not earned but something that we are merely born into.

    6. partly constitutive of what it meant to be patrician.

      This brings up a good point about privilege and identity being interconnected.

    7. he Latin etymology of the term privilege points toward the concept of a ‘private law’ that situates one outside of the laws that bind others (Bailey 1998: p. 111; Gordon 2004: p. 174; Kruks 2005: p. 180). In this original sense, a privilege is a benefit or advantage that accrues to an exclusive (usually hereditary) elite, such that the benefits and advantages are part and parcel of their status as elites.

      This is the beginning of Monahan establishing credibility for himself. He wants readers to understand the full scope of privilege by starting from the origins of the word as it pertains to modern conceptualization. I also find this interesting myself and would not have thought to look up the origins of the word as supportive evidence as language had evolved so heavily.

    8. There is male privilege, white privilege, class privilege, heterosexual privilege and ability privilege, all of which are understood in relation to some corresponding form of oppression in the form of sexism, racism, heterosexism, ableism, ageism and so forth

      This is important to note that privilege is not confined to a single identity and can be applied to each individual in a different form.

    9. South African Journal of Philosophy 2014, 33(1): 73–83Printed in South Africa — All rights reservedCopyright © South African Journal of PhilosophySOUTH AFRICAN JOURNAL OF PHILOSOPHYISSN 0258-0136 EISSN 2073-4867http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02580136.2014.892681South African Journal of Philosophy is co-published by Taylor & Francis and NISC (Pty) LtdThe concept of privilege: a critical appraisal

      Monahan, Michael J. "The Concept of Privilege: A Critical Appraisal." South African Journal of Philosophy, Vol. 33, No. 1, pp. 73-83. 2014. Web. 8 Aug 2016. Michael Monahan has received his degree in Philosophy and works for the department of philosophy for Marquette University.

  5. inst-fs-iad-prod.inscloudgate.net inst-fs-iad-prod.inscloudgate.net
    1. CBRI Is the Dominant Racial Ideology

      Yes! They are addressing where this ideology in itself is an issue.

    2. HelenNeville and her colleagues interviewed over 30 raciallydiverse college students about their beliefs about raceand racism

      Neville conducted research in order to prove her ideas. This is important because without such research, her ideas could be considered subjective. Without evidence, there would be no valid argument.

    3. evading power, including the denial,minimization, and/or distortion of (a) blatant forms ofracism (e.g., “Racism is a thing of the past and is no longera problem today”), (b) institutional racism (e.g., “Certainpolicies and practices unfairly benefit racial and ethnicminorities”), and (c) racial privilege (e.g., “White peopledo not have certain advantages because of the color of theirskin”).

      This supports that claim that CBRI perpetuate racism because, though it may not be intended in all instances, they minimize the harmful effects of racial ideologies that have been instilled within different societies by completely ignoring them. Within the United States and outside of the United States, slavery existed. Slavery promoted the idea of white superiority by taking claim and owning members of perceived inferior races and treating them poorly to say the least on the basis of skin color alone (despite "biological evidence" which was later to be found as false). Members of the perceived inferior races experienced prejudice for decades after. The effects of slavery and those ideologies did not fade but simply redirected themselves into different systems such as the criminal justice system. The unfortunate truth is that race is a social construct based on subjective ideas and when analyzing a topic such as this, some may consider these to be subjective as well with subjective correlations.

    4. Elements of CBRI inpeople of color

      I appreciate that this was included. As a person of color, sometimes the idea that one who identifies with the marginalized group is not affected by CBRI is a false notion.

    5. The harmful effects of a color-evasion approach arealso evident among young children.Apfelbaum and col-leagues (2010)exposed elementary school children

      STAKEHOLDER. Though other stakeholders have been introduce, this one in particular uses pathos. Children are innocent and we as adults have the duty to teach them correctly and correct any teachings that are harmful. By showing that children can be harmfully affected by CBRI, it creates more stakeholders including teachers and parents since they are responsible for them no matter whether they identify a part of the marginalized group.

    6. e argue that it is unrealistic and even harmful todisregard another’s race or to not see color in a society thatis as racially stratified as the United States.

      Here they expand on their claim and are firm in their views.

    7. of potential racial differencesby emphasizing sameness

      Definitions are important. It creates clarity for the reader and (surprise) MORE credibility for the authors.

    8. In this article, we propose a CBRI framework to helpsynthesize the divergent perspectives in the literature. Indefining CBRI, we argue that racial color-blindness isunattainable, reinforces racial prejudices and/or inequality,and is actually an expression of ultramodern notions ofracism among White Americans and of internalized racismor the adoption of negative racial stereotypes among peopleof color

      This is their claim. Color-Blind Racial Ideologies perpetuate racism and inequality by not acknowledging the "elephant in the room" of race. To be completely oblivious to race is impossible with European colonialism across the world.

    9. In the 1990s, the American Psychological As-sociation (APA; 1997) published a pamphlet answering thequestion:Can— or Should—America Be Color-Blind?Us-ing research from social psychology, APA uncovered fal-lacies in individual and collective color-blind approaches toracism and thus concluded in the pamphlet, “Despite soci-ety’s best attempts to ignore race, the research indicatesthat race does matter” (p. 7).

      Once again, further adding to the credibility and this time to the publication of the essay by citing it. However, this is a place to be very careful as not to suggest bias and lack of well roundedness of sources and perspectives from multiple publications which they have an abundance of.

    10. Helen A. NevilleUniversity of Illinois at Urbana–ChampaignGermine H. AwadUniversity of Texas at AustinJames E. Brooks and Michelle P. FloresUniversity of Illinois at Urbana–ChampaignJamie BluemelChicago School of Professional Psycholog

      Each of the authors have their PhD in psychology. They are well-versed and studied in the areas and have the authority to teach on this topic. It is important to note the significance of these professors from different universities collaborating on this essay. In addition, it is important to note the publication and its national recognition.

    11. Psychology has a rich history of research designed tounderstand and describe the changing expressions of racialbeliefs,

      Great. Here they are establishing ethos/credibility to themselves by acknowledging the significance of psychology, which they all received their degrees in, as it pertains to this particular topic.

    12. Color-Blind Racial Ideology

      Neville, Helen et. al. "Color-Blind Racial Ideology: Theory, Training, and Measurement Implications in Psychology." American Psychological Association, Vol. 68, No. 6, Sept. 2013, pp. 455-466. Web. 8 Aug 2016.

    1. Megan Burnett

      Burnett, Megan. "On the Topic of White Privilege." Collegian. 7 Oct 2015. Web. 8 Aug 2016. Megan Burnett wrote for the CSU collegian in the Opinion section. There was much controversy after this article was published.

    1. The pressure to avoid it is great, for in facing it I mustgive up the myth of meritocracy. I

      Here again we see meritocracy as we saw in the other article by Michael Monahan. As with the other two articles, she explains race-relation evasion.

    2. After I realized the extent to which men work from a base of unacknowledged privilege, I understoodthat much of their oppressiveness was unconscious. Then I remembered the frequent charges fromwomen of color that white women whom they encounter are oppressive. I began to understand why weare just seen as oppressive, even when we don't see ourselves that way

      This gives her the most credibility because she is taking personal experience to shed light on an issue that she does not directly experience herself. She is able to criticize her own identity and apply understanding and empathy to other identities.

    3. I think whites are carefully taught not to recognize white privilege, as males are taught not to recognizemale privilege.

      She is comparing white privilege to male privilege. This is justifying her identity and authority to write this essay. Though she may not identify as holding a marginalized ethnicity, she does identify with a marginalized gender. She is attempting to make this topic more accessible to herself and to many of the readers who could be women.

    4. I realized that, since hierarchies in oursociety are interlocking, there was most likely a phenomenon of while privilege that was similarlydenied and protected.

      Once again like the other articles there is recognition on interconnectedness between privilege and identity. The reason I chose this article is because of the personal testimony of white privilege. She is not denying or evading the fact that she holds a very prominent privilege.

    5. Peggy McIntosh is associate director of the Wellesley Collage Center for Research on Women. This essay is excerpted from WorkingPaper 189. "White Privilege and Male Privilege: A Personal Account of Coming To See Correspondences through Work in Women'sStudies" (1988), by Peggy McIntosh; available for $4.00 from the Wellesley College Center for Research on Women, Wellesley MA 02181The working paper contains a longer list of privileges. This excerpted essay is reprinted from the Winter 1990 issue of IndependentSchool.White Privilege: Unpacking the Invisible KnapsackPeggy McIntosh

      Mcintosh, Peggy. "White Privilege: Unpacking the Invisible Knapsack." White Privilege and Male Privilege: A Personal Account of Coming to See Correspondences Through Work in Women Studies. 1988. Web. 8 Aug 2016.

    1. Amanda Zamora,

      Amanda was previously a senior engagement editor for ProPublica. She has worked as an editorial aide and reporter in the past.

    2. Lauren Kirchner

      Senior reporter at ProPublica. Lauren has reported on a range of topics from criminal justice to this article about the drought.

    3. Abrahm Lustgarten

      Author of several articles about the drought and other water problems and possible solutions throughout the Midwest.

    4. California's Drought Is Part of a Much Bigger Water Crisis

      Lustgarten, Abrahm, Lauren Kirchner, and Amanda Zamora. "California's Drought Is Part of a Much Bigger Water Crisis." Scientific American. ProPublica, n.d. Web. 20 July 2016.

    1. affect the entire economy,

      This can be used as an example for why everyone should care about the drought.

    2. produce costlier crops like almonds and pistachios – mostly imported to China and elsewhere – to make up for production cutbacks. Those two crops require 35 times the water compared to the traditional vegetables.

      Are the farmers causing more problems by trying to make up for production costs?

    3. As aquifers are depleted, farmers are drilling deeper and deeper for water. In some places, the drilling is pulling up water that last saw sunlight during the Ice Age.

      The farmers must have water in order to provide food to the country, but drinking water is needed as well. What will happen when even the deepest groundwater is removed?

    4. one bridge now sits below the water line.

      The sinking is affecting the infrastructure of the state. How could this, in combination with natural disasters, continue to have a negative impact on the infrastructure.

    5. between May 2014 and January 2015 the ground sank up to 2 inches per month.

      This relates back to the sinking of 45 feet previously noted.

    1. This study began by asking whether the minority party has any electoral incentive to act responsibly in Congress. The short answer is: yes. Americans do hold meaningfully different evaluations of each party’s performance in Congress. To a significant degree, these evaluations are formed on the basis of criteria logically related to legislative performance. In turn, Americans use the evaluations of both parties when casting their votes in House elections. Importantly, the electoral impact of minority party performance ratings appears to be just as large, on average, as the impact of majority party performance ratings.

      I can use this in my paper as a counter argument against my own. He is arguing that, with the current two party system in America, both parties are held accountable for their actions, therefore the two party system is a fair way of electing politicians.

    2. On its face, these findings would appear to support the one-party model of accountability for Congress. Specifically, they are consistent with a story in which everything a citizen learns or feels about Congress is automatically associated with a single party: the majority. But while it may be true that Americans closely associate approval of Congress with approval of the majority party, this does not rule out the possibility that Americans also evaluate the performance of the minority party in Congress and use that evaluation when voting. No existing studies offer or test this alternative hypothesis.

      In this section, Jones brings up specific, credible research that backs up the one party model. He adds that although these findings are legitimate given the assumptions they make, he argues that different research needs to be done to account for Americans that take the minority party into consideration when voting. Once again, his mention of a legitimate study from the opposing side serves to strengthen his credibility.

    3. In particular, the frequent occurrence of divided government, as well as occasional friction between a president and his own party in Congress even during unified government, have necessitated additional theorizing about whether and how models of collective accountability should be more realistically adapted.

      In this section, Jones introduces the two primary theories of accountability that have been established, providing background on the subject for the reader. At the end of this section, he states the main issue with these theories, and adds that more research needs to be done in this area to account for the fact that there is often no single party in power.

    4. In both cases, the minority party appeared to believe that it could make the ruling party look bad by denying it bipartisan legislative victories, and that the public would respond at the polls by punishing the ruling party, not the minority. Also in both cases, the strategy seemed to pay dividends. The minority party experienced sweeping electoral successes two years later, regaining their majority status.

      Jones is providing reasonably strong evidence that supports one of the opposing view points. He provides one example from each party in recent history in which political gridlock seemingly led to the shift of power away from the current majority. This is a legitimate counterpoint and Jones' choice to include it in the beginning gives more validity to his argument later on in the article.

    5. Existing research suggests that to the extent that accountability for congressional performance occurs, it does so primarily through a referendum on the performance of the majority party. If true, this means that the minority party has no incentive to act responsibly, and may even have an incentive to polarize and obstruct.

      Here, Jones is entering into the conversation by introducing the primary point that he opposes in this article. The opposition argues that the American public evaluates Congress as a whole, and the majority party is often blamed for political gridlock. Jones disputes this immediately by arguing that American's do in fact take party performance into consideration when deciding who to vote for in elections.

    6. I argue that the ratings Americans give to each congressional party flow in part from the parties’ actual performances in Congress, reflecting factors such as policy stances, managerial effectiveness, and partisan tone. I also argue that when Americans cast ballots in elections, they take into account their evaluations of not only majority party performance, but also their separate evaluations of minority party performance. In this way, Americans hold both parties accountable for their respective performances.

      Here, Jones articulates his main point in the article. He is arguing that Americans hold both parties in Congress accountable for their actions and accomplishments as a party, and that voters take into account their evaluation of both political parties when deciding who to vote for in elections.

    7. Polity

      Polity is the journal of the Northeastern Political Science Association. This journal was established in 1968 and is one of the more widely known political science journals. They are considered to be a credible publication.

    8. David R Jones

      Jones is a professor at Baruch College who specializes in American politics. He has written multiple books on politics in America, and his research has been included in many scholarly journals including The American Journal of Political Science.

    9. A More Responsible Two-Party System? Accountability for Majority and Minority Party Performance in a Polarized Congress

      Jones, David R. "A More Responsible Two-Party System? Accountability for Majority and Minority Performance in a Polarized Congress". Polity, 18 Aug. 2014. Web. 01 Aug. 2016.

    10. In both cases, the minority party appeared to believe that it could make the ruling party look bad by denying it bipartisan legislative victories, and that the public would respond at the polls by punishing the ruling party, not the minority. Also in both cases, the strategy seemed to pay dividends. The minority party experienced sweeping electoral successes two years later, regaining their majority status.

      Here, Jones is providing reasonably strong evidence that supports one of the opposing view points. He provides one example from each party in recent history in which political gridlock seemingly led to the shift of power away from the current majority. This is a legitimate counterpoint and Jones' choice to include it in the beginning gives more validity to his argument later on in the article.

    11. Existing research suggests that to the extent that accountability for congressional performance occurs, it does so primarily through a referendum on the performance of the majority party. If true, this means that the minority party has no incentive to act responsibly, and may even have an incentive to polarize and obstruct.

      Here, Jones is entering into the conversation by introducing the primary point that he opposes in this article. The opposition argues that the American public evaluates Congress as a whole, and the majority party is often blamed for political gridlock. Jones disputes this immediately by arguing that American's do in fact take party performance into consideration when deciding who to vote for in elections.

    12. Polity

      Polity is the journal of the Northeastern Political Science Association. This journal was established in 1968 and is one of the more widely known political science journals. They are considered to be a credible publication.

    13. David R Jones

      Jones is a professor at Baruch College who specializes in American politics. He has written multiple books on politics in America, and his research has been included in many scholarly journals including The American Journal of Political Science. http://www.baruch.cuny.edu/wsas/academics/political_science/djones.htm

    14. A More Responsible Two-Party System? Accountability for Majority and Minority Party Performance in a Polarized Congress

      Jones, David R. "A More Responsible Two-Party System? Accountability for Majority and Minority Performance in a Polarized Congress". Polity, 18 Aug. 2014. Web. 01 Aug. 2016.

    15. I argue that the ratings Americans give to each congressional party flow in part from the parties’ actual performances in Congress, reflecting factors such as policy stances, managerial effectiveness, and partisan tone. I also argue that when Americans cast ballots in elections, they take into account their evaluations of not only majority party performance, but also their separate evaluations of minority party performance. In this way, Americans hold both parties accountable for their respective performances.

      Here, Jones articulates his main point in the article. He is arguing that Americans hold both parties in Congress accountable for their actions and accomplishments as a party, and that voters take into account their evaluation of both political parties when deciding who to vote for in elections.

  6. Jul 2016
    1. As the population exploded and farming acreage increased, the land collapse accelerated – one area dropped nearly 40 inches between 2007 and 2010. And in just eight months leading up to February 2015, it sank another 13 inches.

      All thanks to the lack of ground water and available water from rivers and lakes.

    2. enough fresh water needs to be released to keep seawater from infiltrating the area

      New information to me. I always thought the salt water regulated itself through sea life.

    3. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and conservative lawmakers, farmers and residents who accuse the agency of wasting millions of gallons of water to protect salmon and an endangered anchovy called the delta smelt

      Controversial use of water because many believe in protecting wildlife and endangered species while others are more concerned with their own survival. This raises the question of which is more important?

    4. Farmers use 40 percent of the state's water supply. Residential and commercial usage is 10 percent, and the rest is released into the waterways or used by the government.

      Farmers aren't even using half of the available water and they're the ones providing food to the nation. This can be used in an argument to support farmers.

    5. "Wealthy people don't care, they will find a way [to use water]," said Republican state Sen. Jim Nielsen, a lifelong farmer and farming advocate. "But it's not the urban use that's sucking the state dry, it's the farmers," he added sarcastically.

      This is an interesting quote. Often times the wealthy doesn't seem to notice serious problems until it is directly affecting them.

    6. second year of mandatory 25 percent water cuts.

      The once lush coast is now know for being brown.

    7. Lake Shasta

      Massive lake to small Grand Canyon thanks to the drought and need for water.

    8. infrastructure damage from the altitude drop; two million acres of dead farmland; disappearing wildlife; $2.7 billion in economic losses; 21,000 lost jobs; and rising food and utility costs.

      Problems of the drought that are affecting everyone economically, among other ways.

    9. urged to drill new wells – at a cost of $30,000 each. Portable showers have been installed at a local church and bottled drinking water is delivered. Emergency state funding has paid for delivery of 2,500-gallon water drums to residents' front yards for washing and bathing. It's been that way for two years.

      Where do we draw the line? Water is having to be trucked in to do even simple things like bath. This developed country is almost moving backward in time and advancements.

    10. the only way to do something about it is to stop drilling. Then it will keep sinking for a year or two even if it's stopped.

      Currently there are no other solutions to help the now sinking state.

    11. will produce floods as the water has nowhere to go

      The land is too dry and collapsing from mining, thus the water will not all soak in to the earth. This can lead to mudslides which are also devastating in a hilly state like California.

    12. It will take several years of rain to bring the state out of its crisis mode regardless of how many spring showers occur.

      Can a major storm like El Nino help speed up the process?

    13. Tori Richards

      Richards is a contributor for several news outlets such as US News, Fox News, and Bloomberg News. She lives in California, thus experiencing the drought first hand.

    14. sunk more than 45 feet since 1935 – something the U.S. government calls the "largest human alteration of the earth's surface."

      This can be used for why groundwater drilling is a bad thing.

    15. Water Woes Divide California into Haves, Have Nots

      Richards, Tony. “Water Woes Divide California into Haves, Have Nots.” U.S. News. 8 Apr. 2016. Web. 10 July 2016.

      Richards claim is in the subtitle of the article. He states that the decrease in water in California may cause a Dust Bowl. Throughout the piece, Richards also talks about the ongoing sinking of the state due to groundwater mining.

    1. The U.K. would have to accept most EU rules without having any input into them, pay into the EU budget, and accept free movement of people from other EU countries, or at least a large measure of it.

      The EU will remain adamant, since UK has always received more than it's just share. Question of hurt pride maybe. Through the mist, another ex-Yugoslavia scenario with non-english ethnias braking away is sensed, plus North and South England parting like Sudan. After that each entity can apply for EU membership again in a future.

    2. The smoothest exit from the EU—and the one that would entail the least economic disruption, according to numerous economic models—would be for the U.K. to join the European Economic Area, along with Norway. I

      Every country ends up making the best decisions for itself. Pan-European policies have been a failure (given that the average annual growth rate of the EU for the past 40 years is a dismal 0.5%). Small governments over people of the same identity (and feeling of belonging) is the best approach. As an example of the above, giving the Greeks the credit rating of Germans proved to be disastrous. Germans need high quality credit to build those expensive factories and those magnificent cars. Greece is a place where Europeans go to party. Giving Greeks access to all that money simply resulted in the money being wasted and Greece going belly up. Because Greece does not need huge amounts of money to build new taverns.

    3. there is a risk they become further disaffected

      The main reason for the UK leaving is that the EU (which started as the European Coal and Steel Community in 1951) has grown far beyond its original charter as a trading community. The original intent of the Euro was common standards and free movement of goods and services within Europe. Very few of its current member states envisaged the EU as it is today almost at the stage of becoming a formal empire with flag and national anthem. More importantly, almost all the legislation passed in its member states are rubber stamps of EU directives. No one in Brussels gets elected by the people in the countries they govern. It's a nice cozy circle of pals mainly backed by German and French politicians.

    4. A majority appeared to be motivated by very different concerns: that the U.K.’s openness, particularly to immigration from elsewhere in the EU, was depressing wages, damaging job prospects and putting pressure on public services.

      The EU has given Europe 50plus years of peace, prosperity and progress. The UK is still a relevant vital part of Europe.the UK parliament opposes Brexit. The best outcome for the UK and Europe now would be for the UK to have a 2nd referendum. This would ensure if this drastic action is actually what the people want. On EU referendums the Danes have done this, the Irish have done this, and the UK have an opportunity to do this now. They should take it.

    5. A minority of Brexit advocates, like Messrs. Gove and Johnson, depicted the EU as an obstacle to a more freewheeling, buccaneering, open-market economy.

      The Brexit campaign was based on lies, with no actual idea of plan on what to do if the Brexit proposal was passed. The net result of going through with an actual UK exit is a weaker UK, with less to little political influence in Europe, a weaker EU with a centre of power moving further East, a massive market correction in the UK, a likely recession and a potential potential.

    6. Stephen Fidler

      Stephen Fidler has been Brussels Editor of The Wall Street Journal and Dow Jones Newswires since October 2009. He runs a bureau of 11 journalists and leads coverage from Brussels of the European Union and the euro zone as well as the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. He writes a regular column and was part of a team of Journal reporters named as a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize in 2011 for their reporting on the euro-zone debt crisis.

    1. A third issue is that globalisation means that business is conducted through “value chains”, in which products are assembled or distributed in many markets.

      EU has been blind to the situation of immigration in the UK, and this has been a huge mistake on the part of the EU. When 55% of the population in the capital of the UK is not of British origin (whatever the passport is), you clearly have reached a limit. The day 55% of Berliners are not German or 55% of Romans are not Italian you will see an even stronger reaction. The EU should have acknowledged the peculiar situation of the UK (historical immigration plus fresh immigration from the EU plus fresh immigration from the rest of the world) and granted the country a special status with regard to freedom of movement within the Union. And we know very well that enabling the citizens of East European countries whose per capita GDP was half that of the West to move freely across the continent was a big blunder, and a demonstration that the EU sometimes defends more the interests of large entrepreneurs who need cheap labor than the interests of citizens.

    2. Britain could become more open to international investment outside the EU; a kind of Singapore of Europe. However, as this blog pointed out before the vote, this camp sat uneasily with the more nativist, anti-globalisation and anti-immigration side of the campaign.

      What has happened now, particularly in non-London England is very distressing. It is understandable that in some towns and cities that people have been left behind and there is a lot of real poverty. That did not apply to prosperous towns in the Home Counties.Something very ugly is happening in England. Perhaps it was always there, lurking, and the referendum has opened the box. People in the prosperous counties such as Essex and Herts voted in great swathes for Leave. These areas don't have a mass immigration or suffer from major crises. There was broadly an inverse relationship between those voting Brexit and the immigration numbers.

    3. currency depreciation can be a very useful tool for countries when they have become locked in to an overvalued exchange rate.

      British manufacturing relies heavily on imported components and commodities, and the price of those just jumped. The effect of exchange rates on exports is often exaggerated. Much British manufacturing, such as cars, is here because manufacturing them in the EU wins EU subsidies and tax breaks. Not any more. Manufacturers wanting to serve the EU market will not be making them in Britain any more, the same goes for other goods. Finally, tariffs on manufactured good, most of which get sold to the EU, are only going to go up. There will be some winners and some losers in manufacturing out of this but it's by no means a simple win.

    4. THE pound has been the biggest post-Brexit casualty in the financial markets. It has fallen from almost $1.50 to around $1.30 against the dollar; less so against the euro which itself has been dragged down by Brexit worries.

      The pound falling, credit rating declines, short-term balance of payment issues and interest rate increases are expected results. At this point, fearful readers seem to be looking only at these short-term effects and panicking. If the new government acts decisively takes a firm path towards a dynamic economy, the pains should be limited to the short-to-medium-term and Scotland and Ireland would be very receptive to staying within the UK if and only if the UK demonstrates that it can quickly reboot its economy.

    5. Buttonwood

      Buttonwood columnist considers the ever-changing financial markets. Brokerage was once conducted under a buttonwood tree on Wall Street.

    1. The big question is how this news will affect retail investors elsewhere.

      Brexit is going to have a huge impact (I pray to god not only negative effects) for people further Europe borders. It seems that Britain it is not the only country in the world where old people is deciding the younger generations' future pushing them over their limits. London's financial markets are the primary clearing house for Euro/USD transactions. There is absolutely no good reason for the EU to permit this business to remain outside of its borders where member states cannot benefit from the profits and taxes of this business. We can presume that no matter how nice Britain is to its former partner that this industry will be moving. EU cities are already lining up to be the new home for Euro/USD clearing.

    2. Commercial property values have come under pressure since the referendum result

      British manufacturing relies heavily on imported components and commodities, and the price of those just jumped. The effect of exchange rates on exports is often exaggerated. Much British manufacturing, such as cars, is here because manufacturing them in the EU wins EU subsidies and tax breaks. Not any more. Manufacturers wanting to serve the EU market will not be making them in Britain any more, the same goes for other goods. Finally, tariffs on our manufactured good, most of which get sold to the EU, are only going to go up.

    3. But investor concerns have shown up in another market - property

      Britain has initiated a hostile divorce between itself and the EU, and all the niceties said by Britain will not make the hurt feelings, or the opportunism, of the EU go away. Britain may not enjoy many aspects of the EU. External regulations, external laws, immigration, glacial progress on freer markets and trade, endless discussions and a system where a few minorities can upend years of negotiations. And a net cost of 135bn pounds a week. It was, however, the required ticket for many of Britain's most lucrative industries to have access to the EU, and it turns out that access is a requirement for them to stay in Britain. Banking and insurance for example are heavily concentrated in the financial capital of Europe, London. This industry provides 60Bn in tax income a year, or 8.5 times the net cost of Britain's cost being part of the EU. It is also an industry which does not have any particular barriers to moving in relatively short order to a new location.

    4. financial markets had quietened down in the wake of the shock referendum result

      Richard Branson has said that his company has lost about a third of its value because of the plunging stock market caused by the Brexit vote on Friday -- global stocks have lost a record £2.25 trillion.

    5. Buttonwood

      Buttonwood columnist considers the ever-changing financial markets. Brokerage was once conducted under a buttonwood tree on Wall Street

    1. How ISIS Spread in the Middle East And how to stop it

      Ignatius, David. "How ISIS Spread in the Middle East And how to stop it". The Atlantic.29 Oct. 2015. Web. 10 Jul. 2016.

      Ignatius claims that ISIS is not merely a terrorist group, but it's an anti-colonial organization with higher political motives aiming to restore an "Islamic caliphate" similar to the ottoman empire. And that the US failed foreign policies facilitated their insurgence and empowerment.

    1. It's an exciting time at NASA as we reach for new heights to reveal the unknown and benefit humankind.

      The article ends by stating that NASA plans on continuing their research and projects. They end it on a hopeful note, and make the audience want to join them on their adventures. This article strikes me as a message to the nation that we need to continue to support NASA. They make the case that what they are doing is important and needs the backing of as many people as possible. The fact that they talk mainly about the exciting missions that they are working on, and not the more standard missions also in the works, supports this idea.

    2. We're studying Earth right now through current and future spacecraft helping answer critical challenges facing our planet: climate change, sea level rise, freshwater resources and extreme weather events

      There are other benefits to backing NASA, as they mention here. By demonstrating how what they are doing can help with environmental issues, more people may support their research. This may allow more of the audience to back them in the hopes of making our lives better in the immediate future.

    3. A new generation of U.S. commercial spacecraft and rockets are supplying cargo to the space station and soon launch astronauts once again from U.S. soil, allowing NASA to focus on building new capabilities for deep space exploration. As a blueprint for international cooperation, the space station enables a U.S.-led multinational partnership and advances shared goals in space exploration.

      NASA then explains that they are taking the steps they can in order to help out with issues people have had with them. They are working with private companies and other nations in order to bolster resources. The underlying message is that by teaming up with othe groups, they will not need as much money to reach their goals.

    4. The space station's microgravity environment makes research possible that can't be achieved on Earth, leading to breakthroughs in understanding Earth, space and physical and biological sciences.

      The article then explains why we do not have the exciting missions currently that we like to think of when space exploration comes up. We currently do not know enough to send astronauts off to other places safely. In order to get there, NASA needs to to more research as to just how to get there, and how to handle the many different types of situations that might arise. I think NASA is essentially telling people to be patient with them, and that what they are doing now may seem unimportant, but that it is necessary in order to take the next step.

    5. NASA is designing and building capabilities to send humans farther into the solar system than ever before, including to an asteroid and Mars.

      The first goal of NASA is indicated as the type of mission that most people think about when they think space exploration; astronauts going to far off places. This will keep the audiences attention, as it is the hook for the article.

    6. Charles Bolden, NASA Administrator

      The article opens up with a quote from the NASA administrator, Charles Bolden,who states NASA's mission statement. This helps solidify where NASA is coming from and gets the audience's attention.

    7. What's Next For NASA?

      "What's Next for NASA?"NASA. 3 Sept. 2013. Web. 10 July. 2016

      This article is from NASA itself, detailing their ongoing and future plans for their projects. This has been written not only to keep the audience informed of what is happening and where their money is going, but also to pitch ideas that may get them more support for their endeavors. Although it is a government agency, NASA sometimes need to act like a business. One thing businesses need to do to gain investors is to pitch their ideas. For this reason, the article was written. It could be argued either way whether or not this is a credible source. I think its credible, but not scholarly. It comes from NASA and is being edited regularly by NASA administrators. These are experts in the field, which means the people should be believed. However, there are no outside sources or information being used. It is strictly stating plans for the agency's future.

    1. In summary, NASA's large expenditures of over $100 million annually for basic research alone and the stimulus provided by space exploration have dramatically transformed astronomy. It has become a more open science with more numerous facilities, research opportunities, and scientists. Younger astronomers with more diverse educational backgrounds have been attracted from other scientific fields to work in several new specialties that have developed. More complex management and funding arrangements and large project efforts demonstrate that astronomy has achieved big science status.

      Article is ended very similarly to the current Juno article I included earlier. NASA helps create a demand for scientists of diverse backgrounds in order to further advance capabilities. By doing so, more jobs are made possible, which we sorely need. This is also beneficial because it shows a specific reason that has stayed the same throughout the decades. This gives credence that benefits from the mid 1900's are the same as today. This allows us to safely argue that the benefits presented in this old article are still prevalent to today.

    2. In 1966 the relative importance of NASA purchases began to decline because of large increases in defense and commercial purchases. Demand for military aircraft rose as a result of the United States commitment in Vietnam

      This is an argument against NASA that is somewhat prevalent to our current situation. In times of war, other groups, such as the military, do more spending and boost the economy more. Since we are dealing with homeland terrorism and ISIS, it could be argued that a larger military would boost the economy more than NASA would.

    3. NASA has served as the R&D organization with the National Meteorological Satellite Program, exercising the responsibility for designing, building, launching, and testing satellites.

      The article explains that NASA is responsible for the United States' satellites that are in orbit. Reading the surrounding text, it is revealed that this means things such as our meteorological satellites, which help us predict the weather. This is an incredibly important thing we use in our daily lives, especially with disaster prevention. It is all thanks to NASA. This is another piece of evidence that can be used to show the importance of NASA, and how it goes beyond the space exploration that most Americans know them for.

    4. Second, federal space and defense programs influenced the computer and semiconductor industries by generating huge markets for such products.

      As NASA expanded its capabilities, it began to reach for further goals, which demand higher technology. They would therefore need to purchase the highest end products available, which would also help to stimulate the economy.

    5. The birth and rapid expansion of the U.S. semiconductor and computer industries during the late 1940s and 1950s were greatly aided by government space and defense programs.

      Very specific example of where NASA allowed considerable growth for the economy. It helped create a booming industry that allowed the eventual creation of a large portion of the technology that we use today, such as our phones, computers, televisions, etc.

    6. MRI concluded that the $25 billion (1958) spent on civilian space R&D during the 1959-69 period returned $52 billion through 1970 and will continue to stimulate benefits through 1987, for a total gain of $181 billion.

      This appears to be an older paper as well. Based off its content, it appears that it was published around the 70's or 80's. However, the information given is still factual and can be used to support current times. The Midwest Research Institute studied the effects that NASA seemed to have on the economy. As seen, the MRI indicated that NASA had turned a massive profit for the economy. Technological advancement groups create products or develop techniques that can advance civilization. When this happens, our capabilities increase. NASA has demonstrated that it created this type of advancement. For every dollar that they had been given, they were able to create advancement that allowed twice as much money to benefit the economy within a decade.

    7. The Economic Impacts of the U.S. Space Program

      Schnee, Jerome. "The Economic Impacts of the U.S. Space Program." NASA. Web. 10 July. 2016.

      This is a detailed account as to how NASA and their projects have impacted the United States. It is a highly credible source, written by a government agency, and published by NASA itself. Jerome is degree backed through Rutgers University, and the article he has written is credible, as shown by the plethora of bibliography entries on the article itself. The only possible case against credibility is the lack of a publication date. However, since this appears to be a database entry, it is understandable why there is not a publication date. As for the audience, this article is most likely for those concerned with budgeting NASA, as well as government transparency.

    1. Contrasted with rising powers, defense budgets in Europe clearly seemed to be stagnating if not dropping.

      Taylor then balances this out by talking about European nations. He explains that the spending in this part of the world is evening out and not increasing year afer year. If anything, it could be dropping. Since these are established countries, the United States could go this way as well, and any increased spending could go to places like NASA. There are many factors that could go into the spending for the United States military and defense. If the threat level stays the same or decreases, there may not be a need to cut NASA's funds, and may even make it possible for them to gain more funding. If the opposite proves true, NASA may in fact need to be cut back in order to allow the increased spending.

    2. Moreover, the overall balance of power in military spending appears to be shifting. Last year, the IISS Military Balance noted the rise of the Asian powers

      This could be an argument against NASA. If other countries begin to spend more, the United States may be inclined to do the same. The spending is so high already that the U.S. may decide to cut other areas. This could include NASA

    3. New technologies mean that the West in general and the United States in particular are losing their technological edge, the report found.

      Further evidence to support the thought that if cuts are to be made, it should be in the military spending. The United States spends half a trillion dollars on its military, which is more than one third the amount of the entire world. However, it could be argued that quality is more important than quantity. Other countries that gain the edge technologically would be able to do more, despite the fact that they do not have as much financial backing. If the United States focused their thinking to this outcome, they could cut cost while keeping the military edge we have established.

    4. On a grand scale, the report showed – yet again – that U.S. military spending easily dwarfed the rest of the world. With a defense budget of around $597 billion, it was almost as much as the next 14 countries put together and far larger than the rest of the world.

      At this point, it may not be very apparent as to why I have chosen this article to discuss spending on space exploration. The reasoning is to discuss another stakeholder viewpoint on the issue. The amount of money that the government allows NASA is incredibly small in comparison to how much is spent on other areas such as military expenditures. This page shows that science (such as NASA) and military both fall under discretionary spending. The military is given so much more money than NASA. Therefore, it could be argued that if the government wanted to cut costs, they should focus on cutting the expenses used for the military instead of NASA.

    5. On Tuesday, the International Institute for Strategic Studies released its Military Balance 2016 report, which seeks to examine closely the changing nature of military power.

      This article is reporting information released from the IISS. This source is incredibly credible, to the point that it helps run international summits. This proves that the information being received is incredibly accurate and will be very informative and factual.

    6. By Adam Taylor and Laris Karklis

      Multiple authors give crediblity.Adam Taylor is a professional writer and focuses on foreign affairs, which gives him large credibility to him penning an article about global spending on defense.

      Laris Karklis is more of an illustrator, providing graphs and pictures to represent data being discussed.

      The Washington Post is a very credible source for news. They are well known, and cover a plethora of topics, as well as maintaining a high standard of professionalism.

    7. This remarkable chart shows how U.S. defense spending dwarfs the rest of the world

      Taylor, Adam, and Karklis, Laris. "This Remarkable Chart Shows How U.S. Defense Spending Dwarfs the Rest of the World." The Washington Post. 9 Feb. 2016 Web. 10 Jul. 2016.

      This article states very specifically that is talks about how the United States spends more money on its defense and military than any other country in the world. Its audience is most likely those concerned with where their tax money is going. It also is to show those interested in more global comparisons just where the United States ranks in terms of spending.

    1. SpaceX’s Grasshopper was a 10-story Vertical Takeoff Vertical Landing (VTVL) vehicle consisting of a Falcon 9 first stage, a single Merlin 1D engine, four steel landing legs with hydraulic dampers, and a steel support structure. In 2013, Grasshopper completed a series of eight flight tests with successful landings, the highest reaching 744 meters high.

      Space X ends the article by describing a third and final product, the Grasshopper. I believe Space X was wise to end the article this way. Although this rocket did not reach as high a distance, the composition of the rocket sounds a lot more impressive. They explain that the Grasshopper was a larger vehicle .They also explain that it was a better comparison to the type of rocket that NASA would use. It contains an engine, and "support structure" on top of the rocket, which makes it appear to be more of the type of craft we think of when talking about NASA. By doing so, Space X makes their product appear to be more of the complete package. They describe only the successes they had with the Grasshopper, in an effort to appease their possible customers.

      As stated previously, this is not an article that could be considered a scholarly article. IT is mostly a large product pitch to people interested in space exploration. They do use facts, and it is accurate information as it is coming from the people in charge of the rockets, but it is biased. However, it shows that one possible solution to funding NASA as much as we do is to privatize part of the work, or at least find a way to reuse parts of the missions to reduce cost.

    2. F9R completed successively higher tests in McGregor, Texas, topping out with a 1000m test using steerable grid fins.

      Space X now shows some successful attempts, to prove that they will reach their goal. They talk about a second product they have that uses a different form of lander. By doing so, they show that there is more than one option for these forms of rockets. They attempt to make the distance sound more impressive, as saying 1000 meters is a lot more impressive sounding than a single kilometer.

    3. In 2014, SpaceX twice reentered a Falcon 9 first stage from space and landed it in the Atlantic Ocean. Using lessons learned from those attempts, in January 2015 SpaceX attempted a precision landing on the drone ship, nicknamed “Just Read the Instructions”.  The rocket made it to the drone ship, but landed hard. SpaceX attempted a second precision landing the following month, this time over water, and the rocket impressively came within 10 meters of its target. Unfortunately, extreme weather prevented recovery.

      Space X does a really good job of explaining its advancements and how it is going about creating the rocket. They describe how they first made rockets that could get to space, then began working on making those that could be landed properly. Space X explains their first attempt made it to the target, but crashed into it instead of landing. However, they actually never say that they failed, just that it "landed hard". This makes it sound as if they were successful, when they actually were not. They do the same when explaining the second failed attempt. By saying that it was extreme weather that caused the failure, they are stating it was not their fault. This is an excellent business technique as it still makes it sound as if their product will work as it has been designed to do.

    4. Through reusability testing during flight and on the ground in McGregor, Texas, SpaceX has made great strides toward this goal.

      Space X states that they are working on creating the rocket that is designed to be used over and over again. They do state that they have not fully created the rocket yet, but are in the process of doing so. This is to ensure their possible customers that the product is being created and not to search for other possibilities while it is being created.

    5. but can fly multiple times per day, and conduct tens of thousands of flights over its lifetime. Following the commercial model, a rapidly reusable space launch vehicle could reduce the cost of traveling to space by a hundredfold.

      Space X uses one of the best ways to show the cost effectiveness of their product that I can ever seen. They describe that the cost of a commercial airliner is about the same as the rocket for a space-destined vehicle. However, the commercial airliner is used thousands of times before going out of service, while the rocket is only used once. By stating this, the audience can see that the cost effectiveness is so much better if the rocket can become reusable. This is where Space X's product would come in.

    6. SpaceX believes a fully and rapidly reusable rocket is the pivotal breakthrough needed to substantially reduce the cost of space access.

      The wording used is very important. It does not attempt to supply the belief as a fact. It is simply stating that this is what the company as a whole believes. However, Space X also repeats the benefit to its product, which makes sure that this is clear in the audiences mind. One of the biggest issues people have with NASA is that their money is being taxed to fund them. By offering a technology that will reduce those costs, your average citizen may be more supporting if they believe that they will not have to pay as much for the program.

    7. If one can figure out how to effectively reuse rockets just like airplanes, the cost of access to space will be reduced by as much as a factor of a hundred.  A fully reusable vehicle has never been done before. That really is the fundamental breakthrough needed to revolutionize access to space.”

      This is a quote from Elon Musk. Musk is the founder and owner of the Space X company. It is a very important quote because it does several things. It describes the main mission of space X that is currently going on. By doing so, we know exactly where the company is coming from. It also talks about the benefit of what it is working on, most importantly the cost cutting it could do to the space program. It also clearly demonstrates the article's audience. The audience are those interested in the product of reusable rockets who may want to purchase the technology, as well as educating the public to what the product means to the industry.

    8. Reusability: The Key to Making Human Life Multi-Planetary

      "Reusiability: The Key To Making Human Life Multi-Planetary." Space X. 10 June. 2015 Web. 10 July. 2016.

      The fist thing that must be said is that this article is not fully scholarly. It is informative, but biased. It does not have a specific author and it comes from a company that is attempting to sell a product. However, there is an incredibly important reason for using this article; it supplies a possible solution to the funding of NASA. As a result, it is a different stakeholder position from the previous article.

    1. At a time when the country is critically short of engineers, especially female ones, it’s heartening to see so many opportunities to inspire students with a love of science.

      Finally, Grady finishes her article with establishing another benefit to the mission that might get more people on board with funding NASA. She states that there is room for high end jobs, to help with unemployment. She also makes special mention that female engineers are wanted, that may appeal to the female demographics as well.

    2. It may not be as sexy as putting a man on the moon, but it’s something I believe we should care as deeply about.

      Grady does several things here. One of the main arguments against funding for NASA is that people do not see probes circling other planets of important. Sending Neil Armstrong to the Moon was impressive and exciting, but this wasn't. However, she stands as a voice for her field, and is attempting to show her audience that this is just as important of a mission.

    3. Since the Voyager missions, it has been known the Saturn-like ring around Jupiter is formed by sulphur dioxide released by volcanism on the moon Io. The planet’s magnetic field traps dust from Io and accelerates it, producing the intense radiation for which Jupiter is notorious.

      Grady mentions the Voyager missions. This shows that the mission is complementing previous mission information, showing the cost of the mission isn't just to tread old ground. By doing so, Grady is building a case that the money is truly being spent to gain and improve our information on the planet of Jupiter.

    4. The craft will go closer, for longer, than any other of Jupiter’s visitors and its colour camera, nicknamed the JunoCam, will snap close-ups of clouds and polar regions. While the on-board instruments will refine what little we know about its composition, which has higher amounts of sulphur, nitrogen and noble gases than expected from a planet basically formed from gases left-over after the sun’s creation.

      Grady is stating the importance of this mission. The reason this is important is because it covers one of the stakeholder positions that will be covered in my paper. It describes the valuable information that NASA and the space exploration community will gain from this mission. By explaining that the mission will give more information than any of the previous explorations to Jupiter so far, it is justifying why the cost of this mission is important. This will in turn show that funding towards space programs is being used responsibly and that the money is not being wasted on treading old ground.

    5. Not only did it have to withstand the planet’s intense radiation field, the £890 million probe also needed to survive intense turbulence and dodge space debris.

      Grady is now getting to the heart of the article. She writes very technically and factual from her on out. It is unbiased as there is no opinion being thrown in. She describes some of the many issues that surround the mission and how much money it has cost to get to the point it is today.

    6. It’s mission? To solve the mystery of what lies beneath the planet’s swirling storm clouds.

      She now brings the viewer back to the main purpose of the article; to talk about the Juno mission. She does so by expressly stating what the mission is.

    7. . Indeed, it sounds like the plot of a Hollywood sci-fi blockbuster – the craft even had the courtesy to arrive at Jupiter on Independence Day.

      Grady attempting to further connect with her audience, people interested and invested in space exploration, by talking about something other than the mission. she refers to Independence Day, a popular sci-fi action movie that also happens to refrence the day the real life mission of Juno became successful.

    8. It was a scene that made me smile. Back in November 2014, I experienced the same feeling of elation after robot probe Philae - a project I had worked with colleagues on for almost 20 years – finally landed on a comet, after detaching from the Rosetta satellite.

      Grady does several things with this statement. First, she adds to her credibility for reporting on this topic. By working on a mission similar to this one, she is showing that she has an insider's view on missions such as this, instead of being purely an outsider. She also establishes emotion into the article by going into more detail into the excitement that goes on within these missions, and how she had a genuine emotion to the announcement and reaction of the mission.

    9. the hardest thing Nasa has ever attempted. Little wonder, then, that the cheers of its jubilant scientists reverberated around the world, last week, as spacecraft Juno arrived in the Jovian system after an epic five year, 1.8 billion mile, journey.

      Grady starts the actual article by talking about just how impressive the Juno mission is in of itself. The fact that the success of the mission was an exciting announcement to the entire world speaks volumes as to how impressive this mission has become.

    10. Monica Grady, Professor of Planetary and Space Science at the Open University

      Article gives a brief biography of who the author is, and points to a leader in the field, showing a reputable and scholarly source. Open University is an accredited university that offers online schooling for European countries, verifying the author is in fact a professor.

    11. How Nasa's Juno Jupiter probe could be about to solve the solar system's biggest mystery of all

      Grady, Monica. "How Nasa's Juno Jupiter probe could be about to solve the solar system's biggest mystery of all." The Telegraph. 10 July. 2016. Web. 10 July. 2016.

      Grady uses a title that helps support her overall point of this paper. This mission is incredibly important for NASA, as well as our understanding of the solar system that Earth inhabits.

  7. Jun 2016
    1. Exhibit A:

      "AB 2880 requires the state’s Department of General Services to track the copyright status of works created by the state government’s 228,000 employees, and requires every state agency to include intellectual property clauses in every single one of their contracts unless they ask the Department in advance for permission not to do so". source: https://medium.com/medium-legal/ab-2880-kill-this-bill-8f7d9cbd9ac5#.8z6f0ypv4 (Medium Legal)

      How did Medium legal extract Exhibit A from this bill? Perhaps by way of exhibit B?

      Exhibit B:

      http://jonudell.net/h/201520160AB2880_Assembly%20Floor%20Analysis.pdf source: rehosted from http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billAnalysisClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160AB2880 ("Prepared by "Eric Dang / JUD. / (916) 319-NNNN") (Bill Information -> Bill Analysis )

      Note to both Medium Legal and Eric Dang: If your respective discussions of AB 2880 were anchored to the text of the bill, it would be possible to make sense of them.

  8. Apr 2016
    1. Scientists have long been warning that rising ocean temperatures will have drastic effect on marine life.

      Here is what "they" are saying. Due to the increasing temperature of the ocean because of climate change, specifically El Nino, many populations of marine species are being diagnosed with diseases and dying. As seen by a research studies done by Cornell University, sea star wasting disease has become more prevalent. It's affects are devastating as many as 20 species of sea stars along the U.S. coast. Another study also claims that with temperatures continuing to increase, there will eventually be an increase in shell diseases in lobsters found off the Gulf Coast. The rest of the article goes into potential ways to address the issues at hand in special ways.

    2. Study links warming ocean with increased marine diseases

      Berwyn, Bob. "Study Links Warming Ocean with Increased Marine Diseases." Summit County Citizens Voice. N.p., 17 Feb. 2016. Web. 01 Mar. 2016.

      The claim in this article as stated by author Bob Berwyn is that because of climate changes such as the increasing temperature of the ocean, marine life is being put in danger and is dying off.

    3. “Shell disease has devastated the southern New England lobster fishery, and now with warming, it’s created a situation where the Maine lobster industry may be at risk,” said Shields

      I like that Berwyn has shown an example of the economic effect of the increasing temperatures rather than just environmental ones. I think this helps appeal to the audience better because it has shown the effects of climate change in a more relate able way, as people's well being and lifestyles will change along with the marine life. Perhaps this will get people to start taking this issue more seriously if they realize it will start effecting them economically and even socially.

    4. The results showed that warmer ocean temperatures led to higher risk of infection from sea star wasting disease, an affliction that wiped out 90 percent of some populations from Mexico to Alaska between 2013 and 2014

      This is a substantial statistics. It's an example of ethos as it is using statistical data to help argue the seriousness of climate change and warming water.

    5. Bob Berwyn

      The author of this article is different then most of the other sources I've done because he is not a scientist, but rather an influential editor and reporter of the Summit County Citizens Voice. The Summit County Citizens Voice is a news website that has reported "uncensored" and "unfiltered" news since 1996. It specifically reports on news related to the environment.

      Berwyn, as a reporter and editor, is well respected as his work has appeared or been featured in top magazines and news sources across the country. For example, "he has reported for the Denver Post, the Summit Daily, the Summit Times, the Summit Independent, the Vail Daily Trail, the Aspen Daily News, the Durango Herald and the Telluride Daily Planet. His stories have also appeared in High Country News and 5280 magazine". Because of his extensive resume and connections, I find him to be a credible source who reports valid information.

      http://summitcountyvoice.com/about/ https://www.linkedin.com/in/bob-berwyn-b624ab9

    6. sea star wasting disease

      According to the Ecology and Evolutionary Biology website provided by the University of California Santa Barbara, "Sea star wasting syndrome is a general description of a set of symptoms that are found in sea stars. Typically, lesions appear in the ectoderm followed by decay of tissue surrounding the lesions, which leads to eventual fragmentation of the body and death. A deflated appearance can precede other morphological signs of the disease. All of these symptoms are also associated with ordinary attributes of unhealthy stars and can arise when an individual is stranded too high in the intertidal zone (for example) and simply desiccates". The scary thing about this particular disease is that it can kill a sea star in as little as a few days. It seems to be very aggressive and quick targeting to marine life.

  9. Mar 2016
    1. If that happens many of the planet’s sea creatures would be unable to reproduce, find food, or escape predators and that’s bad news for the world’s commercial fishing industry and for recreational fishing as well,

      Annother possible inquiry question: While this may be bad news for the world's commercial fishing industry and recreational fishing, what about for the ecosystem as a whole? Or even through a smaller lens, what about the organisms living in a toxic environment that they have no control over?

      This also sheds some light on the view of fishermen and how the pollution of the ocean is directly affecting themas well.

    2. rising carbon dioxide levels

      This article mainly focuses on the stakeholder view of environmentalists. It examines the negative effects of the carbon dioxide that is being released into the environment and how it is severely affecting the marine organisms.

    3. The scientists studied seawater collected during the last 30 years and analyzed carbon dioxide concentrations with a mathematical algorithm.

      This increases the credibility of the author by discussing a scientific study.

      What information was found by this study? How is it beneficial to the authors claim?

    4. University of South Wales. By

      By brining in information from a University this increases the credibility of the author.

    5. Hypercapnia happens when carbon dioxide levels reach 650 parts per million; current levels exceed 400 ppm.

      Here the author uses logos. They are showing the harsh reality of how close our oceans are to having severe consequences due to our own pollution.

    6. By offering a $3,500 top prize, scientists at Thinkable.org are hoping to entice other researchers to beat their approach and improve our understanding of hypercapnia, the drunken fish phenomena.

      Another possible inquiry question to be asked here could be: Although the incentive of a monetary reward is appetizing, why is it necessary for there to be a tangible reward present when an entire ecosystem is at risk of extinction because of our own wrong doing?

      Shouldn't we be morally obligated to take care of the ecosystems that surround us and play a major role for life on planet earth?

    7. The drunk fish phenomenon has the possibility of affecting not just saltwater fish, but also coral reefs, ocean mammals, and entire marine ecosystems.

      A possible inquiry question to be asked here could be: If we continue to litter and pollute the oceans, how will the rest of the ecosystem be affected by the loss of these systems?

    8. A study published in Nature reports that increased carbon dioxide levels caused by climate change could make the planet’s fish drunk as a skunk and unable to operate normally.

      "Rising Ocean Pollution Levels Are Making Fish Drunk." The Inquisitr News. Web. 11 Mar. 2016.

      This is a popular source, therefore we can expect an informal approach to gain audience attention. The claim of this article is that the increase in carbon dioxide levels in the ocean due to climate change is negatively affecting that fish that live in these marine environments and giving them a drunken affect.

    1. David R. Thompson1& Keith C. Hamer

      Throughout the journal the authors do a good job of remaining objective while presenting credible and relevant information to support their claim. They present the view of the stakeholder position of environmentalists and researchers.

    2. instance mean surface air temperature ispredicted to increase by 2–6C during summer andby 8–12C during winter in the Barents Sea regionof northern Europe

      (http://www.neaq.org/conservation_and_research/climate_change/climate_change_and_the_oceans.php)

      The link above is an article that discusses acidification and global warming. Although the two are slightly different they are both similar in the way that they are caused by the emission of CO2. Plastic products are known to release CO2 into marine environments. This scholarly journal also discuses the carbon cycle and how plastics are responsible for some of the excess CO2 being released (http://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxy2.library.colostate.edu:2048/science/article/pii/S092181810800012X). Plastic also releases CO2 into the atmosphere. This is a major cause of global warming as well. Because of the CO2 emitted by plastic in both marine ecosystems and into the atmosphere, the Thompson and Hamer discuss how it is also a main stressor present in seabirds and how it is negatively affecting these organisms.

    3. in a study of plastics in seabirds from the tropicalPacific over an eight year period,

      This also increases the authors' credibilty. Here they discuss an experiment that took place over an eight year period of which seabirds in the tropical Pacific stomachs' were examined to see exactly what kinds of plastics were being digested and how the birds were being affected by it.

    4. (Laist, 1987),

      The authors increase their credibility (ethos) by citing information from other scholarly articles and researchers. This also allows the authors to further support their claim with relevant and reliable information suggesting that plastics are a main stressor to the seabirds.

    5. Stress in seabirds: causes, consequences and diagnostic value

      Thompson, David R., and Keith C. Hamer. "Stress In Seabirds: Causes, Consequences And Diagnostic Value." Journal Of Aquatic Ecosystem Stress & Recovery 7.1 (2000): 91. Academic Search Premier. Web. 11 Mar. 2016.

      This is a scholarly article written by two credible authors, one from the University of Durham and one from the National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research. The title indicates that the article will be discussing the causes, consequences and diagnostic values of stress present in seabird. I believe that the claim of this scholarly journal is that, seabird are a very important part of the marine ecosystem, however the amount of stress present in these birds is increasing due to various stressors that are being introduced into their environment.

      The authors argue that a big misconception about ocean pollution is that is only affects the organisms that live beneath the surface. They state that while that statement is somewhat true, ocean pollution also affects the organisms that feed off of other species such as fish.

    1. take steps to prevent further plastic waste by forcing producers to take back the plastic used in packaging.

      This article is focusing on the stakeholder position of environmentalists. It shows how they view the topic of ocean pollution, specifically by plastic, and why it is such an important issue that is rising in generation.

    2. But only 14 percent of this packaging is collected for recycling. The reuse rate for plastic is terrible compared to other materials — 58 percent of paper and up to 90 percent of iron and steel gets recycled.

      Here the author uses more statistics to talk about how more could be done to decrease plastic pollution in oceans, and around the world in general. They state that 58% of paper and 90% of iron and steel get recycled whereas only 14% of plastic does.

      What are some solutions to this? Maybe the general public is not as informed about the requirements of recycling. There is a significant emphasis placed on paper products being recycled to "save the trees". Maybe if the public were to become more aware that plastic is recyclable to, and if a movement such as something along the lines of "save the fish" or "save the dolphins" were to be started, then possibly more plastic products would get recycled.

    3. PLASTIC FOR DINNER?

      "Plastic For Dinner?." Earth Island Journal 31.1 (2016): 11. Academic Search Premier. Web. 11 Mar. 2016.

      This source is a periodical, or a scholarly source. By reading the title it is pretty evident what the article is about, it even almost indirectly states the claim. I think the claim is that there will soon be so much plastic in the oceans that fish and other marine organisms will be "having it for dinner" and how it is going to effect the marine ecosystem, fishermen and pescatarians.

      Although its a scholarly source, it appeals to readers in a more simplistic and understandable way. Rather than appealing to students and other researchers, this article seems to focus more on appealing to the general public that may be concerned about the increasing problem of ocean pollution. This article also does a fairly good job at remain objective while presenting information in a less formal way, but also keeping it credible.

    4. One of the biggest problems [to] focus on is single use and disposable plasti

      ( http://patch.com/new-york/northfork/countywide-single-use-plastic-bag-ban-pitched-suffolk-legislator)

      Here the author brings in a the side of a CEO from a Plastic Pollution Coalition to increase their credibility. She states that one of the biggest problems is single use and disposable plastic. The article linked above discusses the negative effect of single use plastic as well as focusing on a proposed ban of single-se plastic bags in New York.

    5. A World Economic Forum (WEF) report has found that about 8 million tons of plastic end up in our oceans each year — the equivalent of a dump truck of plastic rubbish every minute.

      Here the author uses ethos and logos. They use ethos by using a World Economic Forum to get statistical support for their claim. They then use those statistics in the form of logos, stating "8 millions tons of plastic end up in our ocean each year". This both increases their credibility and gives the audience statistical information. The author also uses and analogy to connect with their audience by comparing the amount of plastic present in the oceans to the amount plastic dumped into the ocean by a dump truck per minute. This allows the reader to better understand how much plastic is actually being released into the marine ecosystems.

    6. the world’s oceans may be home to more plastic debris than fish by 2050.

      This is the main idea that the author will be discussing throughout the article. It also can be seen as a hook that pulls in more readers by gaining their interest in something they might see as an exaggerated statement. The reality of it is that its a potentially true statement that is supported by evidence throughout the article.

    1. Jesse Nusbaumera, Katsumi Matsumoto

      Throughout the journal the authors do a good job of remaining objective while discussing their claim and presenting relevant and supportive information.

    2. In a recent article, Huntingford and Lowe (2007)

      Here they use ethos by discussing information that was presented in another scholarly article, increasing their credibility on the topic the are about to address in this next section of their journal. They bring in information from many outside sources throughout their entire journal to support their claim.

    3. On the other hand, if little or no action is taken to curb CO2 emissions now, then future generations will bear the burden of dealing with the consequences of a warmer climate.

      Here Nusbaumer and Matsumoto address the stakeholder position of future generations and how the excess CO2 emissions will effect them. They talk about how our future generations will have to bear the burden of things such as dealing with the consequences of a warmer climate and contaminated water sources. While there are some solutions to this problem, Nusbaumer and Matsumoto bring up the questions of how much excess CO2 is too much? And once it reaches a certain point is it even possible that the affects can be reversed let alone fixed? These and many more are all questions future generations will be forced to deal with due to our generations actions, or lack of.

    4. thermocline ventilation

      (https://www.google.com/webhp?sourceid=chrome-instant&ion=1&espv=2&ie=UTF-8 ) (http://www.dictionary.com/)

      Two outside sources that were helpful during this article. Because it is an academic journal, the authors used a lot of vocabulary that is not commonly known. I found myself looking up a lot of words and using the dictionary for definitions.

    5. as we will demonstrate below

      Here Nusbaumer and Matsumoto use logos to appeal to their audience. While they have provided many numbers and statistics throughout their journal so far, here they implement graphs to give their audience a visual representation of some of the data they have been discussing and how it can be applied.

    6. One of the difficulties in achieving this goal is the lack of consensus on what “dangerous” anthropogenic interference is, which can vary among different groups that have different values (Schneider and Mastrandrea, 2005)

      I think this is where the authors are articulating their claim; that the addition of CO2 into our environment can have many harmful effects however it can affect many different people, animals, ecosystems, etc. negatively and that many groups are having difficulty coming to a consensus on this and their values.

    7. Climate and carbon cycle changes under the overshoot scenario

      Nusbaumer, Jesse, and Katsumi Matsumoto. "Climate and Carbon Cycle Changes under the Overshoot Scenario." Global and Planetary Change 62.1-2 (2008): 164-72. Web.

      This is an academic journal. Academic journals are very reliable sources because they are written by credible authors who attempt to remain objective while discussing their claim. This article is written by two authors, one from Perdue and one from the University of Minnesota.

    1. The campaign will also highlight the pivotal role the public will play in reversing the detrimental effects these plastic bags have had on our planet in such a brief period of time.

      I think this is one of the main point that Finn is try to portray in her supporting of the ban the bag movement. Throughout the article she uses many rhetorical strategies to support and strengthen her claim as well as appeal to her audience.

    2. They kill thousands of marine mammals and shore birds every year. Last year 10,500 plastic bags were removed from the South Shore estuary by volunteers. The answer to this ubiquitous pollution plague is simple, ban the bag.

      Here Finn uses both logo and pathos to strengthen her claim. She makes the audience feel sad for the helpless animal being killed by the bags while also using statistics for the actual number of bags that were removed from the water. It is also evident that Finn is biased towards her claim and wants the "bag to be banned".

    3. BYOB – Bring Your Own Bag

      Finn uses this to connect with and appeal to her audience

    4. Spencer said he'd heard from scores of local residents, business owners and environmental advocates that a move to ban the single-use bags was needed

      "They": In the article, Finn is addressing the general public who both support and disagree with the idea of a ban on single-use plastic bags. She presents a lot of biased, but supportive, information to help argue that the proposed ban should be passed. She is also bringing light to the fact that almost every one agrees on the fact that ocean pollution and general pollution by plastic bags is bad, including the companies making them. She states that business owners "feel with the current movement to reduce their use a countywide policy would make sense" and that the "time has come to work together and tackle this issue". This also illuminates the view of the stakeholders (the plastic bag companies) position on the idea of their product causing pollution and what course of action they are going to take.

    5. $4 billion per year to give out the bags; a cost that is passed on to the consumer in the form of higher prices

      Here Finn is addressing the concern of the consumers who fear that if plastic bags are banned from supermarkets that they will not be able to afford a new type of bag. Here she uses logos to support her argument. She states that the bags are actually causing an increase in product costs, whereas with the new bags a reusable bag would be a single cost of 10 cents and lower prices. She also states that $10 million a year is spent to dispose of plastic bags. This information supports her argument and persuades her audience that plastic bags should be banned.

    6. Should Single-Use Plastic Bags Be Banned?

      Finn, Lisa. "POLL: Should Single-Use Plastic Bags Be Banned?" North Fork, NY Patch. 09 Mar. 2016. Web. 10 Mar. 2016.

      This article is published by the North Fork Patch, a local news station for North Fork, New York that presents information on breaking and local news, events, weather, sports, schools, shopping, and restaurants. The article is written by Lisa Finn, a journalist for the station. In the article Finn talks about the proposed ban on Single-Use Plastic bags in places such as grocery stores and how the general public is reacting to the proposal. This is a popular source rather than an academic source or scholarly journal.

    7. Suffolk County Legis. William R. Spencer, M.D.

      Throughout the article Finn quotes William Spencer, a Suffolk County Legislator who is also a Doctor of Medicine; he recently passed a bill to "limit the use of disposable plastic bags". This increases her credibility because she is bringing in outside sources who have experience in the area she is discussing (the usage of plastic bags) and who have titles of credibility (legislator, M.D.).

    8. Those who've been imploring local government officials to "just say no" to single-use plastic bags might soon see their wish come true, as officials consider a Suffolk County-wide plastic bag ban.

      Finn does not explicitly articulate her claim however she argues her claim throughout the entire article: she argues that a ban on single-use plastic bags should be passed in North Fork, New York despite some opposing views on the topic. While she presents bias throughout the article she also uses evidence and some rhetorical strategies to support her claim and to increase her credibility.

    1. Such research has been conducted because rape victims are often viewed as partially responsible and to blame for the crime of rape (e.g., Calhoun, Selby, & Warring, 1976; Cameron & Stritzke, 2003; Donnerstein & Berkowitz, 1981; Muehlenhard, 1988; Muehlenhard & Rodgers, 1993). Moreover, rape is a crime that is frequently minimized—that is, it is perceived by others as non-serious (e.g., perceptions of only minimal or no

      The authors show that the reader can trust them right away by giving examples of their more direct claim which is that many victims are blamed especially if they are rape victims.

    2. Many victims of crime are blamed for their own victimization

      This is the general claim of the article.

    3. THIS MANUSCRIPT IS IN PRESS IN THE JOURNALVIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN

      " Violence Against Women ". Vaw.sagepub.com. N. p., 2016. Web. 11 Mar. 2016.

      "Violence Against Women (VAW) peer-reviewed and published monthly, is an international, interdisciplinary journal dedicated to the publication of research and information on all aspects of the problem of violence against women. VAW assumes a broad definition of violence; topics to be covered include, but are not limited to, domestic violence, sexual assault, incest, sexual harassment, female infantcide, female circumcision, and female sexual slavery."

    4. The Influence of Rape Myth Consistent Information on Gender Differences in Rape Victim Perceptions

      Hockett, Jericho M., et al. "Rape Myth Consistency And Gender Differences In Perceiving Rape Victims." Violence Against Women 22.2 (2016): 139-167. Academic Search Premier. Web. 10 Mar. 2016.

    Tags

    Annotators

    1. Meanwhile, the support for Kesha has created a PR nightmare for Sony, which maintains that it cannot interfere with Kesha and Luke's contract.

      In the other popular article, the author said Sony could put an end to this. I responded by saying I was confused as to why Sony would want the bad publicity and this sentence backs that up.

    2. Former Runaways bassist Jackie Fuchs, who alleged in July 2015 that she was drugged and raped by then-manager Kim Fowley in 1975

      I am curious to know how this case ended.

    3. Kesha's case has hit a raw nerve in music and raised the long-standing problem of sexism and mistreatment of women in the business, an issue for which -- compared with Hollywood and other industries -- it has remained largely unscrutinized.

      At first, I just thought this was a contract issue. I thought it was ridiculous how even in this extreme of circumstances, a judge wouldn't release Kesha from the contract. In every article about this current event that I have read, I have noticed one common factor and that is the mistreatment of women and sexism in business and industries.

    1. This kind of control is a cornerstone of domestic abuse, and it's far too common: according to the National Network to End Domestic Violence, financial abuse is an aspect of approximately 98 percent of abusive relationships.

      Even though statistics can sometimes be questionable, the author uses ethos by doing her research. Even though she is biased, she has evidence and data to back up her claim.

    2. Lena Dunham is mad as hell and she's not going to take it anymore.

      One of the biggest differences between the scholarly articles and the popular sources is the objectiveness, The scholarly articles remain pretty objective and it's a little challenging to find a bias of any sort. However, with this article, the author makes her bias known within the first few sentences.

    3. After all, she said, it's not appropriate to "decimate a contract that was heavily negotiated." Guess what else is heavily negotiated? The human contract that says we will not hurt one another physically and emotionally. In fact, it's so obvious that we usually don't add it to our corporate documents.

      This is exactly what my inquiry question is. It is very sad to see that the health, emotionally and physically, of humans can be compromised by a contract.

    4. sickening use of the word "alleged" over and over in reference to the assault she says she remembers so vividly

      This is really sad because unfortunately, the word "alleged" has to be used. There really isn't any hard evidence but that raises a question that everyone is thinking: why would she lie?

    1. Since the Rio Carnival participants are largely domestic, and the spread of Zika virus is already extensive, it will be challenging to assess if there was excess transmission related to the Carnival. Although winter temperatures mean that mosquito density is expected to be low in Brazil at the time of the Olympics, given the summer time mosquito density in the northern hemisphere, including in Saudi Arabia, the introduction of a few infections to the mosquito population might be sufficient to cause outbreaks of Zika virus in other countries.

      The author addresses an important counter-argument that the mosquitoes are not in their maximum capacity during the time of the Carnival, but quickly counters this by stating that it takes just a few infections to cause an outbreak in a new area.

    2. On Jan 15, 2016, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention advised pregnant women to refrain from travelling to countries affected by Zika, given a possible association between Zika virus infection with microcephaly and other neurological disorders.2

      Authors state the issue that they are reporting on the virus' major outbreak area.

    3. The potential role of scheduled international mass gatherings in 2016 could exacerbate the spread of Zika virus beyond the Americas.

      This is the authors' claim as they believe that the meeting of massive amounts of people for the Olympic games in Brazil could prompt the spread of this virus worldwide.

    4. In Brazil, the Rio Carnival on Feb 5–10 attracts more than 500 000 visitors, and on Aug 5–21 more than 1 million visitors are expected to go to the summer Olympics followed by Paralympic Games on Sep 7–18. Meanwhile, Saudi Arabia expects to host more than 7 million pilgrims from over 180 countries for the Umrah, between June and September, and the Hajj pilgrimage on Sept 8–13.4 and 5 Saudi Arabia receives about 7000 pilgrims from Latin America annually.

      The authors exhibit ethos as they show the exact scale of the gathering of people in the coming years. They show that millions of people will be gathering in close proximity in various locations around the world. If the virus infects travelers coming to Brazil for the Rio Carnival or for the summer Olympics then the spread of the virus to the traveler's homeland is likely. This poses big problems for the world as the virus could spread worldwide very easily with the infection of mosquitoes in areas that didn't originally have the virus. An example of this would be if someone from Egypt were to go and be a spectator at the Olympic games and were to get bitten by a mosquito carrying the virus. If the now infected Egyptian were to travel back home and get bit by a domestic Egyptian mosquito then now the mosquito would contract the virus. The mosquito would continue to feed on people all the while spreading the disease to these unsuspecting hosts. All of these newly infected hosts are bitten by different mosquitoes and the trend continues. The mosquitoes also would be reproducing during this time and creating massive amounts of Zika vectors. There is a clear snowball effect here as this new hypothetical area has become a new ground-zero for the virus on another continent.

    1. A Message to Our Customers

      Apple.com is not regarded as a popular, reliable source, except for in this case. Because this letter to Apple customers came directly from Tim Cook himself, this makes this the strongest source regarding Apple's stance on the case.

    2. The implications of the government’s demands are chilling. If the government can use the All Writs Act to make it easier to unlock your iPhone, it would have the power to reach into anyone’s device to capture their data. The government could extend this breach of privacy and demand that Apple build surveillance software to intercept your messages, access your health records or financial data, track your location, or even access your phone’s microphone or camera without your knowledge.

      Cook is explaining what exactly an encryption by Apple would mean to millions of Americans, and even international Apple customers. This violates laws of privacy, and would mean increased surveillance and government understanding of our whereabouts at all times. This is important because Cook is educating his audience, particularly Americans, as to why they're publicly denying assistance with a terrorism. Cook is seeing the bigger picture here, and is asking his fellow Americans to do the same.

      I can see myself using this source in the future to include Apple's side of why they're not including themselves within the case, directly from the CEO. Cook provides evidence for his claim, and it allows for sympathy from his audience.

    3. A Message to Our Customers The United States government has demanded that Apple take an unprecedented step which threatens the security of our customers. We oppose this order, which has implications far beyond the legal case at hand.  This moment calls for public discussion, and we want our customers and people around the country to understand what is at stake.

      Cook, Tim. "Customer Letter - Apple." Apple.com. Apple, 16 Feb. 2016. Web. 9 Mar. 2016.

      Tim Cook is an American Business Executive, and the CEO of Apple Inc. Cook also serves on the Board of Directors at Nike, and the National Football Foundation. In 2014, Cook became the first Chief Executive of a Fortune 500 company who was publicly gay.

      https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Cook

    4. Compromising the security of our personal information can ultimately put our personal safety at risk. That is why encryption has become so important to all of us.

      The author's claim argues that by allowing the government access to our personal information, yes it may be able to solve the San Bernardino case, but the personal privacy implications are not worth the risk.

    1. As part of the movie industry’s restructuring, studios no longer hired actors in long-term contracts; instead, the studios hired actors per film.83 The actors became free agents.84 However ironically, actors no longer received the studios’ protection, which had long defended actors’ personas through collusive practices.85 As a result, entertainers needed a new form of protection to stop misappropriation of their most valuable assets: their identities. The invention of television brought additional instability

      This paragraph is a good example of how these contracts work. It talks about a decision made in the United States v. Paramount Pictures which ended up to be landmark. Paramount Pictures was forced to restructure the whole company which resulted in no more long term contracts with actors. Instead Paramount has to hire actors for each individual film and all the actors that were under contract became free agents. This seems like it would be a good thing but because the actors were freed from the contract, they no longer had the protection or support from the company. Because of this, people had to depend on something else entirely to protect their identities.