These recommendation systems are getting so good that if we aren't vigilant, we're just going to end up drifting toward whatever the machine tells us we like. CHILDS: This isn't just a problem of human psychology. It's also a computer science problem. Jingjing says it becomes a feedback loop. Those little drifts add up.

to figure out if recommendation systems are changing us, Jingjing and her team created a series of experiments using college students, basically fiddling with recommendations and seeing how those recommendations affected the students' behavior.

Jingjing Zhang

The original collaborative filtering required users to tell the algorithm, hey, I like what this guy likes, thumbs up, or thumbs down. Bob and his team took this idea further. They realized that machines could figure out people's tastes on their own by grouping movies together and teasing out what they had in common based on factors that you couldn't just see or guess.

Runaway Recommendation Engine

a 2020 report by the Chinese consulting firm Trivium argues that the social credit system seems more experimental and banal than Western critics describe.

On Tyranny, Timothy Snyder

Rongcheng is a coastal town in China of 670,000 people where one thousand social credit points are given to each person as a default. Behavior the authorities want to deter, such as jaywalking, will cost you points, and praiseworthy behavior is rewarded with points. Fighting with neighbors detracts five points; failure to clean up after a dog detracts ten. Donating blood earns five. Punishment comes when one falls below a threshold: bank loans or high-speed train tickets become unattainable. Rewards come in such forms such as discounted utility bills, faster internet service, or improved health care services.

study

PEN America

2016 study

research study

Heidi Boghosian on Self-Censorship and Expression

Since race is a social construct it is difficult to measure. Yet data is critical to the development of standards; thus data collection must be assessed for unintended biases.

Gender-neutral language does not imply that the standards are developed without considering gender-specific needs and priorities.

Inclusive, or bias-free, language uses expressions and terms that are likely to be perceived as neutral or welcoming by everyone, regardless of their gender, race, religion, age, etc. Using inclusive language can help people from diverse backgrounds feel more welcome and encourages precise, high quality work. As noted in a recent McKinsey survey, employees who feel more included are nearly three times more likely to feel excited by, and committed to, their organizations.

Inside Facebook’s Data Wars

Mr. Zuckerberg is right about one thing: Facebook is not a giant right-wing echo chamber.But it does contain a giant right-wing echo chamber — a kind of AM talk radio built into the heart of Facebook’s news ecosystem, with a hyper-engaged audience of loyal partisans who love liking, sharing and clicking on posts from right-wing pages, many of which have gotten good at serving up Facebook-optimized outrage bait at a consistent clip.

“And it doesn’t want to make the data available for others to do the hard work and hold them accountable.”

The company, blamed for everything from election interference to vaccine hesitancy, badly wants to rebuild trust with a skeptical public. But the more it shares about what happens on its platform, the more it risks exposing uncomfortable truths that could further damage its image.

Some of these examples contain characters that are invalid, such as inline comments

person, group, organization, thing, or concept

MATT: That the deeply traumatic act of coming into existence in the air breathing land world.  [SOUND CLIP, Baby: [Baby crying]] MATT: The severity of it and the harshness of it forces you to adapt. ANNIE: Right. MATT: In order to survive.

she told me last fall that she expected this recognition of the 5 micron error and the kind of subsequent changes would take a generation or take 30 years that she hoped she would live to see it. And so, for it to happen in a year, both because of the urgency of the crisis and because of the tenacious pushing that she and others did, the reckoning that this pandemic has led to will have positive consequences for public health at long outlive this pandemic.

MARGARET ATWOOD Young people worry a lot more than older people. And the reason they worry a lot more than older people is that they don't know the plot of their own lives yet. They don't know how it's going to turn out for them. Will they meet their true love? Will they be successful? At my age, I kind of know how the story goes. So should I get hit by a truck tomorrow? The plot will pretty much have unfolded.

Now, if you’re on a decentralized platform, data is distributed across many servers or computers. Those aren’t necessarily owned or operated by the creator of the platform you’re using. The power, the authority, the control is spread out. A decentralized system gives everyone more freedom, but it also means that because the data is distributed, there’s no authority who gets the final word, so it’s harder to find and remove illegal or objectionable content.

One thing Amazon doesn’t bring up is that athletes train for an event with a definite end date. Athletes aren’t competing day in and day out, and they have time to rest and recuperate in between.

When contacted by Ars, Charter said that "Spectrum Internet retail prices, speeds, and features are consistent in each market—regardless of the competitive environment." But "retail prices" are the standard rates customers pay after promotional rates expire. Stop the Cap showed that Charter's promotional rates vary between competitive and noncompetitive areas.

My own Dewey Decimal Classification is 306.765, for bisexual. But that isn’t my favorite word; I believe it reinforces the gender binary and overemphasizes sex. During my long relationship with a woman, I tried calling myself a lesbian, but that didn’t fit either. When we were over, I stopped calling myself anything.

People often ask me why, in the digital age, libraries still have print books with obscure coded labels. I find comfort in categorization. But knowledge, like love, is as vast and ever-changing as the ocean.

The published fee for a Visa Signature Preferred card on a restaurant charge, for example, is 2.7 percent.

Credit card rewards aren’t generally taxed like regular income, so to a certain extent, they’re even a bigger benefit than they appear on paper. In a 2019 piece for NBC News, Klein offered up a concrete example: Say a family spends $80,000 a year on a credit card and gets 1.5 percent cash back, translating to $1,200. By his estimate, that’s equivalent to about $2,000 in pre-tax earnings.

About 81 percent of rural households are plugged into broadband, compared with about 86 percent in urban areas, according to Census Bureau data. But the number of urban households without a connection, 13.6 million, is almost three times as big as the 4.6 million rural households that don’t have one.

Finally, one should probably not underestimate the importance of a haven in society that supports community without financial barriers; 75% believes that the public library strengthens the local community and environment. This is basically where the modern library really stands out from other learning and cultural institutions.

Haven: The public library is a haven in everyday life, where citizens find room for contemplation and take time for themselves and each other Perspective: The public library is a credible communicator of knowledge and gives citizens an enlightened and critical perspective on life. Community: The public library is a place where citizens experience togetherness – alone, or with others – and where they experience that materials and facilities are a common property without financial barriers to use. Creativity: The public library is a source of inspiration and stimulates citizens imagination. The public library can also help motivate citizens to try something new and acquire new skills

From 1999 to 2017, the number of alcohol-related deaths in the U.S. doubled, to more than 70,000 a year—making alcohol one of the leading drivers of the decline in American life expectancy.

he later became one of the country’s leading whiskey distillers. But he nonetheless took to moralizing when it came to other people’s drinking, which in 1789 he called “the ruin of half the workmen in this Country.”

The Mayflower landed at Plymouth Rock because, the crew feared, the Pilgrims were going through the beer too quickly.

Newsrooms ought to consider adopting tools to suit their workflows and make link preservation a seamless part of the journalistic process. Partnerships between library and information professionals and digital newsrooms would be fruitful for creating these strategies.

Thirteen percent of intact links from that sample of 4,500 had drifted significantly since the Times published them. Four percent of reachable links published in articles from 2019 had drifted, as compared to 25 percent of reachable links from 2009. 

Of these deep links, 25 percent of all links were completely inaccessible. Linkrot became more common over time: 6 percent of links from 2018 had rotted, as compared to 43 percent of links from 2008 and 72 percent of links from 1998. Fifty-three percent of all articles that contained deep links had at least one rotted link. 

She understood that, you know, we have power and sometimes you have to wait ‘til the moment is right.

the reality is when we founded the company, there was no centralized data on how these attacks happened. And we felt that the first thing you have to do to solve the problem is to collect the data. And I think we've done that very well.

What I would say is that the contributory factors that have led us to where we are today are as much socioeconomic as they are other things. There are such low barriers to entry to cybercrime, and there are lots of well-educated, sometimes STEM-educated individuals in lots of parts of the world. They don't have the job prospects that will pay them the money that they aspire to make.

The answer is you have very little, but you still have to find ways to negotiate successfully on behalf of your client. You can't just concede. You can't look desperate. And so you have to find ways to draw the negotiation to some semblance of a successful conclusion.

"It's not a foregone conclusion that a company has to pay a ransom," he says. Large companies may need days to figure out whether their data is safely backed up. They can start talking just to buy time. "We'll kick off negotiation, knowing that a very likely outcome is that we actually don't end up paying."

Bitdefender recognized that DarkSide might correct the flaw, Botezatu said. “We are well aware that attackers are agile and adapt to our decryptors.” But DarkSide might have “spotted the issue” anyway. “We don’t believe in ransomware decryptors made silently available. Attackers will learn about their existence by impersonating home users or companies in need, while the vast majority of victims will have no idea that they can get their data back for free.”

Wosar said that publicly releasing tools, as Bitdefender did, has become riskier as ransoms have soared and the gangs have grown wealthier and more technically adept.

The incident also shows how antivirus companies eager to make a name for themselves sometimes violate one of the cardinal rules of the cat-and-mouse game of cyber-warfare: Don’t let your opponents know what you’ve figured out.

keyword.softkwlist

The format of this property depends on the current value of sort. When search_after is used in conjunction with a chronological sort value—e.g. updated, created—this parameter should be formatted as an ISO 8601 string. It may also be formatted in ms (milliseconds) since the Epoch.

The final challenge was about assessing the level of use of different parts of the Schema.org model. If we wanted to propose a change in how a term was documented or suggest a revision to its expected values, it is difficult to assess the potential impact of that change. There’s no easy way to see which applications might be relying on specific parts of the model. Or how many people are publishing data that uses different terms.

Too much flexibility made it harder for implementers to understand what data would be most useful to publish. And how to do it well. Many publishers were building new services to expose the data so they needed a clearer specification for their development teams. We addressed this in Version 2 of the specifications by considerably tightening up the requirements. We defined which terms were required or just recommended (and why). And added cardinalities and legal values for terms. Our specification became a more formal, extended profile of Schema.org. This also allowed us build a data validator that is now being released and maintained alongside the specifications.

Our initial community sessions around the OpenActive standards involved demonstrating how well the existing Schema.org model fitted the core requirements. And exploring where additional work was needed. This meant we skipped any wrangling around how to describe events and instead focused on what we wanted to say about them. Important early questions focused on what information would potential participants find helpful in understanding whether this is specific activity or event is something that they might want to try? For example, details like: what activities they involved and for what level of competency?

For many people Schema.org may be more synonymous with publishing data for use by search engines. But as a project its goal is much broader, it is “a collaborative, community activity with a mission to create, maintain, and promote schemas for structured data“.

Workers were extremely limited in functionality to start; just a bit of stateless Javascript code running in a V8 isolate, but as close to users as possible. In 2018 Cloudflare added a key-value store, giving Workers access to highly distributed eventually-consistent data storage; in 2020 the company introduced Workers Unbound, dramatically expanding Workers capabilities, and Durable Objects, which not only store data but also state, which means a single source of truth.

What Cloudflare had in its favor, though, was the most potent advantage on the Internet: the service, much like Google a decade-earlier with its link-based ranking system, got better with use. This was because Cloudflare paired its content delivery network with DDoS protection; the latter was extremely attractive to websites, gave Cloudflare an in with ISPs who valued the protection to build point-of-presence servers around the world, and, critically, gave Cloudflare better-and-better data about how data flowed around the world (improving its service) even as it improved its CDN capabilities.

That was basically Prince’s value proposition: Cloudflare’s CDN would be cheaper (free), simpler (just change DNS servers), smaller (only 5 servers to start), and more convenient (ridiculously easy!).

BRENDAN CHAMBERLAIN-SIMON It really does, and it's so funny. I went to visit my parents back in June. I got to drive the Mars rover from my childhood bed. You know, my mom used to say, you'll never make anything happen if you don't get out of bed. [BROOKE CHUCKLES] Touché.

Colati argues in the panel (55:52) that our perceived notions of quality should go down, such as digitization at lower resolution

Their audience is, largely, academic library and IT administrators, although sometimes they let some of folks in the “unwashed masses” (26:44) attend if we’re presenting.

Sourcery endeavors to make document requests “easy” by “[giving] archival staff and patrons one easy platform for requesting and receiving scans”.

Scheinfeldt

Greg

Sourcery Project

Dan

Barbara

Tom

The investigators behind the report found that nearly 80% of the comments funded by the broadband industry were collected by lead generation companies that offered consumers various rewards in exchange for their information. "Marketing offers varied widely, and included everything from discounted children's movies to free trials of male enhancement products," the report reads. The broadband industry would then run additional solicitations alongside those promotions, asking consumers to join the anti-net neutrality campaign, according to the report. But the lead generation companies did not always run those solicitations, the report says. "Instead, they copied names and addresses they had purchased or collected months or years earlier through unrelated lead generation efforts, and passed it off as information submitted by consumers who had agreed to join the broadband industry's campaign," it reads.One lead generator went so far as to use information obtained through a data breach to submit fake comments.

EDWARD DOLNICK: He came out with how gravity works, how light works, how rainbows work, how the tides work.

Facebook, on the other hand, is worried that if you have a choice, you'll choose not to let it track you, which would be bad for Facebook. The social media giant literally doesn't want you to have a choice because it's more concerned about what's good for Facebook than what's good for users.  

Craig Federighi, Apple's senior vice president of software engineering, told The Wall Street Journal's Joanna Stern that the company's goal is to "give users a choice." Those four words are at the core of the problem with the position Facebook has taken since Apple announced the changes last year at its developer conference.

If you've seen Denis Shirayev's upscaled historical videos, you've seen the past enhanced by a touch of the future. He takes videos scanned from very old films, like our poignant A Trip Down Market Street Before the Fire, shot just days before the 1906 quake and fire that devastated San Francisco, upscales them to 4K, smoothes out jitter and adds color. (Today any video editor can make something almost as good using off-the-shelf tools like Topaz Video Enhance AI.) Shirayev's videos are beautiful and compelling, but they show you something that never was. They're not archival; they're fiction

Registries are emerging to authenticate sources and provenance, and perhaps even indemnify purchasers against false representations by sellers. These have long existed in the collectibles business. Rare coins are frequently processed by trusted grading and authentication services, which charge to inspect coins and then encapsulate them in sealed plastic slabs.

While the blockchain is supposed to draw an unbroken link between creator/tokenizer and purchaser, it's just a record of transactions that might be tainted or even bogus. We know the original Mona Lisa resides in the Louvre, but it's very hard to identify who really created and who owns many of the millions of creative works made in the analog era.

This would worsen an already bad situation, where institutions like our Library of Congress hold physical copies of millions of films, TV programs, and recordings that can't be touched because someone else holds the copyright. Ideally, archives and museums should own and control both the physical and digital states of its collections. That won't happen if they have to sell or license NFTs in order to survive.

Law professor Tonya M. Evans optimistically suggests that crypto art offers Black artists and communities opportunities to bypass white art gatekeepers and "capture and own the value of the culture that they produce."

By design, archives are deliberate and thoughtful, with a timeline designed to preserve culture "forever." They're not built to nimbly weather disruption.

I give old films away for free. It started in 1999 when I was seduced by the promise, excitement, and just-felt-rightness of the gift economy. Not 30 seconds after we first met, Internet Archive founder Brewster Kahle asked me, "Want to put your film archives online for free?"

NISO Standard for the ResourceSync Framework (ResourceSync Framework, 2014). This would facilitate the automatic updating of the links upon changes to any of the versions.

So, what would it take to build what I would call an ‘Open Web Smart Link’, which would facilitate a user getting to a shared version of an article via a clearly labelled link so that the user knows what to expect? Librarians have been working on things like this for many years (Sugita et al., 2007), but I am not aware of any publishers adopting similar linking technologies.

Some readers will know that they need the article of record. A very high percentage, however, who are reading this article for the first time and want to follow a citation simply need to reassure themselves that they understand the argument being presented. They will simply need read‐access to the cited work.

the users’ need in this case is a link or a set of links that give them their best access choices. In my opinion, these links should be revealing as to whether or not clicking on them will get you to the full text or not.

But inside of a library that does not subscribe to this particular journal, this single open access article is very unlikely to participate in any of the discovery services, and when other articles cite her article, the link‐resolvers that would normally provide the reader with a direct link to her article will not do so.

it does cover the landscape of where there might be unnecessary friction between someone's intent to share and a user's desire to discover

If an institution passes an open access policy, it is in large part motivated by having the results of scholarship at that institution have maximum reach and influence. If a funding agency establishes an open access mandate, as most of them have, it often stems from a desire to accelerate research in areas in which they provide funding. If a scholarly publisher comes out with an open access journal or offers for a fee to make certain articles ‘open’, they should certainly seek to have that article or that journal achieve maximum reach. And scholars/researchers who share their papers on personal websites or on scholar sites, like academia.edu or ResearchGate, tell me that this is their way of making sure that colleagues in their field have access to their works.

‘helping people find things that they need, but are not looking for’

This is an example of a dark pattern: design that manipulates or heavily influences users to make certain choices. Instagram uses terms like “activity” and “personalized” instead of “tracking” and “targeting,” so the user may not realize what they’re actually giving the app permission to do. Most people don’t want Instagram and its parent company, Facebook, to know everything they do and everywhere they go. But a “better experience” sounds like a good thing, so Instagram makes the option it wants users to select more prominent and attractive than the one it hopes they’ll avoid.

No provider or user of any interactive computer service shall be treated as the publisher or speaker of any information provided by another information content provider.

So what he's saying here is if someone had run these same ads about these T-shirts in the classifieds section of a newspaper, Ken could have sued the newspaper. He might not have won that lawsuit, but he could have had his day in court. But what this ruling in Ken's case means is he doesn't even get to argue the merits of his case. He simply cannot sue AOL over these posts, period.

the other thing is this whole thing of the military having this culture that you keep things secret, which means that it's very hard to have, like, an open - and it's very top-down. So it's very hard to have an open discussion about - like, a scientific discussion going on around these topics. I mean, now I make it sound like they are very different from the rest of us, but in a way, they are just human beings. And you can easily wind yourself up in some kind of explanation. If you have a few authorities telling you how things are, you can easily start to collect evidence that that must be how it was.

pseudonymous identifiers

eduPersonEntitlement

Each of these use cases has a different demand of the metadata about the user.

Let’s consider first the issue that a user is logged into an online system, individually and therefore can be tracked.

Well the leaks are real. You're the one that wrote about them and reported them, I mean the leaks are real. You know what they said, you saw it and the leaks are absolutely real. The news is fake because so much of the news is fake.

new buy American measures in place to require American steel for American pipelines

And I want regulations because I want safety, I want environmental - all environmental situations to be taken properly care of. It's very important to me. But you don't need four or five or six regulations to take care of the same thing.

cyber-physical systems

Fair In formation Practice Prin ciples

privacy impact assessments

Privacy engineering is an emergi ng field, but currently there is no widely-accepted definition of the discipline. For the purposes of this publication, privacy engineering is a collection of methods to support the mitigation of risks to individuals arising from th e processing of their personal information within information systems.

The NIST RMF categorizes four broad 523 processes in looped phases, as illustrated in 524 Figure 01 : (i) frame risk (i.e., establish the 525 context for risk-based decisions); (ii) assess 526 risk; (iii) respond to risk once determined; 527 and (iv) monitor risk on an ongoing b

Predictability is the enabling of reliable assumptions by individuals, owners, and operators about personal information and its processing by an information system. Manageability is providing the capability for granular administration of personal information including alteration, deletion, and selective disclosure. Disassociability is enabling the processing of personal information or events without association to individuals or devices beyond the operational requirements of the system.

Data actions are information system operations that process personal information. “Processing” can include, but is not limited to, the collection, retention, logging, generation, transformation, disclosure, transfer, and disposal of personal information.

Personal Information: For the purpose of risk assessment, personal information is 963 considered broadly as any information that ca n uniquely identify an individual as well as 964 any other information, events or behavior th at can be associated with an individual. 965 Where agencies are conducting activities subj ect to specific laws, regulation or policy, 966 more precise definitions may apply.

A new taxonomy to understand privacy violations is thus sorely needed. This Article develops a taxonomy to identify privacy problems in a compre- hensive and concrete manner. It endeavors to guide the law toward a more coherent understanding of privacy and to serve as a framework for the fu- ture development of the field of privacy law.

In the taxonomy that follows, there are four basic groups of harmful ac- tivities: (1) information collection, (2) information processing, (3) informa- tion dissemination, and (4) invasion. Each of these groups consists of dif- ferent related subgroups of harmful activities.