Whether or not social media companies play any role in curating content,

Brandenburg v. Ohio in 1969 and has since often been used as an example of how fear and panic led to governmental overreach that stifled free speech and debate.

, “The most stringent protection of free speech would not protect a man in falsely shouting fire in a theatre and causing a panic.”

Hate Speech

cyberbullying”

Individuals are free to post or share whatever thoughts they see fit,

Even private posts

Internet providers

Social media as a tool to both facilitate and combat terrorism

bullied,

started to take action to protect users from hateful content.

Hate Speech

acebook and other social media companies also create jobs on many different levels.

New financial technology companies are using social media to help people simply open a bank account.

“nice to have”

social media affects the way the whole organization runs

“app economy,”

21 percent of GDP growth in mature economies over the five years preceding their study.

how digital tech has increased the efficiency of workers

social media is drastically changing how we work.

Fairness

Using social media on the job

Social media managers

Social media influencers

Industries shaped by social media

increase in technically trained employees.

acilitates global opportunities,

industries are integrating social media into their business practices

To be most effective, fake news needs to be spread through social media to reach receptive audiences

the spread of fake news themselves

technological architecture of the Internet

fake news spreads further and faster than legitimate news.

Even international hostilities have been attributed to information spread by malicious bots

the inventions that seem to be making Americans more vulnerable

Bots and Cookies

microtargeting

how social media either bridges or deepens the social, economic, and cultural differences that divide individuals within different groups.

developing countries that are still struggling to find their way.

when a teacher is willing to use their methods and adapt them as part of the educational process.

become a part of their daily routine.

onnecting with others outside school hours, why not do it during school as well?

an increasing trend of adopting social media in school is starting to show.

social networking is blamed for the lack of attention in students during classes.

collaborate on international projects,

Starting from elementary school up until university graduation, social media has the role to empower parents, students and teachers to use new ways of sharing information and build a community.

RESHAPING

increase transparency between the school and parents, without forcing parents to take time out

By the late 2000s

presented lectures on YouTube or through Facebook and created social media accounts

“Learning Management Systems,”

Internet and digital technology became more user friendly

overuse of cell phones in class is a phone cage.

As social media is embedded in youth culture, students may be more familiar and relate easier to social media and other digital technology than teachers or administrators;

the value of the medium is in how it is used.

The rise of distance learning

Social media as classroom tools

Educational technology vs. social media sites

A second challenge to using social media as an educational tool

a natural source of learning for users and of information for classroom teachers.

Digital technologies made it possible for authors to reach out to readers individually and for readers to individually correspond with authors,

Protecting Intellectual Property

The book Humans of New York: Stories, stayed at the top of the New York Times bestseller list for forty-five weeks.

Though the blog phenomenon has declined

By 2019, the popularity of blogging had declined considerably and most of the most popular blogs were no longer operated

Blogging and Social Publishing

Social Media

become the newest way to cultivate connections

promoted it to his million of Twitter followers and promised to sign all pre-order copies.

helping authors raise money for their books.

PubSlush

it's the best free marketing tool out there and it has revolutionized the publishing industry.

The traditional process of publishing

e-book technology increasingly made it possible for creators to bypass the publishing market directly,

convenience of Amazon

America's first online bookstore.

Tech Introduces New

How Social Media Is Changing the

whose reading levels had already been reduced by television viewing

Introduction

in that they supported text conversations in the form of posts and comments to posts

theoretical concurrent connection,

BBS Servers vs. Modern Servers

most soothing sound on the planet for nerds in the 1980s),

tend to think things have been the way they currently are for a lot longer than they actually have been

The Bulletin Board System” describes BBS as an “Internet-before-the-Internet.”

Diverse virtual communities

Bulletin Board Systems

The Internet before the Internet

Bulletin Boards

The need for social connection

Results and Discussion

Based on this literature, we believe that the cognitive-behavioral approach will be a helpful way to mitigate the negative associations of social media addiction with health and academic outcomes

232 participants (

we designed an experimental intervention in Study 2

It is possible that social media addiction contributes to lower self-esteem, which, in turn, leads to a decrease in mental health and academic performance. In other words, self-esteem may play a mediating role in the relations of social media addiction to mental health and academic performance.

One factor that may underlie the negative effects of social media addiction is self-esteem.

frequent social media usage does not necessarily indicate social media addiction

social media use have been shown to be associated with reduced academic performance

social media addiction can be manifested in mood, cognition, physical and emotional reactions

college students' mental health and academic performance and the role of self-esteem as a mediator for the relations

the intervention was effective in reducing the students’ social media addiction and improving their mental health

This research examined the relations of social media addiction to college students' mental health and academic performance, investigated the role of self-esteem as a mediator for the relations, and further tested the effectiveness of an intervention in reducing social media addiction and its potential adverse outcomes.

elt their parents were addicted to their phone or computer.

technology is breaking down family communication.

IMPACT OF SOCIAL MEDIA ADDICTION IN FAMILIES.

lowered birth rates

f American families is that the evolution of the family has occurred rapidly.

Data from 2018

the delay of marriage and cohabitation

entertainment,

cable television were dividing families that had previously shared the television to watch programs together.

“Are you the person walking up to a bride and groom when it's not your wedding and you're not a relative?

a positive association between social media use and anxiety/stress.”

Clerks don't like it because they may want to be able to ask you something.

are losing out on life

sometimes embarrassing themselves taking selfies and posting online things that they normally would not have said.

more unhappiness because people aren't interacting with the people about whom they care.

2016 that found at least 127 people worldwide died taking selfies

if you put the camera away and just joined in.

mportant family experiences

strong family structure is important to good mental health

family life in the United States has changed dramatically.

i.e. gaming, cooking, sports, or fashion.

Although some argue that the use of social media is a beneficial tool, claiming that it increases our potential to create social connections and empowers those who have difficulty building social relationships in the physical world, it also may be argued that social media does not replace real world interaction,

“We are sacrificing conversation for mere connection.”

The Network Effect

it would be overly simplistic to lay all of this at the feet of social media.

Creating polarized groups?

Emotional Impact

ndividuals basically receive only the kinds of information that they have either preselected, or, more ominously, that third parties have decided they want to hear.

Issues Dividing Americans

Americans also disagree on the following:

American beliefs have become more partisan and more extreme.

he partisan divide in American politics has grown wider

the perceived isolation and divisiveness of American culture cannot be attributed solely to the way that media consumption has changed.

social media is making society more divisive has become increasingly popular

he social media “bubbles” in which people spend much of their time, can become what some have called “echo chambers,”

obnoxious and cruel in person as people can be anonymously on the Internet.

social media is increasingly being used as a news source only exacerbates the differences, because the way stories are written depends on the social media reporting them, thereby skewing users’ perceptions of the facts.

online dating is serving to break down some of these barriers

we make online are also breaking down boundaries and making for stronger connection

research indicating that online dating has actually increased the number of interracial relationships and marriages

For heterosexual couples, online dating has risen to second place—just below ‘met through friends’—as the context for that first introduction.

However, it is precisely this approach to judging beauty that some find offensive. The perception of beauty is highly subjective and is unique to each individual.

a face-to-face interaction may increase the degree to which individuals feel comfortable acting on base impulses. The distance perceived when interacting through an internet connection,

Among individuals in the 18-24 age range,

Popularization

meet other black people or at least wish to connect with individuals who are comfortable dating a black person.

One's choice of a dating site or app can be a matter of taste or a matter of necessity. Some individuals may not feel able to afford the price of more expensive options and so might be forced to choose from a smaller pool.

Tinder—Tinder is one of the most popular sites with users in the 20-30s age range and is constructed such as to make selecting and rejecting potential matches a rapid process. Users are shown images of a potential match and can “swipe left” to reject the person, or “swipe right” to select the person for possible future interaction. Bumble—The Bumble app places the power to make contacts entirely in the hands of female users, as men are not allowed to contact a woman unless the woman has first shown an interest in the man. Eharmony—eharmony is a site that markets itself towards individuals looking for long-term relationships. As such the site asks users to fill out a comprehensive survey, with more detailed questions than perhaps any other dating site. As such, the site is also considered one of the “premium” options, costing more than twice what others cost for basic options. However, eharmony has endured controversy for refusing to cater to same-sex partners. OkCupid—At one time perhaps the most popular with young users, Ok-Cupid offers a largely free service, including free messaging, which other sites often include only with paid plans, and includes a detailed questionnaire, which is described by PC as not being as detailed as eharmony but more detailed than a swipeto-select site like Tinder.167

The Options Multiply

Match.com

telephone-based dating systems

online gaming

the participant would receive a sheet of paper with the names and contact information for six top matches.165

personal ad

increasing the overall size of the potential dating pool; and evaluating potential mates to limit choices to those considered suitable or compatible.

Another way to facilitate the process is to rely on matchmakers to evaluate and identify the best possible candidates for mates. In ancient Greece, for instance, matchmakers called “promnestria” carried messages between potential lovers and were expected to stay abreast of local and regional gossip so as to be better able to identify the best possible matches. In the Bible, there is a story in which the prophet Abraham enlisted his servant Elizier to serve as “shadchan” or matchmaker in finding a wife for his son. Elizier evaluated young women by subjecting them to what has since been called the “camel test.” Essentially, as young women gathered water from a well, Elizier waited to see whether they would offer water to his camels. When a young woman, Rebekah, offers water to Elizier's camels, even though doing so means she must draw more water and work harder, it is determined she has the “heart of a servant,” and will, therefore, “serve” as a good wife to her husband, in addition to demonstrating her kindness to animals.159

Make Me a Match

Dating Online:

42 percent of respondents said they have used social media to look up consumer reviews of health treatments or physicians; 32 percent post about theirs or their friends’ and family's health experiences; 29 percent used the Internet to learn about other patents’ experiences with a disease; 41 percent said social media sites would influence their choice of a specific physician, hospital, or medical facility; and 42 percent of individuals viewing information found via social media affects the way they deal with their health. 356

Using Social Media to Improve Healthcare

social media use can intensify feelings of jealousy, envy, and can foster low self-esteem and lowered body-image in some individuals.

Pew Research suggested that the increased stress of social media was largely a matter of individuals empathizing or becoming aware of stress in the lives of others. The impact was thus more acute in individuals with a higher capacity to empathize with their friends and family. Research has found a similar situation in looking at how social media affects overall mood.

“emotional contagion”

use of social media was correlated with high levels of stress

The good: On the other hand, actively interacting with people— especially sharing messages, posts, and comments with close friends and reminiscing about past interactions—is linked to improvements in well-being. This ability to connect with relatives, classmates, and colleagues is what drew many of us to Facebook in the first place, and it's no surprise that staying in touch with these friends and loved ones brings us joy and strengthens our sense of community. A study we conducted with Robert Kraut at Carnegie Mellon University found that people who sent or received more messages, comments and Timeline posts reported improvements in social support, depression and loneliness. The positive effects were even stronger when people talked with their close friends online. Simply broadcasting status updates wasn't enough; people had to interact one-on-one with others in their network. Other peer-reviewed longitudinal and experiments have found similar positive benefits between well-being and active engagement on Facebook.”344

A study from UC San Diego and Yale found that people who clicked on about four times as many links as the average person, or who liked twice as many posts, reported worse mental health than average in a survey. Though the causes aren't clear, researchers hypothesize that reading about others online might lead to negative social comparison

In 2017, social media giant Facebook stated on the company's blog that there was evidence to suggest that social media could have a negative impact on mental health, but argued that, when used appropriately, social media could also have positive impacts on a person's well-being. As the company stated in their blog:

with parents and social media. It is essential to gain some real understanding into how

found 11- to 19-year-olds with a disorder were more likely to use social media every day than those without.

without concerns being raised about the effect of social media on the children's mental health.

d other studies indicate potentially positive effects of social media use on well-being.

Finally, social media has become an obsession, for some, to the point that psychologists and educators have asked whether social media has a harmful impact on mental health and wellness in general.

18.5 percent—experience mental illness in a given year. Among teenagers, the rate of mental illness is higher, with 1-in-5 or 20 percent of teenage Americans struggling with some form of mental illness.

Relationship between social media and moods

Links between mental illness and social networks

There is some concern that the dramatic changes that social media has created in the way Americans relate to each other is having significant impact on emotional well-being.

“I despise Facebook. This enormouslysuccessful American business describesitself as ‘a social utility that connects youwith the people around you’. But hang on.Why on God’s earth would I need acomputer to connect with the peoplearound me? Why should my relationshipsbe mediated through the imagination of abunch of supergeeks in California? Whatwas wrong with the pub?And does Facebook really connect people?Doesn’t it rather disconnect us, sinceinstead of doing something enjoyable suchas talking and eating and dancing anddrinking with my friends, I am merelysending them little ungrammatical notesand amusing photos in cyberspace, whilechained to my desk?...Clearly, Facebook is another uber-capitalistexperiment: can you make money out offriendship? Can you create communitiesfree of national boundaries — and then sellCoca-Cola to them? Facebook is profoundlyuncreative. It makes nothing at all. It simplymediates in relationships that werehappening anyway

There’s been an emerging body of researchthat shows that when you stop havingoffscreen interaction, you lose empathy.You lose the ability to have genuinereactions to real problems and real things

Real-time communication platforms likeTwitter and Facebook have spread the wordabout what’s happening within thesenations, long before the mainstream mediaprints the story. These tools have alsocreated a level awareness we’ve never seenbefore

What Facebook has revealed about humannature – and this is not a minor revelation –is that a connection is not the same thingas a bond, and that instant and totalconnection is no salvation, no ticket to ahappier, better world or a more liberatedversion of humanity. Solitude used to begood for self-reection and self-reinvention.But now we are left thinking about who weare all the time, without ever really thinkingabout who we are. Facebook denies us apleasure whose profundity we hadunderestimated: the chance to forget aboutourselves for a while, the chance todisconnect.

Can’t be close to your family because yourjob took you to the other end of the planet?You can still share updates on Facebook.Your government is censoring news of yourprotest? You can tweet photos of it. Youcannot nd people interested in a particularkind of music which moves you? Surely,there is a community.”

Social media causes) laziness – that wejust feel we’ll just get more information andwe don’t need to have ideas ourselves –we’ll get ideas from someone else, we don’tneed to look at the data we’ll just see whatsomeone else has said and so on

“It’s a world where everything moves fastand changes all the time, whererelationships are quickly disposed at theclick of a mouse, where you can delete yourprole if y ou don’t like it and swap anunacceptable identity in the blink of an eyefor one that is more acceptable. Peopleused to the quick pace of online socialnetworking may soon nd the real worldboring and unstimulating, potentiallyleading to more extreme behaviour to getthat sense.It may be possible that young people whohave no experience of a world withoutonline societies put less value on their realworld identities and can therefore be at riskin their real lives, perhaps more vulnerableto impulsive behaviour or even suicide.

— such as political activitiesorganized via Facebook or jobs foundthrough LinkedIn

Social media encourages aggressivediscours

On... Twitter, 2.3 million Tweets were sentwithin the rst 48 hours of the#HaitiEarthquake in 2010. ‘Survivors took tosocial media to alert aid agencies of theirneed...’ FEMA Tweeted during HurricaneSandy: ‘Phone lines may be congestedduring/after #Sandy. Let loved ones knowyou’re okay by sending a text or updatingyour social network

e. There’s noresponsibility that they have to ta

Social media has turned a lot of us into areex-based automaton...It’s become easier to scribble a couple ofsentences for all to see rather than pick upthe phone and have a real conversation withsomeone on the other end. And what’sactually pretty frightening is how we’vecome to accept opening our front door tothe world as the nor

actually have more close relationships andare more like

y, people are constantly sharing,posting and tweeting. We’re becomingglued to compute

eal-time communicationchannel

s sexting, cyberbullying andexposure to inappropriate content as theynavigate the tricky waters of social m

[S]haringexperiences and having one’s voice heardon social channels can create a sense ofempowerme

[L]et us grieve at what twitter has become.A stalking ground for the sanctimoniouslyself-righteous who love to second-guess, toleap to conclusions and be offended –worse, to be offended on behalf of othersthey do not even know. It’s as nasty andunwholesome a characteristic as can beimagined. It doesn’t matter whether theythink they’re defending women, men,transgender people, Muslims, humanists...the ghastliness is absolutely the sa

Genuine relationships take time andcommunication—preferably face-to-face.

researchers and professionals theopportunity to share their work acrosslarger audiences of like-mindedprofessionals, fosters the development ofnew collaboration, and offers a forum foronline dialogue among remote colleagu

Sharing videos, images and memes createsthe opportunity for an instantaneouspositive feedback loop that can perpetuatepoor decision making. In an environmentwhere teens spend around nine hours usingsome form of online media every da