95 Matching Annotations
  1. Oct 2017
    1. Gene expression is context-dependent

      Context dependent=environmentally decided

    2. Calcium and endocrine signals (Fig. 10) as well as the stem cell/mitogenic factors (Fig. 17) are rarely studied at these stages

      A time consuming process, yet the results are never guaranteed to have any value.

    3. pharyngula stage

      The pharyngula is a stage in the embryonic development of vertebrates.

    4. polymerizes

      Addition of polymers.

    5. actin gene

      Actin gene can be translated into microfilaments.

    6. larvae body segments, making boundaries between body axes indistinguishable

      mutation in wnt effects HOX gene?

    7. N-terminal extracellular domain

      N-terminal is the end with an unbound amine group on a polypeptide.

    8. Wingless pathway

      Transduction pathway.

    9. semaphorins

      Semaphorins are a class of secreted and membrane proteins that were originally identified as axonal growth cone guidance molecules. They primarily act as short-range inhibitory signals and signal through multimeric receptor complexes.(wikipedia)

    10. plexins

      A large family of receptors that encode many amino acids.

    11. Semaphorins

      Guidance protein, similar/ a genre of signaling protein.

    12. localized to the telencephalon

      NEUROD2 at 4dpf is limited to telencephalons.

    13. olfactory bulbs

      Olfactory bulb, structure located in the forebrain of vertebrates that receives neural input about odours detected by cells in the nasal cavity. (wkipedia)

    14. proteoglycan

      Proteoglycans are proteins that are heavily glycosylated. The basic proteoglycan unit consists of a "core protein" with one or more covalently attached glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chain(s). (Wikipedia)

    15. ectodermal

      Ectodermal cells later develop into neural plates.

    16. guidance cues

      Signaling molecules?

    17. conserved gene regulatory networks

      Evolution of cichlid brain is a result of the change in the regulatory network rather than change in the gene themselves.

    18. lnfg

      The expression of lnfg in somite is important for the initiation of somite segmentation.

    19. endothelial tissue

      Wikipedia: Endothelium is a type of epithelium that lines the interior surface of blood vessels and lymphatic vessels, forming an interface between circulating blood or lymph in the lumen and the rest of the vessel wall. The thin layer of cell is therefore called the endothelial tissue.

    20. hindbrain

      Hindbrain is the lower part of the brainstem.

    21. optic tectum

      Upper part of the midbrain/ The optic tectum is responsible for visual development.

    22. telencephalon

      The telencephalon is the embryonic structure from which the cerebrum develops prenatally.

    23. ommatidium photoreceptors

      An ommatidium contains a cluster of photoreceptor cells surrounded by support cells and pigment cells. They are responsible for the development of eyes.

    24. axial patterning

      Definition: The morphological expression of genetic control of body shape. Clusters of homeotic genes control the morphology of animal body plans and body parts. Different body patterns may evolve through changes in gene number, regulation, or function. Recent evidence suggests that homeotic gene clusters were duplicated early in vertebrate evolution, but that arthropod and tetrapod diversity has largely involved regulatory changes in expression. (XMRI)

    25. extracellular domain of an adjacent cell

      The transmitters travel through membrane nanotubes and cytonemes(boats).

    26. proliferation

      Cell proliferation is the process that results in an increase of the number of cells, and is defined by the balance between cell divisions and cell loss through cell death or differentiation.

    27. Notch pathway

      The Notch signaling pathway is a highly conserved cell signaling system present in most multicellular organisms. Mammals possess four different notch receptors, referred to as NOTCH1, NOTCH2, NOTCH3, and NOTCH4. The notch receptor is a single-pass transmembrane receptor protein. (wikipedia)

    28. fibroblasts

      A fibroblast is a type of cell that synthesizes the extracellular matrix and collagen, the structural framework (stroma) for animal tissues, and plays a critical role in wound healing. (wikipedia)

    29. retroviral induction

      A gene editing technique.

    30. Mesenchymal stem cells

      A wide range of cells that could be responsible for the development of muscles, bones, and fat.

    31. Arsenate

      An inorganic compound that usually binds to water.

    32. mitogenic factor

      A mitogen is a chemical substance that encourages a cell to commence cell division, triggering mitosis. A mitogen is usually some form of a protein.

    33. bmi1

      Producer of stem cell.

    34. cancer

      Caused by the unstoppable division of cells.

    35. are all diffusely expressed in the brain

      Do they all occur at the same time or does this diffuse expression occur over a long period of time?

    36. itpr1 expression is restricted to the forebrain and cerebellum (Table 6)

      Different locations show their difference in function during embryo development.

    37. nasal epithelium

      relationship: The olfactory placodes lead to the development of the primary sensory neurons, support cells and basal cells of the olfactory epithelium.

    38. olfactory placodes

      The olfactory placodes give rise to the primary sensory neurons

    39. proper odorant detection and olfaction

      The process of smelling is executed by calcium signaling.

    40. endocrine

      relating to or denoting glands that secrete hormones or other products directly into the blood.

    41. Pit, Oct, and Unc transcription factors

      Again, these are responsible for neural development.

    42. LIM class

      LIM class's transcription factors have a conserved role in specifying neuronal identity.

    43. amino acid loop extension (TALE)

      Homeodomain that include families that are responsible for the neutral development and differentiation.

    44. gbx2

      Fun fact: Diseases associated with GBX2 include Velocardiofacial Syndrome, a neural logical disease.

    45. hypothalamus

      THE hypothalamus region links the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland.

    46. Paired gene

      Pair-rule genes are expressed as a result of differing concentrations of gap gene proteins, which encode transcription factors controlling pair-rule gene expression. (wikipedia)

    47. ventral regions of the mid and/or forebrain

      Bottom region. Confusion: is this talking about the ventral region of the embryo?

    48. pseudogenes

      Pseudogenes are genomic DNA sequences similar to normal genes but non-functional; they are regarded as defunct relatives of functional genes.

    49. homeobox gene family

      Homeobox gene appears on every single chromosome. It is responsible for the development of many body structures in early embryonic development.

    50. diencephalon

      The diencephalon is the region of the embryonic vertebrate neural tube that gives rise to anterior-forebrain structures including the thalamus, hypothalamus, posterior portion of the pituitary gland, and pineal gland.

    51. ZLI boundary

      ZLI boundary is "a lineage-restriction compartment and primary developmental boundary in the vertebrate forebrain (which is analogous to the human cerebrum) that serves as a signaling center and a restrictive border between the thalamus (also known as the dorsal thalamus) and the prethalamus (ventral thalamus). (wikipedia)

    52. Indian Hedgehog, Desert Hedgehog, and perhaps the most well studied ligand in embryology, Sonic Hedgehog (SHH)

      Encoded in the IHH gene. It is part of the pathway.

    53. morphogens

      This means that those transcription factors or signal molecules are all proteins.

    54. The Hedgehog pathway

      A pathway that transmits information to embryonic cells required for proper cell differentiation.

    55. telencephalon

      It later develops into cerebral cortex.

    56. thalamus

      Thalamus is either of two masses of gray matter lying between the cerebral hemispheres on either side of the third ventricle, relaying sensory information and acting as a center for pain perception. (NCBI and Wikipedia)

    57. hominids

      A primate of family that include human and certain species of apes.

    58. Deletions

      Completed using CRISPR?

    59. demonstrated roles in vocalization and the ability to learn language

      Function of right side of the brain.

    60. neural crest marker

      The neural crest is a stem/progenitor cell population that contributes to a wide variety of derivatives, including sensory and autonomic ganglia, cartilage and bone of the face and pigment cells of the skin. (NCBI)

    61. rock- vs. sand-dwelling Malawi cichlids

      These two species co-exist in the same environment. This is an example of the result of intra-specie competition.

    62. diencephalon-midbrain boundary (DMB)

      The boundary between forebrain and midbrain.

    63. Although functionally divergent, redundant roles exist for family members such as FoxA1 and FoxA2 in both lung and liver formation

      An indication of Foxhead's original role as a transcription factor for growth.

    64. nomenclature

      Nomenclature is a system for giving names to things within a particular profession or field. (wikipedia) In eukaryotes, they are usually divided into subfields.

    65. Forkhead Box transcription

      Forkhead box transcription factors play important roles in regulating the expression of genes involved in cell growth, proliferation, differentiation, and longevity.

  2. Sep 2017
    1. somites

      None of them are inhibited or suppressed.

    2. placodes

      Embryonic structures that give rise to structures such as hair follicles, feathers and teeth.

    3. Genetic ablation

      Genetic ablation is a method of modifying DNA in order to disrupt the production of a specific gene. As genetic ablation may lead to cell ablation, it can be used as a synonymous term at appropriate times.

    4. Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) pathway

      Fibroblast growth factor. Fibroblast growth factors, or FGFs, are a family of growth factors, with members involved in angiogenesis, wound healing, embryonic development and various endocrine signaling pathways. (NCBI)

    5. pharynx and cranial lateral line

      Parts of the fish on the previous diagram.

    6. smad1

      Prevents infinite mitosis.

    7. Inhibitors

      A gene whose presence prevents the expression of some other gene at a different locus.

    8. 4dpf

      Chain structure of our gene

    9. choroid plexus

      The choroid plexus is a plexus of cells that produces the cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles of the brain.

    10. dorsomedial telencephalon

      The most highly developed and anterior part of the forebrain, consisting chiefly of the cerebral hemispheres.

    11. bmper

      Each of these genes is responsible for certain morphological development in the larvae stage.

    12. mutations in the TGF-β superfamily

      Main cause of evolution of major adaptations.

    13. bone morphogenetic proteins

      It is a multi-functional growth factor that belongs to the transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta) superfamily. (NCBI)

    14. cytokines

      Secreted by cells in the immune system in order to alarm or signal other cells.

    15. In situ hybridization

      The execution of the experiment, in particular, the hybridization process.

    16. eicaDFC295 compound light microscope

      One of the most expensive microscopes on the market.

    17. TGF-β/BMP

      Signal pathway

    18. nucleotide diversity

      The degree of polymorphism within a population. The average number of nucleotide differences per site between two DNA sequences in all possible pairs in the sample population. (Wikipedia)

    19. JM109 competent cells

      It is used to minimize combination.

    20. quantitative

      How exactly are genetic expressions quantified?

    21. heterochronic

      Heterochrony is defined as a developmental change in the timing or rate of events, leading to changes in size and shape. (Wikipedia)

    22. These species were used owing to their availability and the fact that they belong to the ‘mbuna’ rock dwelling lineage.

      Indication of their unique niche.

    23. tabulate

      Arrange the gene in a column-like form.

    24. elevant to continued study

      A study built upon the foundation of other studies; This study's result will become a part of this foundation upon which other scientist could base their research.

    25. extreme genetic similarity among Malawi species

      Genetic similarity beyond just morphological similarities.

    26. diversity in key traits evolves via spatial, temporal and/or quantitative variation in gene expression.

      Don't genetic variations occur by random chance?

    27. whole-mount in situ hybridization

      Whole-mount in situ hybridization (WMISH) is a common technique used for visualizing the location of expressed RNAs in embryos. (JAVO) Hybridization: when a RNA probe bound to the transcript of target gene.

    28. pharyngula

      The pharyngula is a stage in the embryonic development of vertebrates. At this stage, the embryos of all vertebrates are similar, having developed features typical of vertebrates, such as the beginning of a spinal cord. (wikipedia)

    29. share similar genomes but differ markedly in phenotypes including brains and behavior, nuptial coloration and the craniofacial skeleton.

      An example of divergent evolution.

    30. Lake Malawi cichlids

      There are approximately 700 species of cichlids. They are small, aggressive, and rock dwelling fish. They feed mainly on macrophytes in the lake.