Subjective grounds for conduct. may involve a complexity, such as a sequence of events. An interpretation of causality.

END OF CHAPTER 1

Direction oberservation (direct rational understanding of ideas) ex 2x2 = 4 or an emotional outbreak that we can see in facial expressions of body language.

Or explanatory understanding - (ex understanding the context of why someone is noting that 2x2= 4, as in the case of someone working on a ledger).

Or being able to understand the motivations behind something.

Meaning is not defined here as emotional meaning or "irrational concepts"

1. actual existing meaning in the given concrete case of a particular actor, or to the average or approximate meaning attributable to a given plurality of actors;

2 theoretically conceived pure type* of subjective meaning attributed to the hypothetical actor or actors in a given type of action.

*In no case does it refer to an objectively "correct" meaning or one which is "true"

interpretive understanding of social action and thereby with a causal explanation of its course and consequences

one of two approx. equal parts

"serving as a typical example of something."

https://www.google.com/search?q=paradigmatic&rlz=1CAPIDD_enUS916&oq=paradigma&aqs=chrome.1.69i57j0l7.3908j0j7&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8

Corporation is a big group of people or in this case a company. Corporate relates back to a corporation. A corporation is made up of a group people who are allowed to act like a single entity. The word coporate is in regards to everyone in the corporation.

https://www.google.com/search?q=corporte+definition&rlz=1C5CHFA_enUS812US812&oq=corporte+definition&aqs=chrome..69i57j0l7.10903j1j7&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8

According to dicitionary.com, even though this is a term used by musicans, whenever it is used outside of that context, it means "disagreement or incongruity." Which to me, means " two things that dont work together

source:https://www.dictionary.com/browse/dissonance?s=t

It means to overlap. In this case I think it just means the common point between consumption, possession and knowledge How these factors into goods, and how they act as representation of a part of cultural and the social. https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/imbricate

The term "haute cuisine" is a French term which translates literally to "high cooking." It is a term used to define food that is artfully plated, uses high quality ingredients, is served in luxury, gourmet restaurants and has a exceedingly high price point. The term itself was coined in 17th century France and was used as a class distinction; only the rich upperclass and gentry would eat haute cuisine as it was time consuming to cook, required great culinary skill and used many ingredients that were imported, hard to obtain in French regions or out of season. Haute cuisine has been ushered into modernity by several highly skilled French chefs who proliferated the movement all over Europe, the Americas and beyond. Haute cuisine itself is still a part of global stratification, being that it is inaccessible to those who cannot afford its inflated price.

(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haute_cuisine)

Authenticity means something that exists, so if something is authentic, it is real and genuine. Therefore, the authenticity of something is to say it's real, genuine, truthful, and not false or fake.

https://www.dictionary.com/browse/authenticity

The term, profligate, was difficult to understand in the passage because of how the author used it. The word profligate usually describes a person who is wildly and impulsively reckless with money and anything of value. In this case, the author makes the subject of this sentence "food" and describes it as being something that plays a prominent role in energy expenditure. When putting the sentence into perspective, the parallels between the word profligate and food is that the distribution of food is a system that relies heavily on a wasteful process and results in using energy excessively and, seemingly, in vain.

(https://www.collinsdictionary.com/us/dictionary/english/profligate)

The author uses this term, romantic, several times, but doesn't specify what he means by it, although this section implies a little about what he seems to mean. Based on Wikipedia's entry on Romanticism, it refers to an intellectual and artistic movement starting in the late 1700s in Europe that emphasized "emotion and individualism" and glorified nature and the past. What's probably most relevant about this movement is that it originated during, and in response to, the industrial revolution.

There's a clear link between this definition and what Pratt is talking about in terms of glorifying (or even fetishizing?) certain places and practices as more directly related to traditional agricultural practices and placing higher value on food commodities that can be directly linked to the specific places or people that produced them.

Interestingly, authenticity seems to have been a feature of the Romantic movement as well. The Wikipedia article says that adherents of Romanticism "emphasized intense emotion as an authentic source of aesthetic experience" (no citation is given for this assertion, however).

ReconfigBehSci on Twitter. (n.d.). Twitter. Retrieved October 7, 2020, from https://twitter.com/SciBeh/status/1313776327724544000

evoking a clear sense of sadness or regret. https://www.google.com/search?q=poignant&oq=poignant&aqs=chrome..69i57j0l7.2478j0j4&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8

Context clues weren't helping so I goggled what the word "caustic" means and it means being sarcastic but in a bitter and mean way. Caustic can also mean having the capability to burn through something chemically. But I think the former is more of the meaning used in the sentence because the context of the sentence has to do with a speaking style.

https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/caustic

It is interesting how Obama used religious side to reach out to more black Americans, andhttps://www.nbcchicago.com/news/local/how-obama-learned-his-pulpit-style/1940950/ as the article says, he was Able to connect more by delivering "sermons" and not speeches.

Signifyin is used many times in the text but is never outright defined. From what I've found online, signifyin seems to be an African-American form of communicating something "indirectly" which is able to be done through various techniques of expression, such as insulting, comedy, or music/"rapping". I had a hard time understanding exactly what this meant- even with examples-, but I guess that makes sense given that the context "is accessible only to those who share the cultural values of a given speech community".

https://www.britannica.com/topic/signifyin

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signifyin%27#:~:text=Signifyin'%20(sometimes%20written%20%22signifyin,insulting%20someone%20to%20show%20affection.

The definition I found on the word "nuanced" means subtle distinction. This term is being used as a way to display how Obama's black supporters saw his speeches as how a Black Preacher would do it. Yet, it was only distinctively and only so noticeable but still visual in a subtle way.

I always found it curious that "social meaning" is a new term we have (at least to me) Phrases like "Nah, we straight" are not quite metaphors, but can (and should) only be used in specific social situations. Otherwise, you sound like a fool. Literally.

"Whenever a person delineates a cultural boundary around a particular cultural space in human time"

means a representation or meaning of the form.

google definition also says, the state of having inconsistent thoughts, beliefs, or attitudes, especially as relating to behavioral decisions and attitude change.

This is a subtle, but interesting example.

another definition of racism

Jones, D., & Helmreich, S. (2020). A history of herd immunity. The Lancet, 396(10254), 810–811. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31924-3

definition of critical discourse analysis.

definition of the public sphere

third meme definition

มีเสน่ห์ดึงดูด

Lepidopterology, is a branch of entomology concerning the scientific study of moths and the three superfamilies of butterflies. Someone who studies in this field is a lepidopterist or, archaically, an aurelian.

r/BehSciMeta - Comment by u/VictorVenema on ”Can one distinguish between argument and fact? And, if yes, how?”. (n.d.). Reddit. Retrieved July 10, 2020, from https://www.reddit.com/r/BehSciMeta/comments/ho0qr1/can_one_distinguish_between_argument_and_fact_and/fxezalm

This may be worth adding as a formal glossary entry. Incretins are defined as metabolic hormones released after a meal that stimulate a lowering of blood glucose levels by augmenting the release of insulin.

This may be worth adding as a formal glossary entry. γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the chief inhibitory neurotransmitter of the CNS.

This may be worth adding as a formal glossary term (bold). Chyme is a pulpy liquid that consists of partially digested food and gastric secretions.

The author of this book's "Foreword," another word for a "preface" or a note before the beginning of the content of the actual book, displays a writing move here that's foundational to all explanatory writing, but especially textbooks: defining new terms.

Here the phrase is "Creative Commons," a special publishing license that tells readers that they can share or reuse this material free of charge -- unlike the strict kinds of copyright we're used to with academic publishing.

Public Health England has changed its definition of deaths: Here’s what it means. (n.d.). CEBM. Retrieved 14 August 2020, from https://www.cebm.net/covid-19/public-health-england-death-data-revised/

dingbat

Interesting psych theory - is imagination more linked to thought that visualization???

This is a pretty good definition (?, or at least example) of what agency is.

Maarten van Smeden on Twitter: “Let’s talk about the ‘risk factors’ for COVID-19 for a moment 1/n” / Twitter. (n.d.). Twitter. Retrieved July 11, 2020, from https://twitter.com/maartenvsmeden/status/1249702560442785794

Huitfeldt, A. (2016). Is caviar a risk factor for being a millionaire? BMJ, 355. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.i6536

Belongingness hypothesis: humans have a pervasive drive to form and maintain at least a minimum quantity of lasting, positive and significant interpersonal relationships

• doing this involves the need for frequent, affectively pleasant interactions with a few other people
• doing this requires that these interactions take place in the context of a temporally stable and enduring framework of affective concern for each other's welfare

Schools seem like the perfect context for these relationships to form and flourish

Multiplier effect definition

Social support definitions

Bonding capital: typically provided through an emotionally close and long-standing relationship; strengthens connection to a common community Can lead to youth feeling "more connected to and a part of the school as a whole" when a youth identifies a teacher as their informal mentor, for example

Bridging capital: akin to weak ties, stems from relationships with acquaintances, connects youth to new resources/connections/information they did not previously have; can network for youth to assist in educational and economic opportunities

Social support definition

Social capital definition

Formal mentoring definition

Informal mentor definition

This is a strange term because one might read "non-functional" and interpret in the sense of the word that means "does not function", when instead the intended sense is "not related to function". Seems like a somewhat unfortunate name for this concept. A less ambiguous term could have been picked instead, but I don't know what that would be.

Nunes, A., Trappenberg, T., & Alda, M. (2020). The Definition and Measurement of Heterogeneity. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/3hykf

Would this be proxy agency? Or is it different?

On the one hand, I think it's different. instrumentality seems to have a subtly different meaning from proxy agency.

But looking at their example sentence,

communicated through the agency of the ambassador , it is striking how similar these ideas/words/meanings are: the ambassador acted on behalf of his country (proxy agency: acted => agency; "on behalf of" => proxy); the communication occurred through his actions (= he was the means, he was instrumental in causing that communication to take place)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agency_(sociology):

proxy agency is when an individual acts on behalf of someone else

I really need an example of this!

It seems unusual that they specifically mention "a grammatical case or form". I've never seen a definition before that is anything like this one.

How is this different from definition 1?

key word: ability to act on

bookmark

This is a bad re-purposing of the word "tag", which already has specific meanings in computing.

Why do we need a new word for this? Why not just call it a "script" or "code snippet"?

This is hard to answer because I don't know what they classify as a "support question". For example, are bugs classified as a support question? So if it's a bug, should I check this or no?

What is the purpose of this checkbox? If you could describe that, it would make it much easier to answer the question.

Lots of definitions. Pretty good, but a lot of it is obvious.

generic-sounding term may be interpreted as something more specific than intended: I want to be able to use "data interchange" in the most general sense. But if people interpret it to mean this specific standard/protocol/whatever, I may be misunderstood.

The definition given here

is the concept of businesses electronically communicating information that was traditionally communicated on paper, such as purchase orders and invoices.

limits it to things that were previously communicated on paper. But what about things for which paper was never used, like the interchange of consent and consent receipts for GDPR/privacy law compliance, etc.?

The term should be allowed to be used just as well for newer technologies/processes that had no previous roots in paper technologies.

GANGNES: In this case, according to the Oxford English Dictionary, "common well-being; esp. the general good, public welfare, prosperity of the community."

GANGNES: In this case insipidity would be defined as "want of taste or judgement; weakness, folly" (Oxford English Dictionary). The narrator is not altogether pleased with the French operator's comments; France cheers England's "triumph" over the Martians, after having offered no aid during the crisis. Essentially, his "tousand congratulation" are in poor taste considering the circumstances.

GANGNES: "to supplement, supply the deficiencies of anything" (Oxford English Dictionary)

GANGNES: "a ringing of a bell or bells, bell-ringing; the sound or music so produced" (Oxford English Dictionary)

GANGNES: "a bottle for wine, spirits, etc., twice the standard size and now usually containing 1½ litres (formerly two quarts); the quantity of liquor held by such a bottle" (Oxford English Dictionary)

GANGNES: In this case, according to the Oxford English Dictionary, "a device for fastening or checking the motion of something, esp. a latch or other mechanism for fastening a door, window, etc."

GANGNES: In this case, according to the Oxford English Dictionary: "to pull or tear at (an object)."

GANGNES: In this case, the word refers to an organism's sex based on chromosomes (which most Victorians would conflate with gender). The "budding off" makes it clear that Martians do not have sexual intercourse, so any differences in chromosomes (if any) are inconsequential. The Martians have achieved a kind of asexual utopia, where their energies and emotions are not "wasted" on finding a mate. Human beings, with our base impulses and inefficient digestive systems, don't stand a chance against advanced beings who quickly process sustenance, never sleep, and don't have to bother with courtship and breeding.

GANGNES: Vivisection is "the action of cutting or dissecting some part of a living organism; spec. the action or practice of performing dissection, or other painful experiment, upon living animals as a method of physiological or pathological study" (Oxford English Dictionary).

Since Wells cut this section from the volume, no explicit reference to vivisection remains in a collected edition of the novel. However, the practice is central to Wells's 1896 novel The Island of Doctor Moreau.

More information:

• "A History of Antivivisection from the 1800s to the Present: Part I (mid-1800s to 1914)" on The Black Ewe
• Nuno Henrique Franco, "Animal Experiments in Biomedical Research: A Historical Perspective"
• Lewis Carroll, "Some Popular Fallacies About Vivisection"

GANGNES: In this case, according to the Oxford English Dictionary, "An opening, an open space between portions of solid matter; a gap, cleft, chasm, or hole."

From MCCONNELL 238: "a still-common English term for a suburban dwelling house"

From HUGHES AND GEDULD 216: "a fashionable name for a kind of small suburban house--in this case a two-family structure--popularly considered to be a 'better class' of dwelling"

GANGNES: Americans might call this kind of house a high-end "duplex," in that the structure itself is the size of a large house, but there are two "homes" within it, separated by a long dividing wall. Many semi-detached houses have two floors.

GANGNES: In this case, according to the Oxford English Dictionary, "very small pieces or splinters of wood."

GANGNES: according to the Oxford English Dictionary, "to frown, scowl; to look angry or sullen"

GANGNES: in this case, someone who is fleeing from danger; see Oxford English Dictionary

GANGNES: In this case, according to the Oxford English Dictionary, the door to "subsidiary building in the grounds of or adjoining a house, as a barn, shed, etc."

GANGNES: In this instance, according to the Oxford English Dictionary, "a person's spirit; courage, strength of character; vigour, spiritedness, vivacity"

GANGNES: In this instance, according to the Oxford English Dictionary, "a low wall or barrier, often ornamental, placed at the edge of a platform, balcony, roof, etc. ... to prevent people from falling"

GANGNES: according to the Oxford English Dictionary, "partially cooked by boiling"

GANGNES: In this case, according to the Oxford English Dictionary, the door to "subsidiary building in the grounds of or adjoining a house, as a barn, shed, etc."

GANGNES: according to the Oxford English Dictionary, "absence or suspension of motive power, activity, or feeling"

From DANAHAY 75: church bells ringing

GANGNES: Which is to say, the church bells rang in such a way that indicated the time was midnight.

GANGNES: In this case, the equivalent of dinner or an evening meal (hence it being "six in the evening"). See Oxford English Dictionary: "locally in the U.K. (esp. northern) ... a cooked evening meal"

GANGNES: In this case, according to the Oxford English Dictionary: "waging or carrying on regular recognized war; actually engaged in hostilities," which is to say, the narrator is imagining, and is excited about, an epic war between the British and the Martians.

GANGNES: In this case, according to the Oxford English Dictionary, "something continued or constantly repeated without change; a stereotyped phrase, formula, etc.; stereotyped diction or usage."

GANGNES: This indicates that the weather is volatile and likely heralds an imminent storm. See Oxford English Dictionary on "barometer": "an instrument for determining the weight or pressure of the atmosphere, and hence for judging of probable changes in the weather, ascertaining the height of an ascent, etc" and Encyclopædia Britannica entry.

GANGNES: In this usage, according to the Oxford English Dictionary: "of the atmosphere or weather: Like that of a closed up room; confined, stifling, without free circulation."

GANGNES: This term was relatively new when Wells wrote the novel; it first emerged in the mid-nineteenth century and was generally used in scientific journals.

Source:

• Oxford English Dictionary entry on prefix "extra-"

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paguate,_New_Mexico

https://taospueblo.com/blue-lake/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiwa_Puebloans

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carson_National_Forest

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Indian_boarding_schools

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laguna_Pueblo#Education

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kachina

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laguna_Pueblo

Definition of stewardship.

Le flaming nous est défini de manière générale et le paragraphe qui suit lui sera consacré.

When analyzing this passage from Fantomina, the word "Creatures" stood out to me. Eliza Haywood is describing the woman in the pit and substituting creature as a word to describe her and others like her. In the Oxford English Dictionary, creature is defined as, "A living or animate being; an animal, often as distinct from a person". The use of creature seems to be insinuating that the woman in the pit is considered to be an animal in comparison to the protagonist and other high class individuals. This negative usage of describing this woman is most likely due to the views that Eliza Haywood and other people in the 18th century had against her occupation. Since she was doing something that most people at the time saw as improper and scandalous, they perceive her as animal-like when it comes to behavior.

"creature, n." OED Online, Oxford University Press, December 2019, www.oed.com/view/Entry/44082 . Accessed 12 February 2020.

While most of us refer to this novel by Fantomina, Eliza Haywood provided a secondary title. The word maze in the secondary title seems to be referring to the trickery and disguises that the protagonist of Fantomina uses to fool and deceive Beauplaisir into showing her affection. On the other hand, the first thing that comes to mind when I think of a maze is the puzzle of lines, not trickery and deceit. However, the definition of a maze in the Oxford English Dictionary yields the following definition, "A state of bewilderment; a feeling of amazement or perplexity; (in plural) confused or puzzled thoughts", or "A delusive fancy; a trick or deception. Obsolete". These two definition of the word, especially the second definition, give insight into what Eliza Haywood truly meant when assigning Fantomina with the title "LOVE in a Maze".

"maze, n.1." OED Online, Oxford University Press, December 2019, www.oed.com/view/Entry/115347 . Accessed 12 February 2020.