Bandura's Bobo doll experiment showed that children can learn aggressive behaviors through imitation, which is a key concept in social learning theory.

Jane Elliot's experiment was designed to teach children about the effects of discrimination by treating them differently based on eye color. It highlighted the impact of social constructs on behavior and attitudes.

Pavlov's experiments with dogs demonstrated classical conditioning, where a neutral stimulus (like a bell) becomes associated with a significant stimulus (like food), causing a conditioned response (salivation).

Archimedes' water displacement experiment is a classic example of using experiments to discover scientific principles. He discovered that the volume of water displaced is equal to the volume of the object submerged.

Experiments are a key part of scientific research because they allow us to test hypotheses and observe outcomes in a controlled way.

In a double-blind experimental design, neither the participants nor the researchers know who is receiving the treatment. This helps eliminate bias.

The Hawthorne effect occurs when participants alter their behavior because they know they are being observed.

A manipulation check is a test to ensure that your manipulation of the independent variable worked as intended.

Convenience samples are groups of participants that are easy to recruit, like undergraduate students. They are not always representative of the general population.

Field experiments are conducted in real-world settings, which gives them high external validity but makes them harder to control.

Pre-experiments are a preliminary step when you can't conduct a true or quasi-experiment. They are less rigorous and their claims to causality are weaker.

Quasi-experiments lack random assignment, which makes it harder to claim causation. They are often used when true experiments are not feasible.

True experiments are considered the gold standard in research because they involve random assignment and high control over variables.

Moderators are variables that can strengthen or weaken the relationship between the independent and dependent variables.

Mediating variables are factors that help explain the relationship between the independent and dependent variables. They act as a bridge in the causal chain.

A causal mechanism explains how or why the independent variable affects the dependent variable. It helps you understand the process behind the observed effect.

External validity is about whether the findings from your study can be applied to real-world settings. It's about the generalizability of your results.

Internal validity refers to how well you can be sure that the changes in the dependent variable are due to the independent variable and not other factors.

Random assignment means that participants are randomly placed into either the treatment or control group. This helps ensure that any differences between groups are due to the treatment and not some other factor.

Confounding variables are a type of extraneous variable that you haven't controlled for, and they can distort your results.

Extraneous variables are other factors that could influence the outcome of your experiment. It's important to control for these to ensure your results are valid.

The control group is crucial because it allows you to compare the effects of the treatment. This group does not receive the treatment or intervention.

The dependent variable is what you measure in the experiment. It's the outcome that you think will be affected by the independent variable.

The independent variable is the factor that you, as the researcher, manipulate or introduce to see its effect on the outcome.

When I say 'experiment,' you might think of a lab setting with Bunsen burners and beakers, but it can also refer to any study designed to test the impact of a treatment or intervention.

Even after you graduate, you can still use Google Scholar to find scholarly literature, though you may need to configure it for a different institution.

By setting up your Google Scholar settings and using the 'full text at UW' links, you can access articles through your university's subscriptions.

Some articles might be freely available online, especially if they are open access or government publications.

After requesting an article through interlibrary loan, you'll typically receive an email with a link to download the PDF within two business days.

You only need to set up your interlibrary loan profile once, and then you can easily request article scans in the future.

If an article isn't available, you can request it through your university's interlibrary loan service.

If an article isn't available online, Google Scholar can search your university's library catalog to check for availability.

Many articles will have a 'full text at UW' link, allowing you to access them for free through your university library.

You can also search by author name or limit your search to specific journals for more targeted results.

You can narrow your search results by specifying that the search terms must appear in the title of the articles.

The 'with at least one of these words' option is similar to using the OR Boolean operator in library databases.

The 'with all of the words' option in advanced search is similar to using the AND Boolean operator in library databases.

You can narrow your search by publication date and use advanced search options for more precise results.

Google Scholar's search options are more limited compared to specialized library databases.

If your university library has access to the journal, you'll get a link to the article directly from Google Scholar.

The 'full text at UW' link appears because you configured Google Scholar to recognize your university affiliation.

You might find different versions of an article, such as preprints, which can be useful if the final version is behind a paywall.

The 'related articles' feature can help you find similar articles, though it may not always be accurate.

Google Scholar provides citation formats like APA, which you can copy and paste for your references.

Google Scholar can return a large number of results, similar to what you might find in library databases.

Once set up, Google Scholar will show links to full-text articles available through your university library.

Follow these steps to configure your Google Scholar settings to link with your university library.

To access articles for free through your university, set up your Google Scholar settings to recognize your university affiliation.

Occasionally, you can find free versions of articles if the author has shared a draft or pre-print online.

Keep in mind that most academic articles are owned by the publishers, which means you might need to pay to access them.

Google Scholar is useful because it focuses only on academic and scholarly content, unlike a regular Google search.

You can go directly to Google Scholar by visiting scholar.google.com.

These are examples of major academic publishers whose content can be found on Google Scholar.

Google Scholar is a specialized search engine for finding academic and scholarly articles across various disciplines.

Factorial designs are useful because they allow researchers to investigate both the main effects of each independent variable and the interaction effects between them.

In a factorial design, independent variables are crossed to create all possible combinations of the levels of the variables, ensuring that all conditions (cells) are represented.

A basic factorial design includes two or more independent variables and one dependent variable.

Incomplete designs are more complex factorial designs where not all combinations of levels of the factors are present.

A three-way interaction involves three independent variables and examines how the effect of one variable depends on the levels of the other two variables.

A two-way interaction between diet and dosage would examine how the effect of dosage on migraine attacks might differ depending on the type of diet.

A two-way interaction between diet and gender would examine how the effect of diet on migraine attacks might differ between men and women.

The main effect of diet would be the individual effect of diet on the dependent variable (migraine attacks).

In this example, diet is another independent variable with two levels: normal diet and a diet eliminating all chocolate and red wine (no fun diet).

Higher order interactions involve more than two independent variables.

A two-way interaction involves two independent variables.

An interaction effect occurs when the effect of one independent variable depends on the level of another independent variable.

Main effects are the individual effects of each independent variable on the dependent variable.

A second independent variable (factor) can be added to the design, such as gender.

The dependent variable in this example is the number of migraine attacks.

In this example, the independent variable (dosage) has three levels: low, medium, and high.

This is an example of a research question that could be explored using a factorial design.

Independent variables, also known as factors, are the variables that are manipulated in an experiment to observe their effect on the dependent variable.

A factorial design is a type of experimental research design where multiple independent variables (factors) are investigated simultaneously.

Statistical thinking involves critically evaluating the methods and results of studies to determine their validity and reliability.

In vitro studies are conducted in a controlled environment outside of a living organism, such as in a petri dish.

Experimental studies can show causation because they involve manipulating variables, while correlational studies can only show relationships.

Correlation means that two variables are related, but it does not imply that one causes the other.

In statistics, 'significant' means that the results are unlikely to have occurred by chance, but it doesn't necessarily mean the effect is large or important.

A placebo control group receives a fake treatment, which helps researchers determine the actual effect of the treatment being studied.

Statistical tests are used to determine if the results of a study are significant and not due to random chance.

John Bohannon's study was designed to expose flaws in both academic publishing and journalism by showing how easily bad science can be turned into big headlines.

A control group is essential for comparing results, and randomization helps eliminate bias, making the study more reliable.

Case studies involve in-depth analysis of a single case or a small number of cases, while observational studies involve observing subjects without manipulating any variables.

This highlights how contradictory studies can be, which can confuse readers about what to believe.

Knowledge gap theory suggests that as the infusion of mass media information into a social system increases, segments of the population with higher socioeconomic status tend to acquire this information at a faster rate than the lower status segments, thus widening the gap in knowledge between these segments.

The theory of planned behavior is a theory that links beliefs and behavior, suggesting that individual behavior is driven by behavioral intentions where intention is a function of attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control.

Civic online reasoning is the ability to effectively search for, evaluate, and verify social and political information online.

The third-person effect is the hypothesis that people tend to perceive that mass media messages have a greater effect on others than on themselves.

Epistemic uncertainty refers to uncertainty that arises from a lack of knowledge or information.

The illusory truth effect is the tendency to believe false information to be correct after repeated exposure.

Inoculation theory is a social psychological theory that explains how exposure to a weak form of an argument can make individuals more resistant to stronger forms of that argument.

The O-S-O-R model is a framework in communication research that explains how individuals' orientations (O) influence their responses to stimuli (S), which in turn affect their subsequent orientations and responses (R).

Epistemology of testimony is the study of how we acquire knowledge from the statements of others.

Cognitive bias refers to systematic patterns of deviation from norm or rationality in judgment, where individuals create their own 'subjective reality' from their perception of the input.

Motivated reasoning is a cognitive bias where people fit their processing of information to conclusions that suit some end or goal.

Fact-checking is the process of verifying information to determine its accuracy and truthfulness.

Polarization refers to the division of opinions into two distinct opposing groups, often leading to a lack of compromise.

Homophily is the tendency of individuals to associate and bond with similar others.

Verification behaviors refer to the actions individuals take to check the accuracy and truthfulness of information.

A systematic review is a type of research that collects and critically analyzes multiple research studies or papers on a specific topic.

The term 'post-truth era' refers to a time when objective facts are less influential in shaping public opinion than appeals to emotion and personal belief.