- Oct 2019
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www.plymouth.edu www.plymouth.edu
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The cost of expression viaGAL1/3is aphenotypic cost that has been reduced inSaccharomycesevolution viagene duplication and subfunctionalization, which created two specia-lized genes.GAL3is optimized for regulatory function with low levelsof expression weakly tuned to galactose levels
This is an interesting and good example of an organism who off-set costs of phenotypes. The development of two separate genes spread out the metabolic impact of plasticity.
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In the absence of continued environmental variation driving selectionfor plasticity, mutation accumulation and selection may erodeplasticity (Maughanet al.,2007; Kvitek and Sherlock, 2013; Leibyand Marx, 2014). Selection that is not absent but relatively weakpurifying or positive selection (relaxed selection) is also thought to bean important constraint in the evolution of plasticity (
This is important to note because it explains why plasticity might be disadvantageous and less frequent in some species populations.
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www.plymouth.edu www.plymouth.edu
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hosts evolved an immune system, which prevents microbial colonisation in the topological interior of the body
I'm curious to what extent mothers impact the microbiome at birth and whether or not a C-section would leave a child with a weaker immune system?
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Thus, an animal holobiont (the animal host and its evolved microbial communities)3 spans the phylo-genetic tree: the animal host, plus its associated microbiota such as bacteria, archaea, fungi, protists, helminths and viruses (figure1)
Would this mean that most animals have more similar than different microbiomes? If so, would discoveries made in microbiomes of other mammals be readily useful for humans?
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efficacy,
In clinical terms, "efficacy" refers to the level of success a treatment achieves.
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www.plymouth.edu www.plymouth.edu
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labile
The term "labile" in this contexts refers to the marks ability easily changed or displaced.
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WewillspecificallyfocusonDNAmethylationsincetheyarethemostdocumentedepigeneticmarkssofarandbecausemoreandmoreanalyticalandtechnicaltoolsarebeingdevelopedforstudyingDNAmethylationpatternsinnaturalpopulations
Have other mechanisms been determined to be less influencing or are DNA methylation just more frequently noticed?
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- Aug 2019
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academic.oup.com academic.oup.com
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The tools are available to facilitate this knowledge. Students should be trained to think independently, of course, but also to participate effectively in team-based scientific research and teaching
This statement is quite false in my opinion however it could just be because it is outdated at this point. Education, especially at the collegiate level, is decently balanced between independent and collaborative learning.
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hyper -communicable diseases
"Hyper-communicable" refers to a disease which spreads rapidly and easily across a population. http://www.acphd.org/communicable-disease.aspx
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