A principle, which needs to be considered for possible adoption, is that the risk/benefit ratio applied in evaluating the safety and effectiveness ofenhancement techniques should be higher than that required for therapeutic interventions. Criterion for the use of this technology in the normal individual for purposes of enhancement should be placed at a higher level than the norms for review of devices to heal the sick.
So this should be mainly used to heal the sick.
What the ability to transfer mem-ories does is to enable this evolution of "self" across a much longer time than a single body might normally exist, possi-bly forever.
Where does the concept of self awareness apply?
Certainly, the cloned individual's individuality and uniqueness could be overwhelmed to such an extent that the new individual might simply be the ongoing previous individual now experiencing a new history; a clone's independent learning might evenbe suppressed to facilitate this.
What about the ability to be self aware?
uploaded minds would not age
While watching the movie this was something that concerned me.
Nonimplanted technologies are already being used to track children and thosewith dementia.
Didn't know about this, very interesting. Is this by like ankle monitors?
increasingly greater expectations.
Where is the limit?
involve questions of equity, access, and the costs of implementing this technology.
This is always something that needs to be considered.
This seemingly obvious distinction can be highly problematical, because, in reality, there is no bright line separating therapy and en-hancemen
A criteria must be established, but this is hard to construct.
The team working on replacing these functions of the hippocampus has copied its behavior, rather than waiting to understand its intricacies.
So it's just skipping a step....
The objective of these projects is to control robots and airplanes through thought alone.
This is a very far fetched goal that I am not entirely sure I want to see be achieved.
he first subject, a quadriplegic 25-year-old, was successfully implanted with a brain chip that enables him to check e-mail, play computer games, control a television, and turn lights on and off by thought alone.
This seems practical and not too extreme.
drive and navigate around spaces.
Kind of a scary thought because what if a chip malfunctions and one is unaware of where they are and are expected to drive a car blind?
effectiveness in clinical trials for treating depression. n4Systems for functional neuromuscular stimulation are being used experimentally in cases of spinal cord severage
Very broad range from depression to spinal cord severage. Mental health and physical help.
Knowing is not a rationale for not acting.
If we know something is dangerous, does that mean we wont do it?
The experiences of the atomic scientists clearly show the need to take personalresponsibility, the danger that things will move too fast, and the way in which a processcan take on a life of its own.
Again the idea of personal responsibility presents itself.
extinction risks
good question
with nuclear technology, it is far easier to create destructive uses fornanotechnology than constructive ones
But this is the case for everything created or developed now
But if we are downloaded into our technology, what are the chances that we will thereafterbe ourselves or even human?
HUGE QUESTION that needs to be answered
downloading our consciousnesses;
I apologize, but this just does not seem desirable to me in any sense. I don't crave to live forever.
that intelligent machines can do our work for us, allowingus lives of leisure,
The leisurely life is so desirable, but isn't it taking away some of our human nature to not want to have to do things ourselves?
Failing to understand the consequences of our inventions
It's hard to weigh both the advantages and disadvantages when you are so excited about something new and can potentially get credit for developing something new.
seductive
I don't think people would call a computers abilities seductive now because we are all so used to all of its abilities and take for granted everything it has to offer us. It isn't special anymore.
program that attempted to solve a problem, after which the machine quickly checked thesolution.
It is crazy how the perception of what a computer does now has evolved so drastically. Computers are not only thought to help solve problems, but to do and answer any question you have.
on to a surprising and terrible empowermentof extreme individuals
Evil and an abuse of power is an extreme concern, consider the evil the Nazis were able to get away with because of all the power they have attained.
Mostdangerously, for the first time, these accidents and abuses are widely within the reach ofindividuals or small groups. They will not require large facilities or rare raw materials.Knowledge alone will enable the use of them
How did everything change so drastically from the 20th century to the 21st century, not even in terms of just technology but in terms of attitudes as well.
Uncontrolled self-replication in these newer technologies runs a much greater risk: a risk of substantialdamage in the physical world
Nobody wants to see the same thing over and over, everyone craves something new and different, so I can see how this could become an issue.
bomb is blown up only once—but one bot can become many, and quickly getout of control.
Very good analogy to explain why people are concerned. It resonated with me.
"I'm as fond of my body as anyone, but if I can be 200 with a body of silicon,I'll take it."
A odd way of phrasing this. Sounds very creepy.
Biological species almost never survive encounters with superior competitors.
This has always been the case with survival of the fittest that we all learned in biology. In addition to the basic food chain. Those who are bigger have more prey and the smaller animals cannot compete with the bigger animals.
Unabomber.
A bit concerning that a unabomber was the author of this passage.
human control over the machines may be retained. Inthat case the average man may have control over certain private machines of his own, suchas his car or his personal computer, but control over large systems of machines will be inthe hands of a tiny elite—just as it is today, but with two differences.
We have control of these things in present day society, to some extent.
Such a choice can be difficult, and the choice you make can have a profound effect on the sort of person you become.
Again, CHOICES!!
By making that choice, you decided that certain values are more impor-tant than others.
Values do impact the decisions that people make and the actions that people take part in.
If a number of equally desirable actions are open to you, and you intention-ally decide to perform one of them, then, Balaguer claims, you are the cause of that action and can be held responsible for it.
I think intent is a very important thing to consider. A person should be held responsible for the choices they made.
compatibilism is based on a negative conception of freedom—you act freely as long as there are no external constraints on your action—libertarianism is based on a positive conception of freedom—you act freely as long as your action is up to you.
Another difference between compatibilism and libertarianism.
where your wants come from is irrelevant. Libertarians disagree.
Compatibilists and Libertarians have contradictory views because compatibilists believe that were wants originate do not matter, but libertarians believe they do.
Compatibilists
Compatibilists believe that acting freely is as simple as doing what YOU want to do.
acting freely requires deciding for yourself what desires you’re going to act on.
First time the concept of desires has been addressed.
libertarians,
Libertarians believe that some of our actions, our free actions in particular are controlled by ourselves because they are caused by ourselves.
For Einstein, our actions can be free only if we can want what we want, that is, only if we can determine what we desire.
What Einstein said, was not something he believed that an individual had the ability to do.
then neuroscience doesnot kill free will. Rather, it can help to explain our capacities tocontrol our actions in such a way that we are responsible for them.It can help us rediscover free will.
It isn't about killing free will its about recovering free will.
conscious thinking plays little or no role in quick orhabitual decisions and actions.
I think conscience thinking does have a role in quick or habitual decisions and actions because we are always calculating and thinking even if we aren't aware that we are doing it.
research by neuroscientists suggesting that non-consciousprocesses in our brain cause our actions, while conscious awarenessof what we are doing occurs later, too late to influence ourbehavior.
A very confusing concept to me.
“bypassing”
Bypassing is defined as the idea that our actions are caused in ways that "bypass" or avoid our conscious decisions.
That is, most people judge that youcan have free will and be responsible for your actions even if all ofyour decisions and actions are entirely caused by earlier events inaccord with natural laws.
If free will is all about how one is going to act in the future, then how does the past play a role in free will?
planning
This definition of free will is about planning and the future.
understanding wholes interms of their parts, without this suggesting the disappearance ofthe wholes.
There are smaller things that come together to make something greater and both the smaller things and the greater thing should be accounted for.
Free will is theclose cousin to the idea of the soul
How free will is related to the concept of soul.
It also turns out that simply exposing people toscientific claims that free will is an illusion can lead them tomisbehave, for instance, cheating more or helping others less.
It is important to factor in what telling people that "free will" is an illusion will do to society and how to will change peoples actions.
mean all behavior could potentially be excused?
Important question that needs to be answered!
Also I note that I amnot thefirst to propose that psychiatrists should be excluded fromthe initial court proceedings;
No psychiatrists in initial court proceedings makes sense.
hemust be aware of his wrongdoing at the time of the crime
I think admitting that you have done the wrong thing is a crucial and productive part of the judicial system.
I suggest that consciousness acts on behavior in a similar manner,such as to commonly reinforce the negative effects that are asso-ciated with antisocial behavior. Similarly, for some of us, con-sciousness heightens our desire to listen to music, for example, or towatch or participate in sporting activities. Whereas the impressionsare that we are making“free”conscious decisions, the reality is thatconsciousness is simply a state of awareness that reflects the inputsignals, and these are an unavoidable consequence of GES. Themechanistic details of these conscious processes are unknown, andremain the major unsolved problem in biology (31).
Just important information to understand.
Ourentire morality and judicial system is dependent on everyoneaccepting that they are agents of their own misdeeds,
But how will changing this view impact our judicial system in addition to our own abilities to take personal responsibility?
Like the steam whistle which signals but doesn’t causethe starting of the locomotive”
Good analogy.
“causal”difficulties
The causal difficulties with the view of free will from a biologists perspective.
consciousness is something that follows, and does not pre-cede, unconscious neural activity in the brain.
I need this explained...I understand that consciousness is something that follows and doesn't precede, but doesn't that contradict the following statement that follows unconscious neural activity in the brain?
rather thanbeing a means by which we influence behavior, is simply a mecha-nism by which wefollowunconscious neural activity and behavior.
One of the resolutions for the dilemma of consciousness.
This relationship is depicted in Fig. 1A,where consciousness,reflecting in part a force WILL, impacts in a causal way theunconscious neural activity of the brain and thus affects behavior.
A little bit confusing to me.
consciousness of free will
How does the idea of consciousness have a role in the concept of free will?
Searle has described free will as the belief“that wecould often have done otherwise than we in fact did”(15). A dif-ficulty with this definition is that it does not distinguish free willfrom the variability associated with stochasticism.
The issue with Searle's definition is that it does not separate free will from the changeability associated with stochasticism.
fortwo reasons:
Two reasons why the debate concerning the relative importance of genes and environment are inadequate are that 1. it ignores the question of responsibility
Schrodinger
He thought that the concept that the randomness that physicists were familiar with at the level of individual atoms was lacking information on the biological systems.
tochasticism
The definition of stochasticism
Also, it is often suggested that individuals are free tochoose and modify their environment and that, in this respect, theycontrol their destiny.
This is the particular view that I support.
“swerve atoms”
So there is some sort of physics involved with this concept?
Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle
A refresher on Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle: https://www.theguardian.com/science/2013/nov/10/what-is-heisenbergs-uncertainty-principle
He achieves the capacity to“swerve atoms”—arequirement for free will (as noted by Epicurus)—by taking the“magic of the soul,”afforded by the dualism of Descartes, andcombining it with Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle
What kind of dualism is this?
“surely I am more complicated than that!”
Even after taking classes like brain and behavior, I still think this.
It is my belief that, as more attention is given to the mechanismsthat govern human behavior, it will increasingly be seen that theconcept of free will is an illusion, and the fallacy of a basic premiseof the judicial system will become more apparent.
This belief scares me in the case of law and defense.
assumption that people can make choices that do not simply reflecta summation of their genetic and environmental history.
I agree with this. I think life is full of choices and options and its an individuals choice to some extent. I think if someone is presented with two choices one bad and one good, no matter their genes or environment they should be able to make the right choice.
an individualcannot be held responsible for either his genes or his environment.
The debate that is being presented in this article.
supposedlysuppresses the area of the brain involved in lying and makes a person lesscapable of not telling the truth
This scares me because what if the suppressed area can never be reactivated to its fullest again.
Unless courts found the tests to be shockinginvasions of privacy, like stomach pumps, witnesses could even becompelled to have their brains scanned. And equally vexing legal questionsmight arise as neuroimaging technologies move beyond telling whether ornot someone is lying and begin to identify the actual content of memories.
This is an extreme point but I am understanding why this point was made in order to prove how it would be intrusive.
“biologicalcriminality,”
Im not sure how sound this is. I dont think associating large jaws and brushy eyebrows as physical characteristics of criminals is the same as neuroscientists trying to find the factors in the brain associated with violence.
Causation can’tbe an excuse for someone who believes that responsibility is possible. Sinceall behavior is caused, this would mean all behavior has to be excused.”
Correlation vs causation. There is causation in question.
“brain overclaim syndrome”
An article on the brain overclaim syndrome
https://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1027&context=neuroethics_pubs
“There’s nothing new aboutthe neuroscience ideas of responsibility; it’s just another material, causalexplanation of human behavior,”
Why some people believe that the fears of neurolaw are overblown.
Should courts be in the business of deciding when to mitigatesomeone’s criminal responsibility because his brain functions improperly,whether because of age, in-born defects or trauma?
Good question...age makes the brain deteriorate.
ighted up
Repetition of the word lighting up
It is also possible that theprefrontal cortex is critical for attributing punishment, making the essentialdecision about what kind of punishment to assign,”
This is an interesting way to look at things.
“cognitiveliberty.”
so many new concepts are created to protect our brains
Lawyers routinely orderscans of convicted defendants’ brains and argue that a neurologicalimpairment prevented them from controlling themselves.
So if someones brain scans are abnormal due to numerous concussions that can be used to justify why someone was unable to control their actions?
brain isn’t functioning properly could be absolved of responsibility.
Isn't ADHD brain considered a brain that is not functioning properly?
whether it’s an unhappychildhood or an arachnoid cyst or both.
One can have occurred in the past while one can be occurring recently or currently.
whether it’s an unhappychildhood or an arachnoid cyst or both.
These are two very different things. How can they even be considered in the same realm or equivalents?
mental defect
I understand why a lawyer would use this as an excuse for someones actions, but I do not believe it is right.
The Court explained that the distinction between physi-cal and testimonial evidence relies less on the material formof the component that the test measures than it does on thetestimonial nature of the informational content that the test135uncovers.
Is this about reliability?
t does not make a legally decisive differencethat blood and urine tests measure human functioning fromwithin the subject’s body, while neuroscience tests mea-sure functioning from outside.
Neuroscience tests measure functioning from the outside, while blood and urine tests measure human functioning from the inside. Although one is more physically invasive, it does not make a legally decisive difference.
physical tests that aim to re-veal the contents of his blood2or urine.
Do these physical tests also include a rape kit?
“reasonable expectation of pri-Q3vacy” any time that law enforcement agents seek informa-tion about subjects’ inner bodily processes.
Did not know this before reading this paper. From watching SVU I did not think one needed a warrant in order to ask someone to do a rape kit for example.
neuroimaging evidence is little different, inprinciple, from commonly accepted forms of physical evi-dence, such as blood tests, breathalyzer tests, or fingerprint
Important information as to why neuroimaging is different because they intend to reveal the lies in sensory recall and perceptual recognition of facts or the state of past events.
“Brain Fingerprinting,”
Good analogy for EEG
."Itwouldcertainlyrepresentaninvasionofprivacy,"
malevolence
Thescannersarehugeandthereforenotportable,andaslightshakeofthehead–letaloneoutrightrefusaltobescanned–candisrupttheprocedure.
The obstacles for the use of fMRIs are that it is not portable and extremely sensitive.
fMRIinlocal,state,andfederalagencies,aswellasinthemilitary.
The markets where fMRI will be most used.
Thecommitteerecommendedthevigorouspursuitofothermethodsofliedetection,includingfMRI
Need something more reliable than the polygraph when it comes to national security.
nsuranceindustry.
The insurance industry could really benefit from this type of technology.
whenyou'retellingthetruth,thisareaisasleep.Butwhenyou'retryingtodeceive,thesignalsareloudandclear
caudate is awake when one is lying or deceiving, but its asleep when one is telling the truth.
Crucially,theareasofmybrainassociatedwithemotion,conflict,andcognitivecontrol–theamygdala,rostralcingulate,caudate,andthalamus–were"hot"whenIwaslyingbut"cold"whenIwastellingthetruth
wow, what a weird distinction between the two
Iplungedeeperanddeeperintoconfabulation,recallingincidentsthatneverhappened,whiletryingtomaketheeventsseemutterlyplausible.
This could be beneficial for actors and actresses attempting to get into character for a movie or show.
Thepolygraphiswidelyconsideredunreliableinscientificcircles
Important information
health professionals lying to their patients is hugely unethical
I agree, lying in general is unethical, but one should be able to trust their heath care professionals and there shouldn't be any deception.
In fact, whereas 41% of respondents said it would generally be unacceptable for a therapist to treat them in this way if they were obese, 48% said that it would beacceptable
What were their reasons for saying that it wasn't acceptable for a therapist to treat them this way if they were obese?
obesity
I had never thought about it helping with something like obesity, this could also be good for those who struggle with anorexia and other eating disorders.
“False Memory Diet.”
https://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/11/magazine/falsememory-diet-the.html Here is another New York Times article about the False Memory Diet
yoghurt
Why is yogurt spelt like this?
a seed that grows into a more and more detailed recollection each time we think about it
I can see how this is true, sometimes I find myself having to convince myself that something really didn't happen because it felt so real when it occurred in my dream.
brainwashed you without your consent
I am not sure if I would call it brainwashing. I would only be outraged if nobody would believe me when I told people that this fictional event happened.I would be confused as to why I felt something really occurred but nobody could believe it was real.
propranolol does not erase memories, it only dampens the link
Propranolol DOESN'T erase, DAMPENS the link
radical changes of memories or qualitative identities and disruptions of the unified self image threaten numerical personal identity.
I feel as though it is hard to determine a threat to numerical personal identity.
disrupted or altered identity is the person’s qualitative and not their numerical identity.
Confusing to me.
personal qualitative identity changes through time
Evolution of ones personal identity.
qualitative identity and numerical iden-tity.
Qualitative versus quantitative essentially. Descriptions versus numbers. But what is numerical in the case of identity?
ambiguity of the term personal identity.
There is no answer because everything is up to interpretation.
personal identity.
What makes up ones personal identity?
depend on individual memories have a universal value common to all humankind, and we are re-sponsible for conserving our memories even if they are uncomfortable
Again, Holocaust survivors are so brave in sharing their traumatic experiences so mankind doesn't forget what happened in the past and how they survived and how there has been change and growth. Forgetting is allowing for those who inflicted pain on people to get away with it as well.
violate post-traumatic growth
How can one have post-traumatic growth at all after if the drug erases the traumatic experience? How can one be expected to address a traumatic event if it has been half erased ?
violates people’s right
Big concern when there is claims of something violating the rights of people, raises a big red flag.
PTSD has come to be recognized as a social prob-lem
A social problem and not an individual battle or problem?
erasure
Within all three articles they use different synonyms for this word which is interesting.
enhance
"enhance" not change or alter
evidence not only for oneself but for others
Respect would be lost. I know that respect is gained and earned by proving that you can overcome things and solve things.
forgiveness
Individuals should be in control of their choice and ability to forgive.
rob the userof the ability to grow from experience.
Again, adversity leads to growth in most cases. If everyone did this how would anyone learn to move forward and address issues head on instead of avoiding them.
self-deception wouldbe to change our knowledge of who we are: a soldier whoforgot what he did during a war (or even that he participatedin the war)
But this is forgetting who he is and what he has accomplished. The other night I was watching a show on the Holocaust and it had people who survived tell their stories and although it was painful it was very productive for them to educate others and process that what they survived impacted who they are today. They survived and pushed through all of their turmoil and now they have the opportunity to tell their stories because they want to tell them.
even self-deceptionmay be important to maintaing psychological stability
Ignorance is bliss.
there’s not yet proof that underlyingemotions can be deleted along with memories
Emotion may play a bigger role than memories.
amnesiacs,
The definition of amnesiac https://www.vocabulary.com/dictionary/amnesiac
preserved in our subconscious
Many people experience their traumatic experiences over and over again within their dreams.
“Memories make upour identity, including our personalities, and in some important ways, we areour memories so if we lost or changed our memories we would be differentpeople.
This is definitely the stance I would take on this subject. I wouldn't want to lose myself. I believe that adversity really does lead to growth if it is addressed in a productive manner. But I understand that this is not the case for everyone, everyone copes with things differently and situations differ drastically.
function.
I understand why people would want to do something like this if they are unable to function "normally'. Such as if their traumatic experience causes them to be unable to provide for their family because they cannot return to work.
(thereby obstructing the ability to recall memories)
But are rats even capable of producing as vivid of memories as humans, do rats even have personalities that could be potentially altered? If they do have personalities, what it responsible for determining them?
Those who were treated with ECT performed no better than ifthey had simply taken a guess.
My concern with this is what if people do this for the wrong reasons. Like what if someone who has the financial means to have these tests performed have them performed on someone and does it with bad intent. I feel as though this can be used to get people with higher social status or substantial financial means to get themselves out of trouble by essentially brain washing others so they cannot remember enough to testify.
it is possible to target and disruptpatients' memory of a disturbing episode.
I understand that people would love to block out traumatic memories and it could be extremely beneficial but I really feel as though experiences shape who people are, I think people should have the opportunity to do this, but at the same time, where is the line drawn?
ECT is now being used to alter and destroy memories.
What type of memories have they been able to destroy?
assumed a peculiar expression, whichwas one of pleasure rather than pain
Facial expressions can be very indicative of the way one is feeling.
Freud discovered had more to do with psychologicaltrauma than physical illness
This is a very interesting discovery made by Freud.
But if CEDs are known not to lead to significant harm, then there can be no reason to apply such heavy restrictions to their availability among the healthy.
But isnt there a concern of abuse?
nhancing one area of the brain we are most likely sacrificing the natural optimal functioning of another.
Important aspect to highlight. I wonder what taking drugs for ADHD does to the other parts of the brain.
Cognitive enhancement is not new.
I think that cognitive enhancement is new.
blind to unfairness in the ultimatumgame
Imagine if humans were blind to ultimatums.
emotional contagion
This is a very good word. When making someone else upset, one is more remorseful when the other person cries and gets emotional.
In human populations, however, there seems tobe the mixture of moral goodness and badness which makes tit-for-tat optimal.
I suppose there really does need to be a balance within the world.
anger,
I would think this would be more about revenge.
‘tit-for-tat’.
A concept that is very relevant in todays society. If someone else can say it or do it, why shouldn't I be able to do the same thing.
philosophers like Arthur Schopenhauer thought thataltruism in the shape of compassion (‘Mitleid’) was the ground of morality.
I think that this an interesting and true point about altruism.
It is obvious that moral enhancement bytraditional, cultural means — i.e. by the transmission of moral instruction and knowledgefrom earlier to subsequent generations — has not been anything like as effective andquick as cognitive enhancement by these means.
This is kind of sad to see how the world has changed.
growth ofscientific knowledge is desirable at the present point of time, or in the near future.
This is a great question. I think that the growth of scientific knowledge for mild debilitating is very desired at this point in time.
modafinil
What is the difference between this drug and Vyvanse that is used for people with narcolepsy?
pre- and perinatal enhancement.
This is so odd, but very interesting. Can they do this for humans as well?
It bears repeating that this development has occurred without any significant biologicalor genetic change in respect human cognitive faculties, for we are only now beginningto acquire the means of effecting such changes.
This is all such new and unfamiliar territory.
cognitive enhancement of all of us which makes us more proficientin fulfilling our aims must be for the best of all of us on the whole. But we shall arguethat this is not true in all circumstances. And even if the expected utility of cognitiveenhancement outweighs its expected disutility, there may be important reasons not topursue or employ it, reasons to do ultimately with the very survival of humanity itself.
While reading the other articles, this thought crossed my mind. What are the reasons to or not to try cognitive enhancement?
enables us to realize our ends more effectively and reliably.
I do not know if one can really identify this themselves.
brain’s chemistry does affect our moral behavior, thequestion of whether that balance is set in a natural way or bymedical intervention will make no difference in how freely we act
I think that whether the balance is set in a natural way or by medical intervention will have a difference in how freely we act.
The causes of the difference in their behavior must lie in the ratsthemselves.
I think this is the same thing for humans, I think a lot of the ways in which one behaves in situations like this is dependent on the ways in which one was raised. Maybe some of the rats had siblings and had to share.
Evenwhen the free rats could eat up all of a quantity of chocolate beforefreeing the trapped rat,
Humans normally will take advantage of the situation first and then let others in on things. Even if the rat ate all the chocolate and was selfish, in the end they are doing the right thing by helping the other rat. A lot of humans will not even give others the same opportunities that they have had, but rats will?
seminary students on their way to give a lectureabout the parable of the Good Samaritan would, if told that theywere running late, walk past a stranger lying moaning beside thepath.
This seems crazy to me. I do not think class is a good enough excuse to ignore someone lying on the ground showing signs that they are hurt or injured. I feel as though people justify their lack of actions with ridiculous excuses.
balance interests
IMPORTANT, can interests be balanced?
In terms of the employee liberty to use and discloseneurointerventions, there is currently no restriction on anemployee volunteering anyand all information abouttheir medical history or what drugs they may be taking.
So employees do not have to disclose any of their medical information to their employer ever?
he definition of an impairment alsodoes not include common personality traits such as poorjudgment or a quick temper where these are not symptoms of amental or psychological disorder. Environmental, cultural, oreconomic disadvantages such as poverty, lack of education, ora prison record’’ are also not protected categories.
Important information on the definition of impairment and who the ADA does and doesn't protect.
These are where enhancing and modifyingtechnologies can make a difference and where it is possiblethat either an employer could make a qualification for thejob high enough or specific enough that no unmodifiedperson could make the cut or that an employee couldmodify themselves enough that they would outstripeveryone in the normal pool of job applicants in meetingthe stated qualifications.
This concept seems extremely concerning.
However, the ADA does allow an employer to‘‘make preemployment inquiries into the ability of anapplicant to perform job-related functions.’’
So you have to hire someone to see how they work and if they dont work proficiently then you can fire them without any issues from the ADA?
The ADA provides thatemployers shall not ‘‘discriminate against a qualifiedindividual on the basis of disability’’
Is ADHD considered a disability covered by the ADA?
From hiring to managing, businesses would be interested inneurointerventions because they potentially offer ways todo better work, more work, at lower costs, with moreprofits, in a better social environment.
Employers used to look at these aspects in new and advanced technologies that could be used to increase productivity from an external standpoint, but now they are looking to control the way in which an employees brain is functioning.
The developing ability to modify our cognitive traits opensup a host of concerns about what should be allowed andwhat should be prevented.
Yes, where is the line drawn. To what extent is one expected to be truthful about one's natural abilities and what would be considered lying.
These technologies could be used toaugment an employee’s performance (faster data access,increased vision and hearing) or to monitor employees forhealth or crime prevention (recording heart rate, galvanic skinresponse, location, activity levels)
I would not have considered the apple watch as one of the neuro-interventions. So many people have them now.
Scalable technology would workwith what the applicant or employee already has.
This seems as though it would be very difficult to do.
This termcovers nearly any use of a neuroscientific or neurotech-nological technique to alter what has previously been thelimits of employment-related assessment, selection, andmodification.
What the term neuro-intervention covers.
It should be noted herethat one should not assume that what an employer might beinterested in would always be the virtue. In some cases—say, a human resources manager responsible for evaluatingand firing workers—being empathetic might not be desired,whereas being dispassionate would be.
Important information, but a little confusing.
Communication skills
The ability to communicate is extremely important within business whether it be verbally communicating or body language.
Intellectual skills
Depending on the job, these skills should be valued over social skills. Not even being smart, but the ability to absorb information, learn, and complete tasks quickly. These intellectual skills have a lot to do with the ability to perform in an effective and productive way without being guided.
Pivot points for this processinclude job creation, laying out what tasks need to beperformed and what traits and abilities an employee wouldneed to perform that job; hiring, including screening can-didates, measuring qualifications, and ranking applicants;evaluating performance, including assigning work, train-ing, promoting, reprimanding, and firing.
This is an example of why people are so competitive.
nteract as applicant, employee, and employer and thevarious considerations that are relevant in those interac-tions.
It is important too look beyond productivity levels in their work and look how they are interacting with the surroundings of their job
Taking these interaction points as our guide, we willlay out the ways in which neurotechnology could alter theextent, nature, speed, and culture of employment.
I never thought to look at interactions between employees, I only ever thought to look at interactions between the employee and their work
From medical professionals inter-ested in improving health, to legal professionals interestedin detecting competence, to the general populace’s interestin improving mood, alertness, and memory,
I did not think think that ADHD drugs improved ones mood
Because the benefits it provides vary significantly fromperson to person, this may mean that a person who isbest without the technology may not the best when this isactivated.
Can one determine whether this prior to using the technology?
when brain stimulation is used to enhancecognition, there is currently little understanding about howsafe such stimulation is for use on a regular basis and forprolonged time intervals
This is an important factor to consider because some people do not understand there are limits and things should be done in moderation.
(a) how each technology/application has developed inthe last two decades; (b) the number of publications or researchstudies using each technology for the different applications;(c) the predictions made i
The current state of the art and probable future developments of different neuroscience technologies and human augmentation applications were predictions based on these factors.
ecent successes include thedevelopment of neuroprosthesis that can improve memoryencoding and retention
Improving memory is so important in present day because of Alzheimers.
Moreover, they showed thatwith the collaborative approach every group member makes acontribution to the overall performance of the group.
This surprised me because normally in a group there is one person that takes over and takes more responsibility.
brain-to-brain communication has been used to transmitinformation between individuals in a collaborative task, againby combining EEG and TMS. InJiang et al. (2018), for example,groups of three individuals collaborated to accomplish a Tetris-like game. In that case, two senders transmitted informationremotely about whether to rotate a block to a receiver whowas conveyed the information via TMS on the occipital lobe.
Wow, very cool. Have not heard of this.
Evidence suggests that only a relatively smallportion of participants can achieve high levels of performance,with some being completely unable to control mu rhythms
Is it worth going through this process if only a small portion of participants can achieve high levels of performance?
xperimental
Is FUS still considered experimental because the safety of the procedure is still in question and there has only been recent human experimentation?
Firstly, the coils do not allowfor very precise focusing of the electromagnetic wave. Thisresults in a resolution of at least 1 cubic centimetre of braintissue. Secondly, it is impossible to stimulate deeper structureswithout the concurrent stimulation of shallower ones. Finally,TMS is quite bulky, hence not suitable for mobile applications
The two reasons why current TMS designs are limited. This is important information.
A limitation of invasive recording tools is that theytypically cover only very limited regions of the brain, althoughvery recent advances (Qiao et al., 2016; Pesaran et al., 2018) havestarted to make it possible to look at much wider areas.
Why can these invasive reading tools only cover limited reasons of the brain?
lectroencephalography (EEG), functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), functional magnetic resonanceimaging (fMRI), and magnetoencephalography (MEG).
Learned a lot about this non-invasive technologies within the class brain and behavior.
mong these isthe degree of invasiveness—i.e., to what extent a technologyrequires introduction of instruments into the body—as wellas other practical factors, including how portable or expensivetechnologies are, which influence their usability in everyday lifefor human cognitive augmentation.
Both the relevant factors and questions to be asked about these techniques.
human enhancement applications inthe areas of communication, cognitive enhancement, memory,decision making, attention monitoring/enhancement, situationawareness, social interactions, and complex problem solving.
So cognitive enhancement and human enhancement are similar in the way in which they address memory, decision making, and problem solving .
cognitiveenhancementwe mean the improvement of the processes ofacquiring/generating knowledge and understanding the worldaround us. Such processes encompass attention, the formationofknowledge, memory, judgement and evaluation, reasoning andcomputation, problem solving and decision making, as well as thecomprehension and production of language.
Definition of cognitive enhancement. Important to know to understand what the technologies will be improving.
irstly, we survey the mainneuroscience technologies for both observing and influencing brain activity, which arenecessary ingredients for human cognitive augmentation. We also compare and contrastsuch technologies, as their individual characteristics (e.g., spatio-temporal resolution,invasiveness, portability, energy requirements, and cost) influence their current andfuture role in human cognitive augmentation. Secondly, we chart the state of theart on neurotechnologies for human cognitive augmentation, keeping an eye bothon the applications that already exist and those that are emerging or are likely toemerge in the next two decades.
What the paper is aiming to accomplish.
A lot of people worry that the widespread use of cognitive enhancement will mean raised standards in the classroom and in the workplace.
I cannot help but think this as well.
lethal viruses that we don't have much immunity to, or a small terrorist group can acquire some plutonium and put it in a municipal water supply and kill lots of people. So in one way this is a more general problem about how powerful our
This is very true and very dangerous. It is peoples jobs mutate a disease in order to see how dangerous and contagious a disease can become. Think about what if everyone had that specialized knowledge and how out of control things could get.
serious problems of inequality
This is an important point to be made.
this line of development, there would be an apelike creature walking on all fours, then you see a Neanderthal walking partly upright, and then you see a human being walking fully upright, and then that's the end. There's no indication that things could get better or worse after that.
It is still like this to this day. There really is no indication if things will evolve any further. Did evolution end? Are we supposed to continue to evolve?
antithetical t
the definition of antithetical https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/antithetical
"neuro-myths"
"neuromyths" : are when scientists distort or embellish their findings in the name of publicity
memory.
How would this impact people with dementia?
oantidepressantsto improve mood.
So where is the line drawn?
“The desire for cognitive enhancement is very strong, maybe stronger than for beauty, or athletic ability.”
I agree with this statement because athletic ability and beauty is fleeting and only lasts so long, but the desire to have cognitive enhancement is so strong because it can secure you a job or a lifestyle that can last someone a lifetime.