226 Matching Annotations
  1. Jul 2023
    1. Because it is my name! Because I cannot have another in my life! Because I lie and sign myself to lies! Because I am not worth the dust on the feet of them that hang! How may I live without my name? I have given you my soul; leave me my name!

      Proctor seeks to preserve some shred of integrity, ashamed to have given a false confession in order to save his life. He recognises that by publicly confessing to an alliance with the devil, he will feed Salem's fury, essentially supporting the senseless murders of his friends by giving in to the court's demands. The "soul" he has supposedly given to Danforth is his personal and spiritual integrity, in confessing he has cast aside all of his cherished values.

    2. I do think I see some shred of goodness in John Proctor. Not enough to weave a banner with, but white enough to keep it from such dogs. Elizabeth, in a burst of terror, rushes to him and weeps against his hand. Give them no tear! Tears pleasure them! Show honor now, show a stony heart and sink them with it!

      Before being escorted to the gallows, Proctor delivers this final speech, declaring that he is glad not to have given into pressures to conform with Puritan tyranny, and urging his wife to stand steadfast against the court. John is fully aware of the wrongs he has committed in his adulterous affair with Abigail, yet he perceives a "shred" of goodness within himself. In his final moments, Proctor chooses to reclaim his integrity, standing in the light rather than giving in to the shadowy evil of the Puritan court which would have allowed him to live.

    3. Elizabeth, supporting herself against collapse, grips the bars of the window, and with a cry: He have his goodness now. God forbid I take it from him!

      Elizabeth says Proctor finally has his goodness back and refuses to speak or convince Proctor any further.

    4. Parris, in deadly fear, to Elizabeth: Go to him, Goody Proctor! There is yet time! From outside a drumroll strikes the air. Parris is startled. Elizabeth jerks about toward the window. Parris: Go to him! He rushes out the door, as though to hold back his fate. Proctor! Proctor! Again, a short burst of drums. Hale: Woman, plead with him! He starts to rush out the door, and then goes back to her. Woman! It is pride, it is vanity. She avoids his eyes, and moves to the window. He drops to his knees. Be his helper! What profit him to bleed? Shall the dust praise him? Shall the worms declare his truth? Go to him, take his shame away!

      Parris and Hale beg Elizabeth to speak to Proctor.

    5. His breast heaving, his eyes staring, Proctor tears the paper and crumples it, and he is weeping in fury, but erect. Danforth: Marshal!Parris, hysterically, as though the tearing paper were his life: Proctor, Proctor!Hale: Man, you will hang! You cannot! Proctor, his eyes fully of tears: I can. And there’s your first marvel, that I can. You have made your magic now, for now I do think I see some shred of goodness in John Proctor. Not enough to weave a banner with, but white enough to keep it from such dogs. Elizabeth, in a burst of terror, rushes to him and weeps against his hand. Give them no tear! Tears pleasure them! Show honor now, show a stony heart and sink them with it! He has lifted her, and kisses her now with great passion.

      Proctor's choice to have his integrity affirms his goodness and reveals the selfish corruption of the ideological forces that condemn him. His death ends Salem's hysteria.

    6. Danforth: Hang them high over the town! Who weeps for these, weeps for corruption! He sweeps out past them.

      Danforth orders Herrick to take Proctor to the gallows.

    7. Is that document a lie? If it is a lie I will not accept it! What say you? I will not deal in lies, Mister!

      Danforth says if the confession is a lie, then it is no confession at all.

    8. Danforth, pointing at the confession in Proctor’s hand: Is that document a lie? If it is a lie I will not accept it! What say you? I will not deal in lies, Mister! Proctor is motionless. You will give me your honest confession in my hand, or I cannot keep you from the rope. Proctor does not reply. Which way do you go, Mister?

      Danforth does not care about Proctor's soul; he just wants to protect his and his government's reputation.

    9. Proctor, with a cry of his whole soul: Because it is my name! Because I cannot have another in my life! Because I lie and sign myself to lies! Because I am not worth the dust on the feet of them that hang! How may I live without my name? I have given you my soul; leave me my name!

      Proctor insists that he cannot sign his name to lies, or through his confession soil the good name of his friends who refused to lie in order to save themselves.

    10. ou will not use me! I am no Sarah Good or Tituba, I am John Proctor! You will not use me! It is no part of salva-tion that you should use me! Danforth: I do not wish to – Proctor: I have three children – how may I teach them to walk like men in the world, and I sold my friends? Danforth: You have not sold your friends – Proctor: Beguile me not! I blacken all of them when this is nailed to the church the very day they hang for silence!

      Proctor insists that he cannot bear to sign his name to lies, or through his confession soil the good names of his friends who refused to lie in order to save themselves.

    11. Proctor has just finished signing when Danforth reaches for the paper. But Proctor snatches it up, and now a wild terror is rising in him, and a boundless anger.

      When Danforth reaches for the confession, Proctor grabs it and refuses to hand it over. What do the stage directions suggest about how Proctor feels?

    12. Hale, quickly to Danforth: Excellency, it is enough he confess himself. Let him sign it, let him sign it. Parris, feverishly: It is a great service, sir. It is a weighty name; it will strike the village that Proctor confess. I beg you, let him sign it. The sun is up, Excellency!

      Hale and Parris convince Danforth to accept Proctor's confession anyway.

    13. They think to go like saints. I like not to spoil their names.

      Evidence again that Proctor will not sacrifice the good name of others to save his own life.

    14. Mr. Proctor. When the Devil came to you did you see Rebecca Nurse in his company? Proctor is silent. Come, man, take courage – did you ever see her with the Devil? Proctor, almost inaudibly: No.Danforth, now sensing trouble, glances at John and goes to the table, and picks up a sheet – the list of condemned. Danforth: Did you ever see her sister, Mary Easty, with the Devil? Proctor: No, I did not. Danforth, his eyes narrow on Proctor: Did you ever see Martha Corey with the Devil? Proctor: I did not. Danforth, realizing, slowly putting the sheet down: Did you ever see anyone with the Devil? Proctor: I did not.

      Danforth asks Proctor if he has seen anyone with the devil and Proctor says no. He sacrifices his integrity to save himself, but he cannot sacrifice the good name of others to save his own life. He has too much integrity to harm others for his own benefit.

    15. Why, it is a lie, it is a lie; how may I damn myself? I cannot, I cannot.

      Rebecca chooses her integrity over life. She says a confession would be a lie and prays for Proctor's soul.

    16. Courage, man, courage – let her witness your good example that she may come to God herself. Now hear it, Goody Nurse! Say on, Mr, Proctor. Did you bind yourself to the Devil’s service?

      The judges bring in Rebecca, hoping that Proctor's confession will sway her.

    17. I did.

      While Proctor initially chose to sacrifice his integrity to save his life, what do the stage directions suggest about the nature of this decision?

    18. Danforth, with great relief and gratitude: Praise to God, man, praise to God; you shall be blessed in Heaven for this. Cheever has hurried to the bench with pen, ink, and paper.

      Proctor decides to confess. When they learn the news, Danforth, Hathorne and Parris are overjoyed. They ask Cheever to write down Proctor's confession.

      The judges are joyful because with Proctor's confession, they can maintain their reputations and make it seem like their blindness is wisdom.

    1. Danforth: Marshal! Take him and Corey with him to the jail!

      Danforth here is blinded by absolute faith, and thinks Proctor is just confirming his alliance with the devil. He sends Proctor and Corey to jail.

    2. Hale: I denounce these proceedings, I quit this court! He slams the door to the outside behind him.

      Hale instead denounces the court. He is focused on evidence rather than ideology, and appears to know better here.

      How does your view of Hale change as the play progresses?

    3. I hear the boot of Lucifer, I see his filthy face! And it is my face, and yours, Danforth! For them that quail to bring men out of ignorance, as I have quailed, and as you quail now when you know in all your black hearts that this be fraud – God damns our kind especially, and we will burn, we will burn together!

      Proctor then condemns himself as a devil, because he resisted fighting against what he knew to be false. He also calls Danforth a devil for allowing a fraud to be perpetrated.

    4. Proctor, his mind wild, breathless: I say – I say – God is dead'

      In response, Proctor says that God is dead. Saying God is dead is the ultimate act of defiance against Puritan society.

    5. Danforth, to Proctor: What are you? Proctor is beyond speech in his anger. You are combined with anti-Christ, are you not? I have seen your power; you will not deny it! What say you, Mister?

      Danforth demands that Proctor confess his allegiance to Hell.

    6. Mary Warren, pointing at Proctor: You’re the Devil’s man!He is stopped in his tracks. Parris: Praise God! Girls: Praise God! Proctor, numbed: Mary, how –? Mary Warren: I’ll not hang with you! I love God, I love God. Danforth, to Mary: He bid you do the Devil’s work? Mary Warren, hysterically, indicating Proctor: He come at me by night and every day to sign, to sign, to - Danforth: Sign what?Parris: The Devil’s book? He come with a book? Mary Warren, hysterically, pointing at Proctor, fearful of him: My name, he want my name. “I’ll murder you,” he says, “if my wife hangs! We must go and overthrow the court,” he says! Danforth’s head jerks toward Proctor, shock and horror in his face.Proctor, turning, appealing to Hale: Mr. Hale! Mary Warren, her sobs beginning: He wake me every night, his eyes were like coals and his fingers claw my neck, and I sign, I sign...Hale: Excellency, this child’s gone wild!Proctor, as Danforth’s wide eyes pour on him: Mary, Mary! Mary Warren, screaming at him: No, I love God; I go your way no more. I love God, I bless God. Sobbing, she rushes to Abigail. Abby, Abby, I’ll never hurt you more! They all watch, as Abigail, out of her infinite charity, reaches out and draws the sobbing Mary to her, and then looks up to Danforth.

      Mary finally runs to Abigail and says that Proctor is allied with the devil. The vicious cycle of forced confession once again gets another character to turn against another and make a false confession and accusation.

    7. Danforth: I cannot hear you. What do you say? Mary utters again unintelligibly. You will confess yourself or you will hang! He turns her roughly to face him. Do you know who I am? I say you will hang if you do not open with me!

      Danforth threatens Mary that she will hang unless she confesses.

    8. Mary Warren: She sees nothin’! Abigail, now staring full front as though hypnotized, and mimicking the exact tone of Mary Warren’s cry: She sees nothin’! Mary Warren, pleading: Abby, you mustn’t!Abigail and all the girls, all transfixed: Abby, you mustn’t!Mary Warren, to all the girls: I’m here, I'm here! Girls: I’m here, I’m here! Danforth, horrified: Mary Warren! Draw back your spirit out of them! Mary Warren: Mr. Danforth! Girls, cutting her off: Mr. Danforth! Danforth: Have you compacted with the Devil? Have you? Mary Warren: Never, never! Girls: Never, never!

      The girls start repeating whatever Mary says and Mary begs them to stop.

    9. Abigail, with a weird, wild, chilling cry, screams up to the ceiling.Abigail: You will not! Begone! Begone, I say!

      Abigail screams and later insinuates that it is Mary's spirit that is attacking her.

    1. Look at me! To your own knowledge, has John Proctor ever committed the crime of lechery? In a crisis of indecision she cannot speak, Answer my question! Is your husband a lecher! Elizabeth, faintly: No, sir.Danforth: Remove her, Marshal.Proctor: Elizabeth, tell the truth!Danforth: She has spoken. Remove her!Proctor, crying out: Elizabeth, I have confessed it!Elizabeth: Oh, God! The door closes behind her.Proctor: She only thought to save my name! Hale: Excellency, it is a natural lie to tell; I beg you, stop now before another is condemned! l may shut my conscience to it no more – private vengeance is working through this testimony! From the beginning this man has struck me true. By my oath to Heaven, I believe him now, and I pray you call back his wife before we –

      This moment effectively conveys how the court is defective- it determines one's guilt or innocence through such failings.

    2. Proctor, crying out: Elizabeth, I have confessed it!Elizabeth: Oh, God! The door closes behind her.Proctor: She only thought to save my name!

      When Proctor shouts out that he has confessed, Elizabeth cries out in despair.

    3. Elizabeth, not knowing what to say, sensing a situation, wetting her lips to stall for time: She – dissatisfied me. Pause. And my husband. Danforth: In what way dissatisfied you?Elizabeth: She were – She glances at Proctor for a cue. Danforth: Woman, look at me! Elizabeth does. Were she slovenly? Lazy? What disturbance did she cause?Elizabeth: Your Honor, I – in that time I were sick. And I – My husband is a good and righteous man. He is never drunk as some are, nor wastin’ his time at the shovelboard, but always at his work. But in my sickness – you see, sir, I were a long time sick after my last baby, and I thought I saw my husband somewhat turning from me. And this girl –S he turns to Abigail. Danforth: Look at me. Elizabeth: Aye, sir. Abigail Williams – She breaks up. Danforth: What of Abigail Williams? Elizabeth: I came to think he fancied her. And so one night I lost my wits, I think, and put her out on the highroad. Danforth: Your husband – did he indeed turn from you?Elizabeth, in agony: My husband – is a goodly man, sir.

      Note how the stage directions show how Elizabeth is hesitating and agonizing before she finally says that Abigail and Proctor did not have an affair.

    4. Elizabeth, faintly: No, sir.

      Elizabeth does not know that it was Proctor who confessed his adultery. She dooms both Proctor and the other innocent people by trying to protect her husband's reputation rather than following her own natural instinct to preserve integrity.

    5. Now let neither of you turn to face Goody Proctor. No one in this room is to speak one word, or raise a gesture aye or nay.

      After Danforth sends for Elizabeth, he instructs everyone to remain absolutely silent and still and to make no signs of any sort.

    6. Bring her out! And tell her not one word of what’s been spoken here. And let you knock before you enter.

      After Danforth sends for Elizabeth, he instructs everyone to remain absolutely silent and still and to make no signs of any sort.

    7. l have made a bell of my honor! I have rung the doom of my good name – you will believe me, Mr. Danforth!

      When Abigail denies the affair, Proctor says he would not soil his own honour for no reason.

    8. My wife, my dear good wife, took this girl soon after, sir, and put her out on the highroad

      Proctor explains that Elizabeth fired Abigail when she discovered the affair.

  2. Jun 2023
    1. Mary Warren: Lord, save me!Susanna Walcott: I freeze, I freeze!Abigail, shivering visibly: It is a wind, a wind! Mary Warren: Abby, don’t do that! Danforth, himself engaged and entranced by Abigail: Mary Warren, do you witch her? I say to you, do you send your spirit out? With a hysterical cry Mary Warren starts to run. Proctor catches her.Mary Warren, almost collapsing: Let me go, Mr. Proctor, I cannot, I cannot –Abigail, crying to Heaven: Oh, Heavenly Father, take away this shadow!

      The room erupts in to a hectic frenzy of fear, excitement and confusion. Mary seems to become infected by the hysteria of the other girls again and starts screaming.

    2. Suddenly, from an accusa-tory attitude, her face turns, looking into the air above – it is truly frightened. Danforth, apprehensively: What is it, child?Abigail, looking about in the air, clasping her arms about her as though cold: I – I know not. A wind, a cold wind, has come. Her eyes fall on Mary Warren.

      Abigail suddenly shudders and claims to feel a cold wind. The other girls follow suit and say that Mary is sending her spirit to attack them.

    3. Abigail: I have been hurt, Mr. Danforth; I have seen my blood runnin’ out! I have been near to murdered every day because I done my duty pointing out the Devil’s people – and this is my reward? To be mistrusted, denied, questioned like a –

      Note the words that Abigail uses and how these show how manipulative she is.

    4. Mary Warren: It’s not a trick! She stands. I – I used to faint because I – I thought I saw spirits.

      Note how Mary is vacillating. She moves back and forth between the pack of lying girls and Proctor.

    5. Mary Warren: Faint? Parris: Aye, faint. Prove to us how you pretended in the court so many times. Mary Warren, looking to Proctor: I – cannot faint now, sir.Proctor, alarmed, quietly: Can you not pretend it? Mary Warren: I – She looks about as though searching for the passion to faint. I - have no sense of it now, I –Danforth: Why? What is lacking now? Mary Warren: I – cannot tell, sir, I – Danforth: Might it be that here we have no afflicting spirit loose, but in the court there were some? Mary Warren: I never saw no spirits. Parris: Then see no spirits now, and prove to us that you can faint by your own will, as you claim. Mary Warren, stares, searching for the emotion of it, and then shakes her head: I –c annot do it. Parris: Then you will confess, will you not? It were attacking spirits made you faint! Mary Warren: No, sir, I –Parris: Your Excellency, this is a trick to blind the court! Mary Warren: It’s not a trick! She stands. I – I used to faint because I – I thought I saw spirits. Danforth: Thought you saw them!Mary Warren: But I did not, Your Honor.Hathorne: How could you think you saw them unless you saw them? Mary Warren: I – I cannot tell how, but I did. I – I heard the other girls screaming, and you, Your Honor, you seemed to believe them, and I – It were only sport in the beginning, sir, but then the whole world cried spirits, spirits, and I – I promise you, Mr. Danforth, I only thought I saw them but I did not.

      Mary cannot faint in "pretence". She explains that before, when she was surrounding by screaming girls and judges who seemed to believe in the spirits, she thought she actually saw spirits and so could faint.

      Now, she realises that she never saw the spirits and cannot faint.

      This shows how hysteria changes people's perception of reality. Mary was not lying before. When she said she saw spirits, she really thought she did because of the hysteria and reactions of the people around her.

    6. Hathorne: Then can she pretend to faint now?

      Hathorne comes up with an idea: if Mary Warren was pretending to see spirits and faint during the trial, she could do the same now.

    7. Danforth: But you discovered them dancing in the woods? Eyes on Parris, he points at Abigail. Abigail? Hale: Excellency, when I first arrived from Beverly, Mr. Parris told me that.Danforth: Do you deny it, Mr. Parris?Parris: I do not, sir, but I never saw any of them naked.Danforth: But she have danced? Parris, unwillingly: Aye, sir.

      Parris is forced to admit that he saw the girls dancing. He had initially kept the girls dancing from Danforth to protect his reputation.

    8. Mary Warren: I - She glances at Abigail, who is staring down at her remorselessly. Then, appealing to Proctor: Mr. Proctor –

      Note how Mary Warren appears to be very weak in will. She is not strong enough to stand up for what she believes in and looks to Proctor for help and support.

    9. Parris, instantly: Excellency, since I come to Salem this man is blackening my name.

      Note how the stage directions show how Parris immediately jumps tp protect his name. Parris is constantly paranoid and concerned about his name and is afraid that any truth of witchcraft in Salem will tarnish his reputation.

    10. Proctor: Mr. Danforth, what profit this girl to turn herself about? What may Mary Warren gain but hard questioning and worse? Danforth: You are charging Abigail Williams with a mar-velous cool plot to murder, do you understand that? Proctor: I do, sir. I believe she means to murder. Danforth, pointing at Abigail, incredulously: This child would murder your wife? Proctor: It is not a child. Now hear me, sir. In the sight of the congregation she were twice this year put out of this meetin’ house for laughter during prayer. Danforth, shocked, turning to Abigail: What’s this? Laughter during – ! Parris: Excellency, she were under Tituba’s power at that time, but she is solemn now.Giles: Aye, now she is solemn and goes to hang people!Danforth: Quiet, man. Hathorne: Surely it have no bearing on the question, sir. He charges contemplation of murder. Danforth: Aye. He studies Abigail for a moment, then: Con-tinue, Mr. Proctor.Proctor: Mary. Now tell the Governor how you danced in the woods.

      When Abigail denies the charge, Proctor combats Abigail's attack on other people's reputation by attacking her reputation. He says Abigail has often laughed at prayer, and that the other girls frequently danced in the woods.

    1. Danforth: There lurks nowhere in your heart, nor hidden in your spirit, any desire to undermine this court? Proctor, with the faintest faltering: Why, no, sir.

      Danforth asks Proctor if he is attempting to undermine the court, Proctor assures him that he just wants to free his wife.

      Why does Miller describe Proctor as having the "faintest faltering"? What else could be lurking hidden in his heart and spirit?

      Proctor could also be doing this to assuage his guilt to his wife because of his extramarital affair and also because he wants to ensure that Abigail does not get her revenge on Elizabeth.

    2. Danforth, instantly: No, no, I accept no depositions. He is rapidly calculating this; he turns from her to Proctor. Tell me, Mr. Proctor, have you given out this story in the village?

      Danforth immediately inquires if Proctor has shared "this story in the village" and Miller uses the words "instantly" and "rapidly calculating" to describe Danforth's reactions.

      How is Miller characterising Danforth here?

      Miller characterises Danforth as being immediate in his reactions, and he seems anxious and worried about the story about the girls fabricating their affliction spreading in the community.

    3. No, old man, you have not hurt these people if they are of good conscience. But you must understand, sir, that a person is either with this court or he must be counted against it, there be no road between. This is a sharp time, now, a precise time – we live no longer in the dusky afternoon when evil mixed itself with good and befuddled the world. Now, by God’s grace, the shining sun is up, and them that fear not light will surely praise it. I hope you will be one of those. Mary Warren suddenly sobs. She’s not hearty, I see.

      Danforth responds to Francis Nurse expressing despair that he had promised the landowners they would come to no harm if they had committed no sin.

      Yet Danforth speaks, ironically, of the great clarity with which the court now can view and judge the accused: all men are either good or evil, and the court can consider every person with with God or with the Devil. Danforth asserts that telling good and evil apart has never been clearer or easier.

      Danforth believes that the Puritan church has been endowed with the great power to judge all people as God himself might. Danforth insists that only people who fear the light of God's grace could question the court's action. In so doing, he stifles the voices of anyone who would speak out against the court, threatening them with condemnation.

  3. May 2023
    1. Putnam: It is a lie.

      Abigail and Putnam are arguably the play's two main villains.

      Hysteria makes the townspeople actually believe and fear witchcraft. But Abigail and Putnam manipulate that hysteria and the blindness of the court for their own ends.

    2. o Giles: You are under arrest in contempt of this court. Now sit you down and take counsel with yourself, or you will be set in the jail until you decide to answer all questions.

      Danforth has Corey arrested for contempt of court.

    3. Giles: John, my deposition, give him mine. Proctor: Aye. He hands Danforth another paper. This is Mr. Corey’s deposition. Danforth: Oh? He looks down at it. Now Hathorne comes behind him and reads with him. Hathorne, suspiciously: What lawyer drew this, Corey? Giles: You know I never hired a lawyer in my life, Hathorne. Danforth, finishing the reading: It is very well phrased. My compliments. Mr. Parris, if Mr. Putnam is in the court, will you bring him in? Hathorne takes the deposition, and walks to the window with it. Parris goes into the court. You have no legal training, Mr. Corey? Giles, very pleased: I have the best, sir - I am thirty-three time in court in my life. And always plaintiff, too. Danforth: Oh, then you’re much put-upon. Giles: I am never put-upon; I know my rights, sir, and I will have them. You know, your father tried a case of mine – might be thirty-five year ago, I think. Danforth: Indeed.Giles: He never spoke to you of it?Danforth: No, I cannot recall it. Giles: That’s strange, he give me nine pound damages. He were a fair judge, your father. Y’see, I had a white mare that tinge, and this fellow come to borrow the mare – Enter Parris with Thomas Putnam. When he sees Putnam, Giles’ ease goes; he is hard. Aye, there he is. Danforth: Mr. Putnam, I have here an accusation by Mr. Corey against you. He states that you coldly prompted your daughter to cry witchery upon George Jacobs that is now in jail.

      Corey provides a deposition that quotes a witness who heard Thomas Putnam say he had his daughter charge a man with witchcraft in order to get his land.

    4. Danforth: Then there is a prodigious guilt in the country. Are you afraid to be questioned here? Hale: I may only fear the Lord, sir, bat there is fear in the country nevertheless. Danforth, angered now: Reproach me not with the fear in the country; there is fear in the country because there is a moving plot to topple Christ in the country!

      Danforth says this fear is evidence of a plot against Christianity in Salem.

    5. Hale: We cannot blink it more. There is a prodigious fear of this court in the country –

      Hale observes that there is a great fear of the court in Salem.

    6. Hathorne: And the name of this man?Giles, taken aback: What name?Hathorne: The man that give you this information.Giles, hesitates, then: Why, I – I cannot give you his name.Hathorne: And why not? Giles, hesitates, then bursts out: You know well why not! He’ll lay in jail if I give his name! Hathorne: This is contempt of the court, Mr. Danforth!Danforth, to avoid that: You will surely tell us the name. Giles: I will not give you no name, I mentioned my wife’s name once and I’ll burn in hell long enough for that. I stand mute.

      Danforth asks for the witness's name but Corey refuses to give the name, for fear the man will be treated like the signers of the petition.

    7. Hale, to Parris, trying to contain himself: Is every defense an attack upon the court? Can no one – ?

      Hale questions why all attempts at defense are called attacks on the court.

      Hale is beginning to perceive the court's ideological blindness.

    8. Proctor, handing Danforth a paper: Will you read this first, sir? It’s a sort of testament. The people signing it declare their good opinion of Rebecca, and my wife, and Martha Corey. Danforth looks down at the paper. Parris, to enlist Danforth’s sarcasm: Their good opinion! But Danforth goes on reading, and Proctor is heartened. Proctor: These are all landholding farmers, members of the church. Delicately, trying to point out a paragraph: If you’ll notice, sir – they’ve known the women many years and never saw no sign they had dealings with the Devil. Parris nervously moves over and reads over Danforth’s shoulder.Danforth, glancing down a long list: How many names are here?Francis: Ninety-one, Your Excellency.

      Proctor first shows Danforth a petition signed by 91 landowners declaring their good opinions of Elizabeth, Rebecca Nurse, and Martha Corey.

      The accusations attack people's reputations. Proctor tries to combat the attacks with proof of good reputation.

    9. Proctor: I – I think I cannot. Danforth, now an almost imperceptible hardness in his voice: Then your purpose is somewhat larger. Parris: He’s come to overthrow this court, Your Honor!Proctor: These are my friends. Their wives are also accused –

      Proctor proves his integrity by refusing to be satisfied with just the protection of just his wife.

    10. Will you drop this charge?

      Danforth says that if Proctor's motivation were really to save his wife, he should be relieved that his wife is saved for a least a year and that he can now let the proceedings go on.

      Danforth is testing Proctor's motives.

    11. We have thought it too convenient to be credited. However, if I should tell you now that I will let her be kept another month; and if she begin to show her natural signs, you shall have her living yet another year until she is delivered

      Danforth says that if Elizabeth is really pregnant, she cannot be hanged.

    12. Danforth considers, then beckons Hathorne to him. Hathorne leans in, and he speaks in his ear. Hathorne nods.Hathorne: Aye, she’s the one. Danforth: Mr. Proctor, this morning, your wife send me a claim in which she states that she is pregnant now.

      After a brief conference with Hathorne, Danforth informs Proctor that Elizabeth is pregnant.

    13. Cain were an upright man, and yet he did kill Abel.

      Parris makes a reference to Cain and Abel from the Bible when he is questioning Proctor. Cain was considered to be an upright man in the Bible but he killed his brother, Abel, out of jealousy of God's affection and respect for Abel.

      Parris is trying to make the point that John Proctor, like Cain, may be an upright man. However, that does not stop him from doing terrible things or being a sinner. Parris is insinuating that Proctor is guilty, even if he's been known as a good man.

    14. Aye, God tells us that. To Danforth: But who tells us Rebecca Nurse murdered seven babies by sending out her spirit on them? It is the children only, and this one will swear she lied to you.

      Proctor counters that while God told them that Cain killed Abel, a child is the one who accused Rebecca Nurse of killing children—and that the child is lying.

    15. Proctor: I – I have once or twice plowed on Sunday. I have three children, sir, and until last year my land give little.

      Proctor claims that he is an upright man. He is trying to explain that even though he sometimes plows his fields on Sundays instead of going to church, it does not mean that he is not a good man.

    16. Danforth, straight into his eyes: Have you ever seen the Devil?Proctor: No, sir.Danforth: You are in all respects a Gospel Christian?Proctor: I am, sir. Parris: Such a Christian that will not come to church but once in a month!Danforth, restrained – he is curious: Not come to church?Proctor: I – I have no love for Mr. Parris. It is no secret. But God I surely love.Cheever: He plow on Sunday, sir.Danforth: Plow on Sunday! Cheever, apologetically: I think it be evidence, John. I am an official of the court, I cannot keep it. Proctor: I – I have once or twice plowed on Sunday. I have three children, sir, and until last year my land give little. Giles: You’ll find other Christians that do plow on Sunday if the truth be known.

      In a society built on social order, any deviation implies that you're against that order. No one can tell if you are religious, so they judge you by whether you seem religious.

      This is precisely why reputation is so important in Salem.

    17. Your Honor, I cannot think you may judge the man on such evidence.

      Hale argues that such evidence hardly justifies considering Proctor a threat in the court!

    18. Parris: Such a Christian that will not come to church but once in a month!

      On top of Cheever mentioning that Proctor had ripped the warrant in a show of contempt for the court, Parris adds that Proctor seldom comes to church.

    19. Cheever: I think it be my duty, sir – Kindly, to Proctor: You’ll not deny it, John. To Danforth: When we come to take his wife, he damned the court and ripped your warrant.

      When Proctor assures Danforth that his evidence is valid, Ezekiel Cheever quickly mentions that Proctor had earlier ripped up the court's warrant.

    20. Danforth: Let me continue. I understand well, a husband’s tenderness may drive him to extravagance in defense of a wife. Are you certain in your conscience, Mister, that your evidence is the truth? Proctor: It is. And you will surely know it. Danforth: And you thought to declare this revelation in the open court before the public? Proctor: I thought I would, aye - with your permission.Danforth, his eyes narrowing: Now, sir, what is your purpose in so doing?Proctor: Why, I – I would free my wife, sir.

      Danforth is shocked and questions Proctor's motivation for making such a declaration and testimony in court. Danforth is considering whether to accept this testimony!

    21. Mary Warren: It were pretense, sir. Danforth: I cannot hear you. Proctor: It were pretense, she says.

      Though Mary steps forward and says that the girls were only pretending to see the spirits, she is terrified and barely able to speak.

    22. I pray you, Mr, Parris. Do you know, Mr. Proctor, that the entire contention of the state in these trials is that the voice of Heaven is speaking through the children? Proctor: I know that, sir. Danforth, thinks, staring at Proctor, then turns to Mary Warren: And you, Mary Warren, how came you to cry out people for sending their spirits against you? Mary Warren: It were pretense, sir. Danforth: I cannot hear you. Proctor: It were pretense, she says. Danforth: Ah? And the other girls? Susanna Walcott, and – the others? They are also pretending? Mary Warren: Aye, sir.Danforth, wide-eyed: Indeed. Pause. He is baffled by this. He turns to study Proctor’s face.Parris, in a sweat: Excellency, you surely cannot think to let so vile a lie be spread in open court! Danforth: Indeed not, but it strike hard upon me that she will dare come here with such a tale. Now, Mr. Proctor, before I decide whether I shall hear you or not, it is my duty to tell you this. We burn a hot fire here; it melts down all concealment.

      Danforth silences Parris when he shouts that Proctor has come to overthrow the court and seems more willing to give Proctor and Mary Warren a hearing.

      Danforth appears to be a more open-minded judge than Hathorne, slightly more willing to accept the possibility he could be wrong.

    23. They’ve come to overthrow the court, sir! This man is –

      Parris shouts that Proctor has come to overthrow the court. Here, Parris is supporting the court as seen in how he sees Mary's attempt to testify that she never saw any spirits as an attempt to bring down the court.

      He too has given into the hysteria to protect his reputation. Like Abigail, he's reversed his denials of witchcraft.

    24. Proctor: She never saw no spirits, sir. Danforth, with great alarm and surprise, to Mary: Never saw no spirits!Giles, eagerly: Never.Proctor, reaching into his jacket: She has signed a deposition, sir –

      A deposition is a testimony or a declaration that is given before a court.

      Proctor is telling Danforth that Mary is prepared to testify that she never saw any spirits.

    25. excitedly: I think you must hear the girl, sir, she –

      Hale begs Danforth to hear the evidence. The stage directions indicate how Hale does so excitedly and this brings to mind the initial descriptions of Hale in Act One as a "young doctor on his first call".

    26. Beware this man, Your Excellency, this man is mischief.

      Parris tells Danforth that Proctor is causing "mischief". The word "mischief" suggests how Parris is attempting to paint a picture of Proctor as being the very source of harm and evil.

    1. We are desperate, sir; we come here three days now and cannot be heard.

      Francis echoes Giles who said earlier in this moment, “I have evidence. Why will you not hear my evidence?” Both have evidence but the court refuses to give them a hearing.

      Would you consider the court of Salem fair and just?

    2. Voice: Thomas Putnam is reaching out for land!

      Giles Corey suddenly shouts that he has evidence that Thomas Putnam is using the trials to get more land.

      Giles is perceptive enough to realise that Putnam is using the accusations of witchcraft as a cover to try to take back property.

    3. Hathorne: This is contempt, sir, contempt! Danforth: Peace, Judge Hathorne. Do you know who I am, Mr. Nurse? Francis: I surely do, sir, and I think you must be a wise judge to be what you are. Danforth: And do you know that near to four hundred are in the jails from Marblehead to Lynn, and upon my signature? Francis: I –Danforth: And seventy-two condemned to hang by that signature?

      Since the judges view themselves as allied with God and therefore always right, they can't accept or even comprehend anyone disagreeing with them.

    4. Danforth: Indeed! I am amazed to find you in such uproar; I have only good report of your character, Mr. Nurse.

      Danforth says that he's only heard good things about Nurse's character and is amazed to see him in such an "uproar."

    5. Danforth: And how do you imagine to help her cause with such contemptuous riot? Now be gone. Your old age alone keeps you out of jail for this. Giles, beginning to plead: They be tellin’ lies about my wife, sir, I – Danforth: Do you take it upon yourself to determine what this court shall believe and what it shall set aside?Giles: Your Excellency, we mean no disrespect for –Danforth: Disrespect indeed! It is disruption, Mister. This is the highest court of the supreme government of this province, do you know it?

      The court doesn't want evidence: it's already decided that witchcraft exists in Salem. The court, of course, failed to realize it forced false confessions by threatening to hang innocent people unless they confessed.

    6. Hathorne: How do you dare come roarin’ into this court! Are you gone daft, Corey?

      Hathorne and Danforth are furious that Corey would disrupt and try to influence the court.

    1. Giles, shaken: John – tell me, are we lost?

      The use of the word “shaken” shows that Giles is emotionally disturbed by the events transpiring.

      While he refuses to be swayed by the atmosphere of paranoia and manic accusation that overtakes Salem saying that he “never heard no murder” done in Salem, he is shaken nonetheless. His question “are we lost” shows how he perceptively thinks that the people of Salem have lost themselves in mere paranoia and hysteria.

    2. hesitating, and with deep hatred of himself:

      The phrase “deep hatred of himself” is indicative of John's internal struggles in the wake of his immoral affair.

    3. Mary Warren, in terror: I cannot, they’ll turn on me –

      Mary is terrified and sobs that she can’t testify. But Mary's terror, indicates that her fear may be stronger than her integrity, foreshadowing disaster

    4. We will slide together into our pit; you will tell the court what you know.

      Proctor says only that then he and Abigail will "slide into their pit together."

      A pit is a place or situation of futility, misery, or degradation. The use of diction here suggests how Proctor is willing to go through misery and degradation, even to the point of sacrificing his reputation, just so Mary will testify against Abigail in court.

      Proctor is going all out to protect Elizabeth and it speaks of his depth of love for her.

    5. Abby’ll charge lechery on you, Mr. Proctor!

      Mary says that Abigail will charge Proctor with lechery (excessive and indulgent sexual behaviour) if he tries to reveal her lies.

    6. You’re coming to the court with me, Mary. You will tell it in the court

      When they're alone, Proctor tells Mary she will testify against Abigail in court tomorrow

    7. The jails are packed – our greatest judges sit in Salem now – and hangin’s promised. Man, we must look to cause proportionate. Were there murder done, perhaps, and never brought to light? Abomination? Some secret blasphemy that stinks to Heaven? Think on cause, man, and let you help me to discover it. For there’s your way, believe it, there is your only way, when such confusion strikes upon the world. He goes to Giles and Francis. Let you counsel among yourselves; think on your village and what may have drawn from heaven such thundering wrath upon you all. I shall pray God open up our eyes.

      Hale continues to insist, however, that recent events in Salem must have some basis in fact.

      Hale's circular logic is that the court's arrival in Salem is God's will and therefore must be justified. He can't fathom that the court's been deceived or misled.

    8. What I have heard in her favor, I will not fear to testify in court

      Hale assures Proctor that the court will recognize Elizabeth's innocence, and promises that he will testify in her favor.

    1. don't be scared. You've done so much with so little. I think you deserve this more than anybody.

      Miss Kinnian is like an advocate/ champion for Charlie. She advocates for him being used in the experiment because he “deserve(s)” this more than anybody and she stands up for and defends Charlie’s rights and opportunities.

    2. Im waiting for Miss Kinnian to take me home. I like Miss Kinnian becaus shes a very smart teacher.

      Charlie looks up to Miss Kinnian for her intelligence and is comfortable with and has rapport with her.

    3. for the first of your new breed.

      To “breed” something is to propagate a plant/ animal under controlled conditions. Dr Strauss’ use of the word “breed” seems to suggest how he thinks that Dr Nemur sees Charlie as nothing more than a test subject.

    1. Cheever: Proctor, you dare not touch the warrant.

      Though Mary tells Cheever she sewed the poppet and stored the needle in it, Cheever remains unconvinced.

      The court, like Hale, believes itself to be blessed by God and that its judgments must therefore, by definition, be correct and just! The court therefore has no need for evidence. Mary's story completely discredits Abigail's claim that Elizabeth used witchcraft against her, but Cheever, as an officer of the court, remains convinced of Elizabeth's guilt.

  4. Apr 2023
    1. you'll have your place in the history books whoever the subject is

      Dr Strauss himself seems to think that Dr Nemur’s pride and reputation is what he is concerned about.

    2. we're making history

      To make history is to do something that is remembered in or influences the course of history.

      Dr Nemur seems to be concerned about his own ability to make a name for himself and to be remembered for something.

    1. I – I have indeed. It is his own suspicion, but he resists it.

      This realization has troubled Hale too, but he has avoided facing it till now.

      Proctor describes the vicious cycle created by ideological power. That Hale perceived this problem and overlooked it shows the Puritan authorities' inability to question themselves.

    2. And why not, if they must hang for denyin’ it? There are them that will swear to anything before they’ll hang; have you never thought of that?

      When Hale points out that many have confessed, Proctor counters by pointing out that they have confessed to save themselves from certain death.

    3. I must say it, Mr. Proctor; that is not for you to decide. The man’s ordained, therefore the light of God is in him.

      Puritan society denies the individual any right to make his or her own judgments. The Puritans think they have God on their side, and therefore cannot make any mistakes. If a man has been ordained as a minister, then he must be good and wise. And if someone disagrees with that assessment, then he or she must be against God.

    4. Proctor, starts to speak, then stops, then, as though unable to restrain this: I like it not that Mr. Parris should lay his hand upon my baby. I see no light of God in that man. I’ll not conceal it.Hale: I must say it, Mr. Proctor; that is not for you to decide. The man’s ordained, therefore the light of God is in him.

      When Proctor explains that he sees no "light of God" in Parris, Hale says this is not a thing for Proctor to decide.

    5. I thought, sir, to put some questions as to the Christian character of this house, if you’ll permit me.

      Hale asks some questions about the "Christian character" of the house. He asks why the Proctors often do not go to church, and why only two out of their three sons are baptized.

    6. Elizabeth, with an attempt at a laugh: You will never believe, I hope, that Rebecca trafficked with the Devil.Hale: Woman, it is possible.Proctor, taken aback: Surely you cannot think so.

      Proctor and Elizabeth are shocked that Rebecca has been charged, and this speaks volumes about how Rebecca has a reputation for being a very religious person in Salem.

    7. I am a stranger here, as you know. And in my ignorance I find it hard to draw a clear opinion of them that come accused before the court. And so this afternoon, and now tonight, I go from house to house – I come now from Rebecca Nurse’s house and –

      Hale wants to speak with everyone whose name has been mentioned in connection with witchcraft. He says that without the court's authority, he is visiting each of the families "somewhat mentioned" in the trial to try to get a sense of them.

      This is the first sign of Hale's integrity: he's uncomfortable with the trials. Unlike the court, which demands confessions on pain of death and then uses those false confessions to condemn innocent victims, Hale searches for actual evidence.

    1. Elizabeth, quietly, fearing to anger him by prodding: God forbid you keep that from the court, John. I think they must be told.Proctor, quietly, struggling with his thought: Aye, they must, they must. It is a wonder they do believe her.Elizabeth: I would go to Salem now, John – let you go tonight.Proctor: I’ll think on it.Elizabeth, with her courage now: You cannot keep it, John,Proctor, angering: I know I cannot keep it. I say I will think on it!Elizabeth, hurt, and very coldly: Good, then, let you think on it. She stands and starts to walk out of the room.

      Elizabeth wants Proctor to testify that the accusations are a sham.

    2. Proctor: Why’d you let her? You heard me forbid her go to Salem any morelElizabeth: I couldn’t stop her.Proctor, holding back a full condemnation of her: It is a fault, it is a fault, Elizabeth – you’re the mistress here, not Mary Warren

      Mary Warren has defied Proctor's and Elizabeth's order to remain in the house.

  5. Mar 2023
    1. Abigail: I want to open myself! They turn to her, startled. She is enraptured, and though in a pearly light. I want the light of God, I want the sweet love of Jesus! I danced for the Devil; I saw him; I wrote in his book; I go back to Jesus; I kiss His hand. I saw Sarah Good with the Devil! I saw Goody Osburn with the Devil! I saw Bridget Bishop with the Devil! As she is speaking, Betty is rising from the bed, a fever in her eyes, and picks up the chant. Betty, staring too: I saw George Jacobs with the Devil! I saw Goody Howe with the Devil! Parris: She speaks! He rushes to embrace Betty. She speaks! Hale: Glory to God! It is broken, they are free!

      After Tituba gave names, Abigail sees that she must do the same. Betty believes that she saw witches because authority figures like Hale believe her when she says she did: a vicious cycle of hysteria.

    2. Tituba pants and begins rocking back and forth again, staring ahead.Tituba: There was four.

      Tituba discovers that nobody wants to hear denials, just as Abigail realized earlier. The religious authorities interpret denials as lies, so Tituba gives them what they want: a confession. The men then encourage their shared delusion by planting the names of possible witches in Tituba's mind.

    3. Open yourself, Tituba—open yourself and let God’s holy light shine on you.

      Hale tells Tituba not to fear: if she confesses whom she saw, she will be blessed.

    4. Tituba, rocking and weeping: Aye, sir, and Goody Osburn. Mrs. Putnam: I knew it! Goody Osburn were midwife to me three times. I begged you Thomas, did I not? I begged him not to call Osburn because I feared her. My babies always shriveled in her hands.

      Tituba identifies Sarah Good and Mrs. Osburn as other witches. Mrs Putnam shouts that she knew it! Osburn was the midwife at the births of three of her dead babies.

      Mrs. Putnam finally gets what she wants, someone to blame Mrs. Osburn.

    5. Tituba: I believe so, yes, sir. Now Hale takes her hand. She is surprised. Hale: Tituba. You must have no fear to tell us who they are, do you understand? We will protect you. The Devil can never overcome a minister. You know that, do you not? Tituba, kisses Hale’s hand: Aye, sir, oh, I do.Hale: You have confessed yourself to witchcraft, and that speaks a wish to Heaven’s side. And we will bless you, Tituba. Tituba, deeply relieved: Oh, God bless you, Mr. Hale! Hale, with rising exaltation: You are God’s instrument put in our hands to discover the Devil’s agents among us. You are selected, Tituba, you are chosen to help us cleanse our village. So speak utterly, Tituba, turn your back on him and face God – face God, Tituba, and God will protect you. Tituba, joining with him: Oh, God, protect Tituba!Hale, kindly: Who came to you with the Devil? Two? Three? Four? How many?Tituba pants and begins rocking back and forth again, staring ahead.Tituba: There was four.Parris, pressing in on her: Who? Who? Their names, their names.Tituba, suddenly bursting out: Oh, how many times he bid me kill you, Mr. Parris!Parris: Kill me! Tituba, in a fury: He say Mr. Parris must be kill! He bid me rise out of my bed and cut your throat! They gasp.

      In a rising tide of religious exultation, Tituba says that she saw four people with the Devil. Out of fear that she will be hanged, Tituba confesses to making a compact with the Devil and says that she has seen Sarah Good and Goody Osburn with the Devil. She then informs Parris that the Devil told her many times to kill him in his sleep.

    6. Tituba: I don’t compact with no Devil!

      Like Abigail did before, Tituba at first denies the presence of any witchcraft.

      Hale asks Tituba when she made a "compact with the devil." and Tituba says she never has. Parris threatens to whip her to death until she confesses. Putnam yells that she should be hanged.

    7. Tituba: You beg me to conjure! She beg me make charm –Abigail: Don’t lie! To Hale: She comes to me while I sleep; she’s always making me dream corruptions!Tituba: Why you say that, Abby? Abigail: Sometimes I wake and find myself standing in the open doorway and not a stitch on my body! I always hear her laughing in my sleep. I hear her singing her Barbados songs and tempting me with –

      Tituba responds that Abigail begged her to conjure. But Abigail says Tituba often "sends her spirit out" and makes Abigail laugh at prayer in church.

    8. Hale, grasping Abigail: Abigail, it may be your cousin is dying. Did you call the Devil last night? Abigail: I never called him! Tituba, Tituba ...Parris, blanched: She called the Devil?Hale: I should like to speak with Tituba.Parris: Goody Ann, will you bring her up? Mrs. Putnam exits.Hale: How did she call him? Abigail: I know not – she spoke Barbados. Hale: Did you feel any strangeness when she called him? A sudden cold wind, perhaps? A trembling below the ground? Abigail: I didn’t see no Devil! Shaking Betty: Betty, wake up! Betty! Betty!Hale: You cannot evade me, Abigail. Did your cousin drink any of the brew in that kettle?Abigail: She never drank it!Hale: Did you drink it?Abigail: No, sir!Hale: Did Tituba ask you to drink it? Abigail: She tried, but I refused. Hale: Why are you concealing? Have you sold yourself to Lucifer? Abigail: I never sold myself! I’m a good girl! I’m a proper girl! Mrs. Putnam enters with Tituba, and instantly Abigail points at Tituba. Abigail: She made me do it! She made Betty do it! Tituba, shocked and angry: Abby! Abigail: She makes me drink blood!

      Troubled, Hale asks Abigail if she conjured the devil. Abigail says Tituba did. As Mrs Putnam goes to get Tituba, Hale asks Abigail several questions. Abigail denies everything. As soon as Tituba enters, however, Abigail screams that Tituba made her do it, that Tituba made her drink blood.

      Here, Abigail switches tactics once Hale makes clear he believes there might have been witchcraft. Abigail gives him what he wants: she says there was witchcraft, and portrays herself as an innocent victim.

    9. Parris: I think I ought to say that I – I saw a kettle in the grass where they were dancing. Abigail: That were only soup. Hale: What sort of soup were in this kettle, Abigail? Abigail: Why, it were beans – and lentils, I think, and – Hale: Mr. Parris, you did not notice, did you, any living thing in the kettle? A mouse, perhaps, a spider, a frog - ? Parris, fearfully: I – do believe there were some movement – in the soup.Abigail: That jumped in, we never put it in!Hale, quickly: What jumped in?Abigail: Why, a very little frog jumped – Parris: A frog, Abby!

      When Parris mentions he saw them dancing around a kettle, Abigail says the kettle just held soup. Parris says he thought he saw movement in the soup. Abigail says a frog jumped into the soup.

      Abigail continues to lie to save her reputations and her life, even as the evidence mounts against her.

    10. The child remains limp in his hands. In silence he lays her back on the pillow. Now, holding out his hands towards her, he intones: In nominee Domini Sabaoth sui filiique ite ad infernos. She does not stir, he turns to Abigail, his eyes narrowing. Abigail, what sort of dancing were you doing with her in the forest?

      Betty does not respond to Hale's question, so he turns to Abigail.

    11. On their ecstatic cries

      The scene closes as Abigail and Betty, in feverish ecstasy, alternate in piling up names on the growing list of accused.

      Hale calls for the marshal to bring in irons to arrest the accused witches.

    12. Abigail: I saw Goody Sibber with the Devil! It is rising to a great glee.Putnam: The marshal, I’ll call the marshal!Parris is shouting a prayer of thanksgiving.Betty: I saw Alice Barrow with the Devil!The curtain begins to fall.HALE, as Putnam goes out: Let the marshal bring irons!Abigail: I saw Goody Hawkins with the Devil!Betty: I saw Goody Bibber with the Devil!Abigail: I saw Goody Booth with the Devil!

      This passage shows that Abigail understands the way that Reverend Hale and Reverend Parris will carry out their investigations: anyone suspected of dealing with the Devil can simply confess, make another accusation of witchcraft, and automatically be "cleansed". The community's hysteria and mob mentality ensure that Abigail and her friends will be believed.

      In this moment, Abigail chooses to protect her reputation over her integrity, preferring to send the women she names to their deaths rather than face the consequence of her misbehaviour. Abigail's accusations here also introduce the ripple effect that her actions will have throughout the play: as soon as she beings to make these claims, Betty Parris and the other girls do, as well, and it becomes increasingly difficult for the innocent to argue against the mounting hysteria for the testimonies of the "victims" of witchcraft in Salem.

    13. Betty, staring too: I saw George Jacobs with the Devil! I saw Goody Howe with the Devil! Parris: She speaks! He rushes to embrace Betty. She speaks! Hale: Glory to God! It is broken, they are free! Betty, calling out hysterically and with great relief: I saw Martha Bellows with the Devil!

      Betty immediately follows Abigail's lead, offering her own confession and accusations.

    14. Abigail: I want to open myself! They turn to her, startled. She is enraptured, and though in a pearly light. I want the light of God, I want the sweet love of Jesus! I danced for the Devil; I saw him; I wrote in his book; I go back to Jesus; I kiss His hand. I saw Sarah Good with the Devil! I saw Goody Osburn with the Devil! I saw Bridget Bishop with the Devil!

      In these closing moments of Act 1, Abigail leaps up and offers her own confession: she too has been ensnared by the Devil, but she now accuses a long list of villagers of witchcraft.

    15. Tituba, frightened by the coming process: Mister Reverend, I do believe someone else be witchin’ these children.

      Tituba insists that someone else is bewitching the children because the Devil has many witches in his service.

    1. Giles: I’m not sayin’ she’s touched the Devil, now, but I’d admire to know what books she reads and why she hides them. She’ll not answer me, y’ see.Hale: Aye, we’ll discuss it.

      Hale says they will speak about this matter that Giles has brought up later and gets to work.

    2. Giles: Mr. Hale, I have always wanted to ask a learned man - what signifies the readin’ of strange books?Hale: What books?Giles: I cannot tell; she hides them,Hale: ho does this?Giles: Martha, my wife. I have waked at night many a time and found her in a corner, readin’ of a book. Now what do you make of that?Hale: Why, that’s not necessarily–Giles: It discomfits me! Last night – mark this – I tried and tried and could not say my prayers. And then she close her book and walks out of the house, and suddenly – mark this – I could pray again!

      Giles interrupts and asks Hale why his wife, Martha, reads books that she refuses to show him. He says that the moment his wife closes the book, he is able to pray again. Hale says they will speak about it later and gets to work.

    3. Hale, with a tasty love of intellectual pursuit: Here is the invisible world, caught, defined, and calculated. In these books the Devil stands stripped of all his brute disguises. Have no fear now – I mean to crush him utterly if he has shown his face! He starts for the bed. Rebecca: Will it hurt the child, sir? Hale: I cannot tell. If she is truly in the Devil’s grip we may have to rip and tear to get her free. Rebecca: I think I’ll go, then. I am too old for this. I pray to God for you, sir. She rises.

      Hale seems eager to flex his authority here and to whet his intellectual appetite and as he takes out a book about witchcraft and prepares to examine Betty further, Rebecca departs. She clearly dismisses all this fuss as foolishness.

      And like that, Proctor and Rebecca, two voices of reason, leave before the investigations begin. Those who cannot stop hysteria from growing often do not take it seriously until it is too late.

    4. Hale, surprised: You permit dancing?Parris: No, no, it were secret – Mrs. Putnam, unable to wait: Mr. Parris’s slave has knowledge of conjurin’, sir.Parris, to Mrs. Putnam: We cannot be sure of that, Goody Ann - Mrs. Putnam, frightened, very softly: I know it, sir. I sent my child – she should learn from Tituba who murdered her sisters.Rebecca, horrified: Goody Ann! You sent a child to conjure up the dead? Mrs. Putnam: Let God blame me, not you, not you, Rebecca! I’ll not have you judging me any more!

      Hale and Rebecca are shocked that Mrs Putnam would send her daughter to commune with spirits, but Mrs Putnam shouts that she will not allow Rebecca to judge her.

      Note the resentment between the Putnams and the Nurses. Salem society had previously kept their bitterness confined to silence.

    5. Proctor: I’ve heard you to be a sensible man, Mr. Hale. I hope you’ll leave some of it in Salem.

      Proctor departs but not before saying he has heard that Hale is a sensible man and that he hopes he will bring some sense to Salem.

    6. Hale, holding up his hands: No, no. Now let me instruct you. We cannot look to superstition in this. The Devil is precise; the marks of his presence are definite as stone, and I must tell you all that I shall not proceed unless you are prepared to believe me if I should find no bruise of Hell upon her.

      When Putnam mentions witchcraft, Hale stops him and says that the mark of the devil is clear and "definite as stone". Through the use of the simile, Hale expresses that any signs of the Devil are free of all ambiguity and uncertainty. He asks them to all agree not to push the issue of witchcraft if he finds no evidence.

      Though a minister, Hale sees himself as a doctor building up a diagnosis based on facts. His focus on facts make him less ideological than other ministers, and less likely to impose his own beliefs on others or to need to protect his reputation.

    7. We look to you to come to our house and save our child. Hale: Your child ails too? Mrs. Putnam: Her soul, her soul seems flown away. She sleeps and yet she walks ... Putnam: She cannot eat. Hale: Cannot eat! Thinks on it. Then, to Proctor and Giles Corey: Do you men have afflicted children? Parris: No, no, these are farmers. John Proctor –

      Mr and Mrs Putnam, as well as Parris tell Hale of the recent events.

    8. Putnam! I had not expected such distinguished company, sir.

      As previously established, the Putnams evidently have influence and are distinguished in Salem.

    1. Enemy is about reconciling internal conflict in a world where it feels impossible to trust yourself. The song also reflects on the story of Arcane, the series this song is based on. The song reflects the story of conflict between two sisters, leading to a division that threatens to tear a city apart. Like the series, the song is meant to personal and a critique of a society that seems intent oon creating division.

      Once again, careful not to over generalise and analyse the song based on the series it was from.

    1. The main message that I take away from the song is the importance of seizing the moment and living in the present. The repeated line "Am I part of the cure or am I part of the disease?" can be seen as a call to action, a reminder that we each have the power to make choices that can affect the world around us. The lyrics also touch on the fleeting nature of time, with lines like "Confusion that never stops, closing walls and ticking clocks" and "Come out of things unsaid, shoot an apple off my head." These lines suggest a sense of urgency and the need to act before it's too late. Overall, the song "Clocks" can be seen as a reflection on the nature of time, the importance of taking action, and the power of the present moment. The use of metaphors, repetition, imagery and personification helps us to understand and relate to the song.

      Link all these back to the title "Clocks"! What is significant about the title?

  6. sites.google.com sites.google.com
    1. This song seems to be about striving to be the best version of yourself and to be a master of all trades. The song talks about wanting to have the qualities of a fox, an ox, a hare, a bear, a bird, and more. It is about having a wide range of skills, talents, and personality traits in order to achieve greatness. The song also encourages listeners to view life in a positive manner and to recognize the beauty in everything around them. The song is ultimately a call to action to strive to be the best version of oneself and to never give up.

      This was copied and pasted from a website Bo En!

      https://www.songtell.com/lenka/everything-at-once

    1. The main idea of this song is to show that life isn't all butterflies and fairies and that people should at least have decency to be serious at times when it is required, I can infer that this song is trying to invoke a strong type of motivation and drive to whoever reads it as the writers want the readers to see the true side of life at times and that they should always be prepared for what's to come

      The main theme of the song is that a hero must be willing to sacrifice himself and his own needs for the greater good

    2. Who gon' pray for me? (Who gon' pray for me?)Take my pain for me? (Take my pain for me?)Save my soul for me? (Save my soul for me?)'Cause I'm alone, you see (I'm alone, you see)If I'm gon' die for you (if I'm gon' die for you )If I'm gon' kill for you (if I'm gon' kill for you)Then I'll spill this blood for you,

      Comment on the use of repetition!

  7. Feb 2023
    1. Our difficulty in believing the - for want of a better word - political inspiration of the Devil is due in great part to the fact that he is called up and damned not only by our social antagonists but by our own side, whatever it may be. The Catholic Church, through its Inquisition, is famous for culti-vating Lucifer as the arch-fiend, but the Church’s enemies relied no less upon the Old Boy to keep the human mind enthralled. Luther was himself accused of alliance with Hell, and he in turn accused his enemies. To complicate matters further, he believed that he had had contact with the Devil and had argued theology with him. I am not surprised at this, for at my own university a professor of history - a Lutheran, by the way - used to as-semble his graduate students, draw the shades, and commune in the classroom with Erasmus. He was never, to my knowledge, officially scoffed at for this, the reason being that the university officials, like most of us, are the children of a history which still sucks at the Devil’s teats. At this writing, only England has held back before the temptations of contemporary diabolism. In the countries of the Communist ideology, all resistance of any import is linked to the totally malign capitalist succubi, and in America any man who is not reactionary in his views is open to the charge of alliance with the Red hell. Political opposition, thereby, is given an inhumane overlay which then justifies the abrogation of all normally applied customs of civilized inter-course. A political policy is equated with moral right, and opposition to it with diabolical malevolence. Once such an equation is effectively made, society becomes a congerie of plots and counterplots, and the main role of government changes from that of the arbiter to that of the scourge of God.

      Miller continues to add that governments too used the idea of the Devil as a political tool- if one opposed a political policy, he would be deemed as being evil and having dealings with the Devil. He even goes as far as to posit that this seemed to change the role of a government, from that of an authority with the power to judge to something akin to God's right hand man, inflicting pain and punishment on those who dared opposed its policies.

      How does this link to the idea in Extract One where Miller states, "Long-held hatreds of neighbours could now be openly expressed, and vengeance taken... Land-lust... could not be elevated to the arena of morality... Old scores could be settled on a plane of heavenly combat between Lucifer and the Lord" (Act One, pg. 17)

    2. Dionysiac

      Originally, Dionysus was the Greek god of fertility. Later, he came to be known chiefly as the god of wine and pleasure. Here, the people saw sinful behaviour such as sexual sin as being Dionysiac in nature, something associated with the Devil.

    3. Coming into Salem now, Reverend Hale conceives of himself much as a young doctor on his first call. His painfully acquired armory of symptoms, catchwords, and diagnostic procedures are now to be put to use at last. The road from Beverly is unusually busy this morning, and he has passed a hundred rumors that make him smile at the ignorance of the yeomanry in this most precise science. He feels himself allied with the best minds of Europe - kings, philosophers, scientists, and ecclesiasts of all churches. His goal is light, goodness and its preservation, and he knows the exaltation of the blessed whose intelligence, sharpened by minute examinations of enormous tracts, is finally called upon to face what may be a bloody fight with the Fiend himself.

      The simile used to describe Reverend Hale, a "young doctor on his first call", conveys how eager and excited he is to be called in to investigate due to his expertise in witchcraft. He seems extremely confident, even a bit arrogant, in his education and knowledge of witches and his perceived ability to catch them.

    4. the necessity of the Devil may become evident as a weapon, a weapon designed and used time and time again in every age to whip men into a surrender to a particular church or church-state.

      Miller is suggesting that the Devil was a tool or scare tactic used by the church to compel people to yield to the church.

    5. Ours is a divided empire in which certain ideas and emotions and actions are of God, and their opposites are of Lucifer. It is as impossible for most men to conceive of a morality without sin as of an earth without “sky.”

      Miller suggests that the Devil exists merely to function as a diametrical opposite to God.

    6. Evidently we are not quite certain even now whether diabolism is holy and not to be scoffed at. And it is no accident that we should be so bemused.

      While Hale has “no doubt in his mind” that the Devil actually exists, Miller raises questions about the Devil’s existence. “diabolism” refers to dealings with or possession by the devil and Miller seems to be positing that the idea that a devil actually exists is a mockery and something almost laughable.

    7. Lucifer’s many-faced lieutenants

      The description of the Devil as having "many-faced lieutenants" suggests how Hale saw the Devil as something akin to a military opponent, someone that he wanted to take down in a battle.

    8. his searching scrutiny

      Diction suggests how Hale was thorough and relentless in his inspection and examination of witchcraft. He is portrayed as a man with great knowledge on and experience in witchcraft.

    9. a tight-skinned, eager-eyed intellectual. This is a beloved errand for him; on being called here to ascertain witchcraft he felt the pride of the specialist whose unique knowledge has at last been publicly called for. Like almost all men of learning, he spent a good deal of his time pondering the invisible world, especially since he had himself encountered a witch in his parish not long before.

      This first introduction to Reverend Hale presents him as an intellectual man who has not only studied witchcraft extensively but who also takes pride in and is smug about his knowledge and expertise.

    1. have a sense for heat, John, and yours has drawn me to my window, and I have seen you looking up, burning in your loneliness.

      Abigail continues to use imagery of animals in heat as a claim to show how Proctor had lusted after her.

    2. know how you clutched my back behind your house and sweated like a stallion whenever I come near!

      Abigail lashes out at Proctor after he rebuffs her advances and she uses a simile to compare his behaviour during a past adulterous encounter to that of a male horse in the act of mating.

    3. Abigail: Gah! I’d almost forgot how strong you are, John Proctor! Proctor, looking at Abigail now, the faintest suggestion of a knowing smile on his face: What’s this mischief here? Abigail, with a nervous laugh: Oh, she’s only gone silly somehow.Proctor: The road past my house is a pilgrimage to Salem all morning. The town’s mumbling witchcraft. Abigail: Oh, posh! Winningly she comes a little closer, with a confidential, wicked air. We were dancin’ in the woods last night, and my uncle leaped in on us. She took fright, is all. Proctor, his smile widening: Ah, you’re wicked yet, aren’t y’?[A trill of expectant laughter escapes her, and she dares come closer, feverishly looking into his eyes. You’ll be clapped in the stocks before you’re twenty. He takes a step to go and she springs in his path. Abigail: Give me a word, John, a soft word. Her concentrated desire destroys his smile. Proctor: No, no, Abby. That’s done with.Abigail, tauntingly: You come five mile to see a silly girl fly? I know you better. Proctor, setting her firmly out of his path: I come to see what mischief your uncle’s brewin’ now. With final emphasis: Put it out of mind, Abby.Abigail, grasping his hand before he can release her: John — I am waitin’ for you every night.Proctor: Abby, I never give you hope to wait for me.

      While there is a conspiratorial air between both Proctor and Abigail, stage directions show how Abigail wants to cosy up to Proctor while he is trying to set himself apart and away from Abigail.

    4. She is blackening my name in the village! She is telling lies about me! She is a cold, sniveling woman, and you bend to her!

      Abigail bears a grudge against Elizabeth Proctor. It's now clear that Abigail wanted to kill Elizabeth Proctor to have her teenage crush to herself.

    5. Abigail, with a bitter anger: Oh, I marvel how such a strong man may let such a sickly wife be –Proctor, angered, at himself as well: You’ll speak nothin’ of Elizabeth!

      Abigail is hurt and angry when Proctor says that their affair is over and she insults Elizabeth, infuriating Proctor.

    6. Abby, I may think of you softly from time to time. But I will cut off my hand before I’ll ever reach for you again. Wipe it out of mind. We never touched, Abby.

      Proctor admits he has some feelings for her, but says the affair is over

    7. Ah, you’re wicked yet, aren’t y’?[A trill of expectant laughter escapes her, and she dares come closer, feverishly looking into his eyes. You’ll be clapped in the stocks before you’re twenty. He takes a step to go and she springs in his path. Abigail: Give me a word, John, a soft word. Her concentrated desire destroys his smile. Proctor: No, no, Abby. That’s done with.Abigail, tauntingly: You come five mile to see a silly girl fly? I know you better. Proctor, setting her firmly out of his path: I come to see what mischief your uncle’s brewin’ now. With final emphasis: Put it out of mind, Abby.Abigail, grasping his hand before he can release her: John — I am waitin’ for you every night.Proctor: Abby, I never give you hope to wait for me.

      When Abigail insists he still loves her. Proctor admits he has some feelings for her, but says the affair is over. Here, Proctor's self-hatred regarding his affair with Abigail actually proves his morality: he hates himself for being immoral.

    8. Proctor: The road past my house is a pilgrimage to Salem all morning. The town’s mumbling witchcraft. Abigail: Oh, posh! Winningly she comes a little closer, with a confidential, wicked air. We were dancin’ in the woods last night, and my uncle leaped in on us. She took fright, is all.

      When Proctor is alone with Abigail, he mentions the town's rumors of witchcraft. Abigail dismisses them, steps closer to Proctor, and says it's all nothing more than mischief. Here, Proctor's outward morality hides his immoral thoughts and actions particularly with regard to his affair with Abigail.

    9. ow softening: You are no wintry man. I know you, John. I know you. She is weeping. I cannot sleep for dreamin’; I cannot dream but I wake and walk about the house as though I’d find you comin’ through some door. She clutches him desperately.

      Abigail has a strong desire for Proctor.

    1. the steady manner he displays does not spring from an untroubled soul. He is a sinner, a sinner not only against the moral fashion of the time, but against his own vision of decent conduct. These

      Proctor seems honest and upright on the surface.

    2. he had a sharp and biting way with hypocrites. He was the kind of man – powerful of body, even tempered, and not easily led – who cannot refuse support to partisans without drawing their deepest resentment. In Proctor’s presence a fool felt his foolishness instantly – and a Proctor is always marked for calumny therefore.

      Proctor is a stern, harsh tongued man who hated hypocrisy.

    3. it; I saw Indians smash my dear parents’ heads on the pillow next to mine

      Miller also balances this view of Abigail being a villainous character here by showing how she was an orphan who had to witness tragedy done unto her parents.

    4. I’ll fly to Mama. Let me fly! She raises her arms as though to fly, and streaks towards window, gets one leg out

      Coupled with the phrase “darts off”, the description of Betty here conveys how she appears to be like a frightened, skittish bird.

    5. Enter Mary Warren, breathless. She is seventeen, a subservient, naive, lonely girl. Mary Warren: What’ll we do? The village is out! I just come from the farm; the whole country’s talkin’ witchcraft! They’ll be callin’ us witches, Abby!

      The first introduction to Mary Warren is of her being more timid and afraid, to the point of wanting to expose the whole ruse.

    1. Do you ever feel like a plastic bagDrifting through the w

      The persona seems to be directing this song to a person whom she wants to encourage. In the initial part of the song, she asks if the person feels like "a plastic bag drifting through the wind". This simile that the persona uses seems to suggest that the person might be feeling quite worthless, just like a discarded plastic bag might be. It could further suggest that he or she might be feeling very empty inside without much of an anchor or a moor to ground him or her, exactly like a "plastic bag drifting through the wind"

    1. My name is good in the village! I will not have it said my name is soiled! Goody Proctor is a gossiping liar.

      Note here how Abigail too, like Parris, has a strong concern about her reputation. Both their concerns about their reputations reveal how Salem's Puritan society required people to act according to its rigid social and religious rules. A ruined reputation could mean a ruined life in Salem.

    2. But we never conjured spirits.

      Abigail holds back information, trying to make herself look as good and innocent as possible, although she's been caught doing something forbidden. Note how Abigail is able to beguile others.

    3. pressed, turns on her

      The use of the word "pressed" suggests that Parris is feeling stressed and under pressure about how to address the crowd and what to say to them.

    4. Uncle, the rumor of witchcraft is all about; I think you’d best go down and deny it yourself. The parlor’s packed with people,

      Abigail tells Parris about rumors that witchcraft caused Betty's fainting and that a crowd has already gathered downstairs in Parris's house. The gathered crowd suggests both a uniform social order asserting itself and the beginnings of hysteria.

    5. his Negro slave enters. Tituba is in her forties. Parris brought her with him from Barbados, where he spent some years as a merchant before entering the ministry. She enters as one does who can no longer bear to be barred from the sight of her beloved, but she is also very frightened because her slave sense has warned her that, as always, trouble in this house eventually lands on her back.

      The first introduction to Tituba portrays her in all her powerlessness, that her "slave sense has warned her that... trouble in this house eventually lands on her back" whether it is her fault or not.

    6. Thomas, Thomas, I pray you, leap not to witchcraft. I know that you – you least of all, Thomas, would ever wish so disastrous a charge laid upon me. We cannot leap to witchcraft. They will howl me out of Salem for such corruption in my house.

      Parris seems more concerned about his reputation that about seriously investigating if the girls were indeed engaging in witchcraft.

    7. They say you’ve sent for Reverend Hale of Beverly? Parris, with dwindling conviction now: A precaution only. He has much experience in all demonic arts

      Parris has sent for Reverend Hale, an expert on witchcraft, to determine whether Betty is indeed bewitched.

    8. Mrs. Putnam, with vicious certainty: I’d not call it sick; the Devil’s touch is heavier than sick. It’s death, y’know, it’s death drivin’ into them, forked and hoofed.

      Mrs Putnam reports that their daughter Ruth is as listless as Betty.

  8. Jan 2023
    1. Mrs. Putnam, very pleased with it: Why, it’s sure she did. Mr. Collins saw her goin’ over Ingersoll’s barn, and come down light as bird, he says!

      Rumors of witchcraft become belief in witchcraft: hysteria works by building upon irrational fear.

    2. as soon as the door begins to open: No—no, I cannot have anyone. He sees her. A certain deference springs into him., although his worry remains. Why, Goody Putnam, come in.

      Mrs. Ann Putnam barges into the room. Parris yells that no one should enter, but when he sees who it is, he invites her in. The Putnams evidently have influence in Salem and Parris craves their support.

    3. Parris, to the point: Abigail, is there any other cause than you have told me, for Goody Proctor dischargin’ you? I have heard it said, and I tell you as I heard it, that she comes so rarely to church this year for she will not sit so close to something soiled. What signified that remark?Abigail: She hates me, uncle, she must, for i would not be her slave. It’s a bitter woman, a lying, cold, snivelling, woman, and I will not work for such a woman!Parris: She may be. And yet it has troubled me that you are now seven month out of their house, and in all this time no other family has ever called for your service.Abigail: They want slaves, not such as I. Let them send to Barbados for that. I will not black my face for any of them! With ill concealed resentment for him: Do you begrudge my bed, uncle?Parris: No-no.Abigail, in a temper: My name is good in the village! I will not have it said my name is soiled! Goody Proctor is a gossiping liar.

      Parris asks Abigail why Elizabeth Proctor dismissed her from her job as an assistant in the Proctor household six months earlier. He's heard rumors Elizabeth now rarely comes to church because she refuses to sit near Abigail. Parris also expresses concern that since Elizabeth dismissed Abigail, no other family has hired her. Abigail says Elizabeth dismissed her because she refused to act like a slave, and that other women haven't hired her for the same reason. She says her reputation in the town is spotless, and calls Elizabeth a cold woman and a gossiping liar.

      Note here how the charge of witchcraft, a religious sin, is here linked to other vague social transgressions.

    4. Now look you, child, your punishment will come in its time. But if you trafficked with spirits in the forest, I must know it now, for surely my enemies will, and they will ruin me with it.

      Witchcraft isn't just a sin, it's a threat against Parris's job and reputation. He must control the rumors to save himself. The best way to control them is to deny them, or so he thinks at this point.

    5. Go directly home and speak nothin’ of unnatural causes

      Parris is trying to protect his reputation by stopping Susanna from talking about what she's seen in his house,

    6. he bid me tell you, that you might look to unnatural things for the cause of it.

      Susanna Walcott arrives with news that the town doctor can't figure out what's the matter and suggests Parris look for spiritual causes.

    7. TITUBA, already taking a step backward: My Betty be hearty soon?PARRIS: Out of here!TITUBA, backing to the door: My Betty not goin’ die...PARRIS, scrambling to his feet in a fury: Out of my sight! She is gone. Out of my

      When Tituba asks if Betty will be all right, Parris yells at her to get out of the room. Parris' treatment of Tituba reveals his selfish and angry character.

    8. Mrs. Putnam, very pleased with it: Why, it’s sure she did. Mr. Collins saw her goin’ over Ingersoll’s barn, and come down light as bird, he says!

      Mrs. Putnam claims someone saw Betty flying over a neighbour's barn.