Zero effort means, to the government,that nothing is being done by the P.I

ORCAcannot write proposals

key players

Gift monies may support a variety of research and creative activities, but are not generally managed by ORCA

always wise to phone or write to the agency or foundation before actually writing

Requests for Proposals (RFP

general principles

no limit to the amount of external research funding that can be accepte

leadership responsibilities are widely distributed

establishing a positive school structure and culture

influencing the goals of the school, and setting a clear vision

what makes an effective school leader

(1) Qualities of effective leadership (2) Principal's establishing a vision and setting goals (3) Principals positively impacting school culture (4) Principals leading distributed leadership systems (5) and personal traits of the effective principal.

http://www.yale.edu/yalelj/112/BenklerWEB.pdf

 A Conversation about Learning Objects

By enabling students to DO things with RESOURCES that weren’t previously possible or practical (ENABLE new pedagogies)

Open means “free plus 5R permissions.”

Hattie is a good first source

Students LEARN as a result of the things they DO

outline-y

Powerful examples of open pedagogy will give faculty a specific, direct, even selfish reason to adopt OER

Making progress in open pedagogy is also critically important to winning the long-term OER adoption battle

what can I do pedagogically if I don’t have to worry about copyright

There is nothing about OER adoption that forces innovative teaching practices on educators

one’s pedagogy magically change to take advantage of the capabilities of the internet

They are choosing to ignore

Show a variety of worked examples. If this is the first time you’re using this valuable assignment, use the OER that you’ve compiled to support student learning as your examples. Talk students through the process of selecting existing resources and remixing them into something that specifically supports their learning. If you have existing student work that you can show, even better

Teacher Clarity

Teacher Student Relationships

suck value out of the world

effective teaching and learning

improvement in learning may even be detectable when comparing learning in the population before OER adoption with learning in the population after OER adoption

openness more generally

26.8

3,385,200

the professional devel- opment currently available to teachers is woefully inadequate.

video observations

Professional development is a key to reforms in teaching and learning

Garet et al.’s (2001) critical features of content, time span, active learning, coherence, and work with colleagues

individual teacher characteristics, such as experience, knowledge, beliefs, and attitudes

teacher change (e.g., that professional development alters teacher knowledge, beliefs, or practice

activ-ities that “improve and increase teachers’ knowledge of theacademic subjects the teachers teach” (content focus) and that “are . . . sustained [and] intensive” (duration) and “are aligned with and directly related to state academic content standards, student academic achievement standards, and assessments” (coherence).

Collective participation

Duration

Coherence

Active learning

Content focus.

(a) content focus, (b) active learning, (c) coherence, (d) duration, and (e) collec-tive participation.

ongoing, con-tinuous, and embedded in teachers’ daily live

Paul Cobb’s (1994) statement that “learning should be viewed as both a process of active individual construction and a process of enculturation into the . . . practices of wider society”

“any activity that is intended partly or primarily to prepare paid staff members for improved performance in present or future roles in the school districts

continuing development and learning of teachers as one of the keys to improving the quality of U.S. school

one merely has to show the theft to prove the loss

patents are a tolerated monopoly

driving it down to what avoidance of procedural hassle would justify

scheme

may and should be recorded in the U.S. Copyright Office

It is legal in several countries including the United Kingdom and the United States to produce alternative versions (for example, in large print or braille) of a copyrighted work to provide improved access to a work for blind and visually impaired persons without permission from the copyright holder

the purpose and character of one's use the nature of the copyrighted work what amount and proportion of the whole work was taken, and the effect of the use upon the potential market for or value of the copyrighted work.

However, in countries that implement moral rights, a copyright holder can in some cases successfully prevent the mutilation or destruction of a work that is publicly visible

can make determining the duration of a given copyright somewhat difficult

many copyright disputes are settled by a direct approach to the infringing party in order to settle the dispute out of court

U.S. law requires that the fixation be stable and permanent enough to be "perceived, reproduced or communicated for a period of more than transitory duration

Work for Hire

Copyright laws are standardized somewhat through these international conventions such as the Berne Convention and Universal Copyright Convention

historian Eckhard Höffner argues that the absence of copyright laws in the early 19th century encouraged publishing, was profitable for authors, led to a proliferation of books, enhanced knowledge, and was ultimately an important factor in the ascendency of Germany as a power during that century

The original length of copyright in the United States was 14 years, and it had to be explicitly applied for. If the author wished, they could apply for a second 14‑year monopoly grant, but after that the work entered the public domain, so it could be used and built upon by others

Generally, copyright is enforced as a civil matter, though some jurisdictions do apply criminal sanctions

not the underlying ideas themselves

This is usually only for a limited time

and to any derivative works,

This language may mean that Internet service providers are not liable for the infringing communications of their users

It is not clear what this may mean for determining "country of origin

March 1989

copyright exists the moment a work is "fixed

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8

James Boyle

some free thing I download off the internet can be as effective in supporting learning as expensive, professionally produced resources

ok to skim)

the manner in which OER use encouraged sharing and collaboration between educators will have its influence felt at one or two degrees removed

Unsurprisingly a majority of educators (73.1%, n=264) believed that using OER saves students money; a smaller percentage of students (60.9%, n=196) agreed with educators, however librarians were mainly undecided (51.2%, n=83)

The question here asked educators their views on the impact of OER use on their own teaching practices: 64.3% (n=620) said that they used a broader range of teaching and learning methods; 59.4% (n=558) agreed that they reflected more on the way that they teach; 44.5% (n=416) that they more frequently compared their own teaching with others; 40.3% (n=262) that they now used OER to develop their teaching. Data from other questions in the surveys also revealed that 32.8% (n=363) of educators say they have written a blog post in the last year, 14.3% (n=121) have added comments to a repository suggesting ways of using a resource, and 23.8% (n=201) commented on the quality of a resource.

OER is not going to be a make or break issue of retention. It is not a panacea for at-risk students.

I tend to share my materials more freely than before

openness as virus

I went from being horrible in AP Biology to actually reading these and went from a D 66% up to a A 90% so far.

increased students’ experimentation with new ways of learning

oermap.org

and/or institutions

Performance: Use of OER leads to improvement in student performance and satisfaction

Promote continuous improvement of instruction and personalized learning

improving efficiency, cost and quality of production

opening access to knowledge

several additional resources

Open Education Group Faculty Survey

OER Research Guidebook

Even if the use of OER materials do not significantly increase student learning outcomes, this is a very important finding. Given that (1) students and teachers generally find OER to be as good or better than traditional textbooks, and (2) students do not perform worse when utilizing OER, then (3) students, parents and taxpayers stand to save literally billions of dollars without any negative impact on learning through the adoption of OER.

In no instance did a majority of students or teachers report that the OER were of inferior quality

blogs featuring OER

17% said it was worse

most faculty remain unaware of OER

He is the author of over thirty peer-reviewed articles and eight books

When students can become coauthors of those materials, what changes in the way they engage?

we will research the statewide roll out of these texts

The USOE has also undertaken an open textbooks initiative in secondary mathematics

state’s instructional materials review process

we should exercise extreme caution in generalizing results beyond the population sampled or assuming this pattern of gains would happen in other locations.

Alternatively, gains could be explained by the effect that the process of open textbook adoption may have had on teachers. Teachers who feel increased autonomy or investment in open textbooks might teach better, even if the quality of the texts is roughly equal

ability to annotate their books, which may, in turn, increase comprehension

which teachers can continue to revise and improve as part of their professional development activities

However, when a school or district makes the move to printed open textbooks they can achieve significant savings over traditional textbook adoptions, allowing them to begin saving for the transition to devices. This initial period during which teachers use open textbooks in print can provide teachers with the opportunity to become familiar with the new textbooks in a familiar format and begin the process of revising and improving the books.

adopting open textbooks combats the deskilling of teachers and reinstates them as skilled experts in both content and pedagogy

It would be premature to suggest that every teacher who remixes their own open textbooks would expect to see uniform improvements in student performance

the result that students using open textbooks demonstrated similar or slightly better learning outcomes may be important for science educators given budget constraints in secondary education

students using open textbooks generally scored modestly higher on the state CRTs than they would have using traditional textbooks

nor was free- and reduced-price lunch

We believed that any textbook effect that emerged as significant in the presence of ten such covariates would be reasonably un-confounded and trustworthy

mean of the distribution, which in the case of z scores, was zero

It was possible that teachers choosing to use the open textbook differed in systematic ways from teachers who chose to use traditional science textbooks

it is worth questioning whether perceptions of quality are reliably correlated with student learning

67% responded that the quality was about the same, and 41%

accurate in terms of content

perceptions

switching from traditional materials to OER can be daunting

OTTER)

outdated materials from being used in U.S. classrooms, where it is common to find textbooks that are 7–10 years old and contain outdated information

It may be that teachers that explore, use, and develop OER are systematically different than other teachers

The authors hope this study will encourage others to pursue similar research

23 %

essentially equivalent instructional designs in the OER and commercial textbooks

usiness 110

Business 110 and Biology 111, students in the treatment condition showed a significantly higher rate of completion than students in the control condition

21 %

87

thus indicating that OER could be substituted without any negative impact on learning

15.3 % said that traditional resources had superior efficacy.

majority of faculty members

students who were enrolled in OER versions of a reading course performed better than their peers who enrolled in the same course using non-OER materials

increased from 63.6 % in fall 2011 (when traditional learning materials were employed) to 68.9 % in fall 2012 when all courses were taught with OER

They concluded that students who used the open textbook achieved better grades in the course, had a lower withdrawal rate, and scored better on the final examination

no significant difference between the two groups

colleges instead choose to place students in educationally sub-optimal but significantly more affordable classes with many other students and a single instructor

should well view them with skepticism.

the core purpose of education is to support learning.

Thus one could argue that reducing textbook costs to zero could potentially increase persistence rates

greater financial resources correlate positively with student persistence

55 % of teachers adopting OER reported that the open materials were of the same quality as the materials they had previously used, and 35 % felt that they were better.

50 % of students said that the OER textbooks were of the same quality as traditional textbooks and nearly 40 % said that they were better.

free open

OER-based Degrees

Retain – the right to make, own, and control copies of the content (e.g., download, duplicate, store, and manage) Reuse – the right to use the content in a wide range of ways (e.g., in a class, in a study group, on a website, in a video) Revise – the right to adapt, adjust, modify, or alter the content itself (e.g., change an example or translate the content into another language) Remix – the right to combine the original or revised content with other material to create something new (e.g., incorporate the content into a mashup) Redistribute – the right to share copies of the original content, your revisions, or your remixes with others (e.g., give a copy of the content to a friend)

grant users specific legal permissions

Degrees

are adopting mainly for flexibility to adapt the content and low costOther2

here's no one [from the OER space

K-12 educators report being aware of OER

121211 Final presentation vCorrected.pptx9However, users find it challenging to discover and use existing content

social studies

Research indicates OER is showing positive green shoots, but still has ways to go before reaching mainstream

User awareness

OER enriches

forces them to think in fresh ways about ancient techniques

forced us to rethink the educational process

Evaluation is key. Understanding what doesn't work is as important as recognizing success

intellectually entrepreneurial evolution, as opposed to overwhelming revolution

In studio teaching, lectures, recitations, and hands-on laboratories are merged into a single experience. Students work together in groups of nine per table in a specially equipped classroom. They make heavy use of computer simulations and visualizations. White boards are always available for impromptu discussions or explanations. Video projection screens make it possible to present and share materials in both impromptu and formal ways

We are proud of the many exceptional lecturers on our campus. They inspire students and organize knowledge wonderfully

appropriate commercial development as well

LIBRARIES

It is a form of academic publishing more than of teaching. It puts materials in the hands of others to use as they see fit

we must generate sufficient funding to provide a high level of service, making it as easy as possible for faculty members to convert their materials to a high-quality Web format

Higher education must learn from this

for-profit world

Use it to provide free access to the primary materials for virtually all our courses

time for substantial experimentation and calculated risks

provide access to the brightest young men and women regardless of their social and economic backgrounds

will remain an essential element of our society, providing the most intense, advanced, and effective education

leading institutional dinosaurs down a path to rapid extinction in a digital age

Support a spectrum of openness—Openness is a characteristic based on accessibility and responsiveness.

ust type it in (plus the system you are using) and instantly Google gives you pages and pages of fellow geeks who have encountered that same error code along with what it means and what to do about it. This has allowed, for example, a 60-year-old colleague to run a one-person software shop to confidentially master Java and Enterprise JavaBean (EJB). He was not going to go back to school; he accepted a task to build a system in EJB using Google as a primary (open) resource.

This is a rich tapestry of history games already, but how do they get used in history classes, if they do at all

We want to create a space where the teacher as entrepreneur—whether a certified schoolteacher, a home schooling parent, a librarian, a community center leader, or a retired professional can share and learn—share material, exercises for students, experiments, projects, portfolios of examples, etc

learning about learning

Although “open” is not in the name of this movement,

The initial results of this system indicate that it outperforms the best human tutors and reportedly reduces time to mastery by 60 percent or more

Most learning here happens experientially, often from their making decisions and having to live with and reflect on the consequences.

their multitasking capabilities allow them to switch contexts nearly instantly

In developing countries, adoption of mobile phones far exceeds adoption of PCs,

Millions of dollars exchange hands every week in member-to-member commerce in Second Life

To meet the staggering global demand for advanced education, a major university needs to be created every week

Today, there are over thirty million people who are fully qualified to enter a university, but there is no place available. This number will grow to over 100 million during the next decade

Explore roles for students in creating, enhancing, and adopting OER. Consider an “OER Corps” in which students receive training, small stipends, and prestige to assist in material preparation, enhancement, and use (especially in historically disadvantaged domestic communities and developing countries)

Sustainability

Extend the reach and impact of open courseware by encouraging the adoption and adaptation of open educational materials around the world

online science learning objects for K–12 science teachers.

more than 120 higher education institutions

Under these assumptions we estimate that of the total of $68 million in grants, $43 million has gone to the creation and dissemination of open content and $25 million into reducing barriers, understanding, and/or stimulating use. Of the total, about $12 million has gone to non-U.S. institutions primarily in Europe, Africa, and China for capacity building, translation, and/or stimulation of established institutions such as the Open University in the United Kingdom and Netherlands so they will be more aggressive in providing open content. About half of the $12 million has gone to enhance the ability of developing countries to take advantage of the open content and contribute to it