eLife Assessment

This study presents a valuable finding that depletion of the rRNA methyltransferase METTL5 enhances anti-tumor immunity through a novel mechanism involving neoantigen generation from non-canonical translation. The evidence supporting the central conclusions is solid, with comprehensive multi-omics data including ribosome profiling, immunopeptidomics, TCR sequencing, and multiple in vivo tumor models demonstrating synergy with immune checkpoint blockade.

eLife Assessment

The importance of uterine natural killer (NK) cells in reproductive success has been demonstrated in mice and humans; however, it is still unclear how uterine NK cells are developed. In this valuable manuscript, the authors provide convincing evidence that TGF-b signaling in NK cells supports normal pregnancy in mice by the conversion of conventional NK cells into uterine tissue-resident NK cells. There are some concerns about the paper, particularly around Figures 1A, 1C, and 2E.

eLife Assessment

This important study reports that the human posterior inferotemporal cortex (hPIT) functions as an attentional priority map, integrating both top-down and bottom-up attentional signals rather than serving solely as an object-processing region. The experiments and analyses are well conducted and provide compelling evidence that hPIT bridges dorsal and ventral attention networks and is robustly modulated by attention across diverse visual tasks. The study will be relevant for researchers investigating visual attention, high-level visual cortex, and the neural mechanisms that integrate endogenous and exogenous attentional control.

eLife Assessment

This is an important study that advances our understanding of the transition from quadrupedal to bipedal gait in a neuromechanical model of the Japanese macaque. The method and results are solid; the neuromusculoskeletal model successfully reproduces experimental data, and the stability analysis based on an inverted pendulum model effectively explains the effects of different transition strategies. However, the study would benefit from a more comprehensive sensitivity analysis. The findings are highly relevant for researchers in motor control, comparative physiology/biomechanics, and robotics.

eLife Assessment

Hoverflies are known for their sexually dimorphic visual systems and exquisite flight behaviors. This valuable study reports how two types of visual descending neurons differ between males and females in their motion- and speed-dependent responses, yet surprisingly, the behavior they control lacks any sexual dimorphism. The results convincingly support these findings, which will be of interest for studies of visuomotor transformations and network-level brain organization.

eLife Assessment

This valuable study reports results showing how different neurons in the dysgranular retrosplenial cortex code spatial orientation. Specifically, the paper reports that some neurons maintain tuning for a single head direction across multi-compartmental environments, while other neurons are tuned to different head directions that reflect the geometry within each compartment. The study was viewed as likely to expand the field's understanding of directional tuning of neurons, but incomplete evidence was provided to support the conclusions.

eLife Assessment

The study investigates, from multiple angles, the still-debated function of insect rhodopsin-7 (Rh7). The authors present compelling results for its ancient phylogenetic origin across pan-arthropods, a non-visual role based on expression analyses in the fly brain, an unusual G-protein signalling pathway, and - using behavioural genetics - that Rh7 affects how Drosophila melanogaster interprets and responds to light-dark transitions. Through this, the work provides fundamental new insights into the evolution and function of non-visual opsins.

eLife Assessment

This study makes a valuable contribution to understanding how negative affect shapes food-choice decision making in bulimia nervosa by leveraging a mechanistic drift diffusion model to quantify the weighting of tastiness and healthiness attributes. The evidence is solid, supported by a randomized crossover design and generally appropriate statistical analyses. However, the interpretability of the findings is limited by ambiguities in the affect manipulation, particularly regarding whether neutral and negative inductions yielded reliably distinct affective states at the time of task performance in the bulimia nervosa group. Consequently, session-related differences in model parameters cannot be unequivocally attributed to negative affect rather than to uncontrolled state or contextual factors, and clearer separation of affective conditions alongside analyses aligned with the paired data structure would strengthen the conclusions.

eLife Assessment

This important work establishes a connection between PRMT1 and SFPQ by identifying common phenotypes downstream of their inactivation. In the resubmission, authors now include NMD as a contributor to aberrant gene expression underpinning craniofacial development. The complementary experiments help strengthen some solid conclusions. This paper describes an interesting mechanism for the regulation of RNA levels, which is of interest to the readers of eLife.

eLife Assessment

This important study provides one mechanism that can explain the rapid diversification of poison-antidote pairs in fission yeast: recombination between existing pairs. The evidence is largely solid, but the study needs to tune down its claims (as it is not shown that the novel poison-antidote can serve as a meiotic driver), and to address small experimental requests. The work is of interest to scientists studying genetic incompatibilities.

eLife Assessment

This valuable study uses tools of population and functional genomics to examine long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in the context of human evolution. Analyses of computationally predicted human-specific lncRNAs and their genomic targets lead to the development of hypotheses regarding the potential roles of these genetic elements in human biology. Compared to previous versions, the conclusions regarding evolutionary acceleration and adaptation have become more solid by more fully taking data and literature on human/chimpanzee genetics and functional genomics into account.

eLife Assessment

This important study provides evidence supporting the hypothesis that postnatal visual experience shapes the patterns of functional connectivity between extrastriate visual cortex and frontal regions, by comparing neonates, blind and sighted adults using resting-state fMRI. The evidence supporting the main claim is convincing, and the authors' interpretations are appropriately calibrated in the discussion. Nevertheless, the study design and methodology are inherently limited to resolve the underlying mechanisms driving connectivity changes during neurodevelopment (experience-related plasticity vs post-natal experience-independent maturation). This study will be of broad interest to neuroscientists and neuroimaging researchers studying vision, plasticity and brain development.

eLife Assessment

This important work describes wing mechanosensory neurons in detail, extending our understanding of sensorimotor processing in the fruit fly. The evidence presented convincingly supports the authors' identification of these neurons and leverages state-of-the-art methods to generate a near-complete map of wing mechanosensory circuitry. Overall, this study provides new hypotheses and invaluable tools for investigating proprioceptive motor control of the wing in Drosophila.

eLife Assessment

This important work examines the effects of side-wall confinement on chemotaxis of swimming bacteria in a shallow microfluidic channel. The authors present convincing experimental evidence, combined with geometric analysis and numerical simulations of simplified models, showing that chemotaxis is enhanced when the distance between the side walls is comparable to the intrinsic radius of chiral circular swimming near open surfaces. This study should be of interest to scientists specializing in bacteria-surface interactions.

eLife Assessment

This fundamental work reveals that the accessibility of the unstructured C-terminal tail of α-tubulin differs with the state of the microtubule lattice. Accessibility increases with the expansion of the lattice induced by GTP and certain MAPs, which can then dictate the subsequent interactions between MAPs and microtubules, and post-translational modifications of tubulin tails. The evidence supporting the conclusion is compelling, although the characterisation of the probes does not answer whether they directly affect the lattice or expose the C-terminal tail of α-tubulin. The probes can be used as tools in the future to study differences in microtubule lattice regulation under different conditions both in vitro and in vivo. This work will be of great interest to the cytoskeleton field.

eLife Assessment

In this important study, the authors conducted extensive sets of computational and investigations of the mechanism of cholesterol transport in the smoothened (SMO) protein. The computational component integrated multiple state-of-the-art approaches such as adaptive sampling, free energy simulations, and Markov state modeling, providing compelling support for the proposed mechanistic model, which is further validated with solid experimental mutagenesis data.

eLife Assessment

This study addresses a key, long-standing question about how visual feature selectivity is organized in mid-level visual cortex, using an ambitious combination of large-scale neural recordings and image synthesis. It provides important insights into the complexity of single-neuron selectivity and suggests a structured organization across cortical depth. While the evidence is generally solid and technically impressive, several key claims would be strengthened by additional controls, particularly regarding the sources of similarity across neurons and the dependence of the results on modeling choices.

eLife Assessment

There is a perennial question in the field of birdsong: the contribution of the cerebellum to singing and processing song-related information. This study provides a valuable first step into this discussion, using electrophysiology of cerebellar neurons during a battery of assays, including singing and song playback. While the electrophysiological dataset here is novel and could shed light on key aspects of the neural control of vocal behavior, the evidence provided for the conclusions reached by the authors is currently incomplete.

eLife Assessment

This study makes a valuable contribution to our understanding of how the lipase regulator ABHD5 may control lipase activity through interactions with lipid droplets and cellular membranes. By combining multiscale molecular dynamics simulations with experimental approaches, the authors provide novel molecular insights into this membrane-protein interaction and present evidence suggesting that the regulatory mechanism depends on protein conformational changes and local membrane remodeling. While much of the evidence supporting the main conclusions is convincing, several aspects of the analysis, interpretation, and discussion remain incomplete. Overall, this work will be of interest to structural and molecular biologists working on lipid metabolism and membrane biophysics.

eLife Assessment

This important study introduces NoSeMaze, a semi-naturalistic platform for continuous, high-dimensional tracking of social and cognitive behaviors in group-housed mice, and uses it to show that individual social rank is stable across changing social contexts. By integrating automated dominance measures, proactive social behaviors, and reinforcement-learning-based profiles, the authors demonstrate a novel framework for examining how stable individual differences shape social structure. The strength of evidence is solid, advancing our understanding that social hierarchy can be viewed as a trait-like dimension of individuality. Yet, the interpretation of dominance in this paradigm and its broader ecological meaning remains somewhat ambiguous. This work will be of broad relevance for behavioral neuroscience and social behavior research.

eLife Assessment

This valuable study highlights the challenge of identifying the role of immune imprinting in influenza immunity. The manuscript provides solid evidence that statistical support for imprinting depends heavily on model choice and can be found in the absence of imprinting due to age-related processes. However, the results are incomplete in that the impact of incorrectly modeling imprinting is not clear. The work will be of interest to researchers who study adaptive immunity in any system where imprinting may be observed.

eLife Assessment

This study makes an important contribution by revealing how saccades selectively disrupt spatial working memory while sparing other object features, and by demonstrating how this mechanism is altered in aging and neurodegeneration. The findings are supported by convincing evidence derived from well-controlled eye-tracking experiments and systematic generative model comparisons. Together, the work provides a computationally grounded framework that is of importance for understanding trans-saccadic memory and its clinical relevance.

eLife Assessment

Studying the biological roles of polyphosphates in metazoans has been a longstanding challenge to the field given that the polyP synthase has yet to be discovered in metazoans. This important study capitalizes on the sophisticated genetics available in the Drosophila system and uses a combination of methodologies to start to tease apart how polyphosphate participates in Drosophila development and in the clotting of Drosophila hemolymph. The data validating one of these tools (cyto-FLYX ) are solid and well-documented and they will open up a field of research into the functional roles of polyP in a metazoan model. The other tools for tissue specific knockdown of polyP (Mito-FLYX, ER-FLYX, and Nuc-FLYX) have not yet been validated but will be invaluable to the field when they are.

eLife Assessment

This study presents a valuable advance in reconstructing naturalistic speech from intracranial ECoG data using a dual-pathway model. The evidence supporting the claims of the authors is solid. This work will be of interest to cognitive neuroscientists and computer scientists/engineers working on speech reconstruction from neural data.

eLife Assessment

In this important study, the authors engineered and characterised novel genetically encoded calcium indicators (GECIs) and an analytical tool (CaFire) capable of reporting and quantifying various sub-synaptic events, including miniature synaptic events, with a speed and sensitivity approaching that of intracellular electrophysiological recordings. They present compelling data validating this toolset, which will be of interest to neurobiologists studying synaptic calcium dynamics in various model systems.

eLife Assessment

This important study combines real-time key point tracking with transdermal activation of sensory neurons as a general technique to explore how somatosensory stimulation impacts behavior in freely moving mice. After addressing concerns about classification of the behavioral responses to nociceptor stimulation, the authors now convincingly demonstrate a state-dependence in the behavioral response following nociceptor activation, highlighting how their real-time optogenetic stimulation capabilities can yield new insights into complex sensory processing. This work is a technological advancement that will be of interest to a broad readership, in particular labs studying somatosensation, enabling rigorous investigation of behaviors that were previously difficult or impossible to study.

eLife Assessment

This compelling work describes how the cell cycle-regulating phosphatase subunit, RepoMan, is regulated by the oxygen-dependent, metabolite-sensing hydroxylase PHD1. The characterisation of how proline hydroxylation alters signalling at the molecular and cellular level provides important evidence to enhance our understanding of how 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases influence the cell cycle and mitosis.

eLife Assessment

This important study explores how the phase of neural oscillations in the alpha band affects visual perception, indicating that perceptual performance varies due to changes in sensory precision rather than decision bias. The evidence is solid in its experimental design and analytical approach, although the limited sample size restricts the generalizability of the findings. This work should interest cognitive neuroscientists who study perception and decision-making.

eLife Assessment

IL21R, being a key cytokine receptor for shaping the T follicular helper and B cell functions, utilizes two STAT family members, STAT1 and STAT3. The authors utilize the IL21R ENU-induced mutant, together with relevant in vitro and in vivo experiments, to dissect the function of STAT1 and STAT3. The approach by itself sounds reasonable, but the main conclusions are incompletely supported by the data presented in this manuscript.

eLife Assessment

This is a useful study presenting solid data indicating that the bacterial GTPases EngA and ObgE enable single-step reconstitution of functional 50S ribosomal subunits under near-physiological conditions. The study elegantly bridges the gap between the non-physiological aspects of the previous two-step reconstitution method and the extract-dependent iSAT system to enable ribosome assembly under translation-compatible conditions; however, it is limited by reliance on rRNA and proteins extracted from native ribosomes and does not achieve a true bottom-up reconstruction from all synthetic components. The evidence is incomplete in not characterizing the spectrum of reporter polypeptides produced and not comparing their rate and yield of synthesis from reconstituted ribosomes to that obtained with pure native ribosomes; and the impact of the study is limited by not including reporters to examine the fidelity of initiation, elongation or termination achieved with the reconstituted ribosomes.

eLife Assessment

This important study reports characterisation of hepatocyte molecular pathways affected by a glycyrrhizin derivative in both in vivo and in vitro mouse models of alcohol-associated liver disease. The authors show convincing evidence indicating that IPP delta isomerase 1 (Idi1) is an intermediate in these pharmacological effects, via the binding of the glycyrrhizin derivative to an upstream regulator of Idi1, HSD11B1, although some more quantitative analyses and better organisation of data would strengthen the study. The findings would be of interest to immunologists and pharmacologists interested in liver inflammation and its amelioration.

eLife Assessment

This important study examines how mismatched light and temperature cycles shape Drosophila locomotor timing and temperature-dependent timeless splicing, and leverages long-term early/late selection lines to probe evolutionary plasticity. The strength of evidence is incomplete at present, mainly because startle/masking under step cues could confound the behavioural readouts, and tim's involvement remains correlative. The authors should address masking in the behaviour analyses and provide causal support for tim's role.

eLife Assessment

The study presents a valuable resource of proline hydroxylation proteins for molecular biology studies in oxygen-sensing and cell signaling with the characterization of Repo-man proline hydroxylation site. The evidence supporting the claim of the authors is solid, although further clarification of the overall efficiency of the HILIC analysis, the specificity/sensitivity of immonium ion analysis, as well as quantification of proline hydroxylation identifications will be helpful. The work will be of interest to researchers studying post-translational modification, oxygen sensing, and cell signaling.

eLife Assessment

This valuable study presents findings on how prokaryotic antibiotics affect translation in mitochondrial ribosomes. Using mitoribosome profiling, the authors provide solid evidence that most tested antibiotics act similarly on bacterial and mitochondrial translation. Additionally, this work shows that alternative translation initiation events might exist in two specific mt-mRNAs (MT-ND1 and MT-ND5). However, additional biochemical and structural experiments are needed to support these findings.

eLife Assessment

This work provides an important resource identifying 72 proteins as novel candidates for plasma membrane and/or cell wall damage repair in budding yeast, and describes the temporal coordination of exocytosis and endocytosis during the repair process. The data are convincing; however, additional experimental validation will better support the claim that repair proteins shuttle between the bud tip and the damage site.

eLife Assessment

The study proposed hemogenic endothelium in adult BM using lineage tracing. Though the study is potentially valuable, the data is incomplete due to the lack of control and insufficient analysis. There is potential for the study to be improved by further revision.

eLife Assessment

This important study demonstrates that paternal diet influences not only testicular morphology but also placental and fetal development, supporting a role for paternal contributions to offspring health. The authors combine transcriptomic and histological analyses across multiple tissues, and the evidence supporting the central conclusions is convincing. While aspects of the paternal gut phenotype remain largely descriptive, and the paternal and fetoplacental findings are discussed separately, clearer integration of these elements and additional methodological clarification would strengthen interpretation.

eLife Assessment

This valuable paper describes the regulation of the association of meiotic chromosome axis proteins on chromosome ends with sub-telomeric elements in budding yeast. The genome-wide analyses of binding of chromosome components as well as chromatin regulators, complemented with the mapping of meiotic DNA double-strand breaks on chromosome ends, provided incomplete evidence to support the authors' conclusion. The results in the paper are of interest to researchers in meiotic recombination and the structure of genomes and chromosomes.

eLife Assessment

This important study reveals intriguing connections between chromosome breakage and DNA elimination during programmed genome rearrangement in the ciliate Tetrahymena thermophila. By developing a novel FISH approach that distinguishes germline and somatic telomeres, the authors provide compelling evidence that chromosome breakage removes germline telomeres along with hundreds of kilobases of germline-limited sequences. By disrupting a single chromosome breakage site, they further showed that DNA elimination was globally affected, which opens up a new direction for mechanistic studies. Thus, this work reveals additional similarity between the programmed DNA elimination in ciliates and nematodes that underlies the transition from germline to somatic telomeres.

eLife Assessment

This important study presents new insights into the post-transcriptional mechanisms that govern cortical development. Through state-of-the-art methodology to track neuronal birth order, the data provide compelling evidence that Imp1 (Igf2bp1/Zbp1) orchestrates radial glia fate transitions and cortical neurogenesis. The findings establish a new framework for understanding how post-transcriptional mechanisms integrate with transcriptional and epigenetic regulatory layers to control cortical temporal patterning.

eLife Assessment

This is a well-executed intrathecal MRI tracer study that provides valuable early in vivo evidence for CSF drainage into human skull bone marrow and explores clinically relevant associations using robust imaging methodology and regional analyses. However, the evidence supporting the interpretation of early (4 h) tracer signal as impaired clearance is incomplete, and appears difficult to reconcile with established CSF tracer kinetics. They also note that the reported links to sleep and cognitive performance are weakened by reliance on subjective, retrospective questionnaires rather than objective physiological measurements.

eLife Assessment

This valuable work describes a computational and experimental workflow that turns a moderately stable α-helical bundle into a very stable fold. The authors advance our understanding of α-helix stabilization and provide a convenient framework with implications for the protein design field. The main claims are supported by convincing evidence through sound and well-validated methods, yet further characterization would strengthen specific conclusions for the design of mechanically, thermally, and chemically stable α-helical bundles.

eLife Assessment

This study provides valuable findings on how the activity of the E3 ubiquitin ligase Highwire (Hiw/Phr1) is regulated and its impact on synaptic growth. The authors propose that impaired endocytosis leads to condensation of Hiw, resulting in increased synaptic growth. They also integrate such a mechanism within the known JNK (c-JUN N-terminal Kinase) and BMP (Bone Morphogenetic Protein) signalling pathways involved in synapse regulation. While the work raises an interesting mechanistic framework, several aspects of the experimental design and methodology are incomplete, and key conclusions, particularly those regarding the liquid-liquid phase separation of the E3 ubiquitin ligase, are not fully supported by the presented data.

eLife Assessment

The authors use sequencing of nascent DNA (DNA linked to an RNA primer, “SNS-Seq”) to localise DNA replication origins in Trypanosoma brucei, so this work will be of interest to those studying either Kinetoplastids or DNA replication. The paper presents the SNS-seq results for only part of the genome, and there are significant discrepancies between the SNS-Seq results and those from other, previously-published results obtained using other origin mapping methods. The reasons for the differences are unknown and from the data available, it is not possible to assess which origin-mapping method is most suitable for origin mapping in T. brucei. Thus at present, the evidence that origins are distributed as the authors claim - and not where previously mapped - is inadequate.

eLife Assessment

This study offers valuable insights into how humans detect and adapt to regime shifts, highlighting dissociable contributions of the frontoparietal network and ventromedial prefrontal cortex to sensitivity to signal diagnosticity and transition probabilities. The combination of an innovative instructed-probability task, Bayesian behavioural modeling, and model-based fMRI analyses provides a solid foundation for the main claims; however, major interpretational limitations remain, particularly a potential confound between posterior switch probability and time in the neuroimaging results. At the behavioural level, reliance on explicitly instructed conditional probabilities leaves open alternative explanations that complicate attribution to a single computational mechanism, such that clearer disambiguation between competing accounts and stronger control of temporal and representational confounds would further strengthen the evidence.

eLife Assessment

This article reports an algorithm for inferring the presence of synaptic connection between neurons based on naturally occurring spiking activity of a neuronal network. One key improvement is to combine self-supervised and synthetic approaches to learn to focus on features that generalize to the conditions of the observed network. This valuable contribution is currently supported by incomplete evidence.

eLife Assessment

This useful paper describes a software tool, "DrosoMating", which allows automated, high-throughput quantification of 6 common metrics of courtship and mating behaviors in Drosophila melanogaster. The validity of the tool is quite convincingly demonstrated by comparing expert human assessments with those made by DrosoMating. The work, however, does not address how DrosoMating compares with or advances on other existing tools for exactly the same purpose, whether it can be used for studies of other Drosophila species, and/or whether finer aspects of courtship response timing - which depend on proximal female signals to the male - could be extracted with more detailed analyses. Some additional statistical analyses would also help further strengthen the authors' current conclusions.

eLife Assessment

This valuable study provides convincing evidence that MgdE, a conserved mycobacterial nucleomodulin, downregulates inflammatory gene transcription by interacting with the histone methyltransferase COMPASS complex and altering histone H3 lysine methylation. This work will interest microbiologists as well as cell and cancer biologists.

eLife Assessment

This work describes a useful computational tool for automated morphometry of dynamic organelles from microscope images. However, the supporting evidence and novelty of the manuscript as presented are incomplete and could be improved. The work will be of interest to microscopists and bioimage analysts who are non-experts but wish to improve quantitative analysis of cellular structures.

eLife Assessment

This important study by Bartas and colleagues examined how patterns of monosynaptic input to specific cell types in the ventral tegmental area are altered by drugs of abuse. The authors applied a dimensionality reduction approach (principal component analysis) and showed that various drugs of abuse, and somewhat surprisingly the anesthesia alone (ketamine/xylasin), caused changes in the distribution of inputs labeled by the transsynaptic rabies virus. The evidence supporting the conclusions is overall convincing and provides foundational information, as well as a cautionary note on the interpretation of rabies virus-based tracing experiments.

eLife Assessment

This important work shows that corticotrophin-releasing factor is delivered monosynaptically to dorsal striatal cholinergic interneurons from the central amygdala and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. CRF increases cholinergic interneuron firing and release of acetylcholine, and this action is attenuated by pre-exposure to ethanol, suggesting a potential role in stress- and alcohol use disorders. This revision addressed prior concerns, presented convincing evidence supporting the conclusions, and set the stage for additional studies.

eLife Assessment

The authors investigate how dominance hierarchy shapes defensive strategies in mice under two naturalistic threats: a transient visual looming stimulus and a sustained live rat. This study provides important insights into how social context and dominance hierarchy modulate innate defensive behaviors across distinct naturalistic threats. The strength of evidence is convincing, with detailed classification and analysis of behaviors.

eLife Assessment

This valuable study tests whether prediction error or prediction uncertainty controls how the brain segments continuous experience into events. The paper uses validated models that predict human behavior to analyze multivariate neural pattern changes during naturalistic movie watching. The authors provide solid evidence that there are overlapping but partially distinct brain dynamics for each signal.

eLife Assessment

This study presents valuable analyses of single neuron activity in the subthalamic nucleus (STN) of monkeys performing a decision-making task that manipulates both perceptual evidence and reward. In particular, the study shows convincing evidence of multiple decision variables being represented in the STN. However, the evidence for sub-populations in STN with distinct involvements in decision-making is incomplete at this stage and requires either further efforts to provide stronger support or refinement of that conclusion.

eLife Assessment

This work represents a valuable finding of how single-trial functional connectivity may be used to infer different cognitive states involved in speech perception and production. Although the data and analyses are overall convincing, the theoretical advance and novelty of the finding are less clear. With a clearer idea of the functional significance of the connectivity data, the paper would be of interest to those interested in brain networks and communication.

eLife Assessment

This important study is of relevance for the fields of predictive processing, perception and learning, with a well-designed paradigm allowing the authors to avoid several common confounds in investigating predictions, such as adaptation. Using a state-of-the-art multivariate EEG approach, the authors test the opposing process theory and find evidence in support of it. Overall, the empirical evidence is solid, however, some conclusions rest on limited evidence and need further work to reconcile the present results with previous studies.

eLife Assessment

Muetter et al. provide an important argument that luminescence is a reliable, high-throughput alternative to colony-forming units (CFU) for super-MIC investigations, particularly when the quantity of interest is biomass. By examining 20 antimicrobials spanning 11 classes, the work shows that discrepancies between CFU and luminescence are often biological (filamentation, Viable But Not Culturable). The work provides a compelling view of how these three common measurements (luminescence, optical density, and CFU) relate to one another across a range of drug treatments, although testing on clinical isolates could be of further benefit.

eLife Assessment

This valuable study examined how sensory adaptation supports visual perception in the presence of noise. The authors used a combination of human psychophysics, electroencephalography (EEG), and deep neural networks to show that adaptation to noise can improve perception. The results are solid but are, at present, weakened by a number of concerns, including some related to the experimental design and some regarding the interpretation of the results in terms of particular mechanisms. With these concerns adequately addressed, the study and conclusions would be likely to be of broad interest to the neuroscience community.

eLife Assessment

This study presents a valuable and well-documented computational pipeline for the scalable analysis and spike sorting of large extracellular electrophysiology datasets, with particular relevance for high-density recordings such as Neuropixels. The authors demonstrate the pipeline's utility for benchmarking spike sorter performance and evaluating the effects of data compression, supported by thorough testing, clear figures, and openly available code. The workflow is reproducible, portable, and practical, providing concrete guidance on computational cost and runtime. Overall, the evidence supporting the pipeline's performance and output quality is compelling, and this work will be of broad interest to the systems neuroscience community.

eLife Assessment

This manuscript presents a novel investigation of organizational principles governing brain activity at both global and local scales during naturalistic viewing paradigms, an important advance for theoretical neuroscience, functional neuroimaging, and neurology. The authors demonstrate that brain activity during naturalistic viewing is dominated by two anti-correlated states that toggle between each other with a third transitional state mediating between them. The evidence supporting this finding is compelling, with the successful replication across three independent datasets (StudyForrest, NarrattenTion, and CamCAN) a particular strength.

eLife Assessment

This valuable study uses a computer vision pipeline to infer the motor control of cephalopod skin, revealing that individual chromatophores exhibit anisotropic deformations and can be associated with multiple putative motor units. The evidence supporting these claims is solid, although the study's conclusions are limited to stationary or sedated animals, and the analyses of motor unit characteristics and electrophysiological validation remain incomplete. This work will be of significant interest to biologists studying cephalopod behavior and motor control.

eLife Assessment

This important study addresses the question of how organ-specific blood vessels form during different stages of development, and how specific genes may regulate these processes. New genetic tools were developed to label distinct endothelial cell populations and track them over time in different mutant backgrounds. The results are solid; however, additional data quantification, lineage tracing, and cell autonomy experiments would further strengthen the conclusions.

eLife Assessment

This important work investigates cooperative behaviors in adolescents using a repeated Prisoner's Dilemma game. The approach used in the study is solid. The impact of this work could be further enhanced with more rigorous modelling procedures and more modeling selection/comparison details, as well as by framing the findings in terms of the specific game-theoretic context, rather than general cooperation. Findings from this study will be of interest to developmental psychologists, economists, and social psychologists.

eLife Assessment

This important and compelling study establishes a robust computational and experimental framework for the large-scale identification of metallophore biosynthetic clusters. The work advances beyond current standards, providing theoretical and practical value across microbiology, bioinformatics, and evolutionary biology.

eLife Assessment

This manuscript describes a series of studies using four different Go/No Go task variants in combination with fast-scan cyclic voltammetry to determine the role of dopamine release in the ventromedial striatum in action selection, controllability of reward pursuit, effort, and reward approach. The authors conclude that dopamine signals in the ventromedial striatum integrate the invigoration of action initiation with continuous estimation of spatial, but not temporal, proximity to rewards. There are, however, a number of concerns regarding methodology that could affect the interpretation of the results. Thus, while the findings are useful, they are considered incomplete, with the primary claims only partially supported.

eLife Assessment

This important study by Zeng et al characterizes a novel Legionella pneumophila effector, Llfat1 (Lpg1387), which binds actin through a newly identified actin-binding domain. Data is convincing; structural analysis of the Llfat1 ABD-F-actin complex enabled the development of this domain as a probe for F-actin. Additionally, the authors show that Llfat1 functions as a lysine fatty acyltransferase targeting small GTPases, highlighting its importance in both bacterial pathogenesis and cytoskeletal biology.

eLife Assessment

This fundamental work by Yamamoto and colleagues advances our understanding of how positional information is coordinated between axes during limb outgrowth and patterning. They provide convincing evidence that the dorsal-ventral axis feeds into anterior-posterior signaling, and identify the responsible molecules by combining transplantations with molecular manipulations. This work will be of broad interest to regeneration, tissue engineering, and evolutionary biologists.

eLife Assessment

This valuable study investigates whether the activity of an ABC transporter, BmrA, can be modulated by mechanical stimuli. The authors develop a single-molecule experimental system to address this question, although aspects of the methodological framework are incomplete. This work also develops a convincing theoretical model to explain the effect of membrane curvature on the conformational transitions observed during the activity cycle of this membrane protein. This study is of interest to the fields of membrane biophysics and membrane transport.

eLife Assessment

This valuable work explores how synaptic activity encodes information during memory tasks. All reviewers agree that the work is of very high quality and that the methodological approach is praiseworthy. The experimental data support the possibility that phospholipase diacylglycerol signaling and synaptotagmin 7 (Syt7) dynamically regulate the vesicle pool required for presynaptic release. Overall, this is a convincing study.

eLife Assessment

This set of experiments provides important knowledge for how the infralimbic cortex is recruited to inhibit behavior after extinction training. The evidence supporting the conclusions is convincing with multiple sophisticated behavioral designs providing converging lines of evidence, though reviewers note possible alternative interpretations and limitations of small group sizes in some cases. This work will be of interest to those interested in cortical function, learning and memory, aversive behavior, and/or related psychiatric factors.

eLife Assessment

This valuable study introduces CAAMO, a computational framework that combines structure prediction, in silico mutagenesis, molecular simulations, and energy calculations to design RNA aptamers with improved binding affinity. The computational methodology is solid, demonstrating strong theoretical foundations and systematic integration of multiple prediction techniques. However, the experimental validation is incomplete, with methodological weaknesses that limit the strength of support for the computational predictions.

eLife Assessment

This fundamental study uses the Drosophila mushroom body as a model to understand the molecular machinery that controls the temporal specification of neuronal cell types. With convincing experimental evidence, the authors make the finding that the Pipsqueak domain-containing transcription factor Eip93F plays a central role in specifying a later-born neuronal subtype while repressing gene expression programs for earlier subtypes.

eLife Assessment

This important study describes a computational model of the rat spinal locomotor circuits and how they could be plastically reconfigured after lateral hemisection or contusion injuries to replicate gaits observed experimentally in vivo. Overall, the simulation results convincingly mirror the gait parameters observed experimentally. The model suggests the emergence of detour circuits after lateral hemisection, whereas after a midline contusion, the model suggests plasticity of left-right and sensory inputs below the injury.

eLife Assessment

This paper provides important findings towards understanding the role of the lncRNA EPB41L4A-AS1 in a human cell line. The data is generally convincing, supported by extensive and clever integrative analysis. The work provides insights into how this lncRNA regulates gene expression via complex mechanisms; however the biological relevance awaits validation in other models.

eLife Assessment

In this important work, it is demonstrated that certain high-resolution cryo-EM structures can be obtained by using concentrated cell extracts without purification. The compelling results with the mammalian ribosomes demonstrate the utility of this approach for this molecule and complexes with elongation factor 2. Moreover, this work also demonstrates the utility of 2D template matching for particle picking for structure determination by single-particle averaging pipelines.

eLife Assessment

This important study provides solid evidence to support the anti-tumor potential of citalopram, originally an anti-depression drug, in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In addition to their previous report on directly targeting tumor cells via glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1), the authors tried to uncover additional working mechanisms of citalopram in HCC treatment in the current study. The data here suggests that citalopram may regulate the phagocytotic function of TAM via C5aR1 or CD8+T cell function to suppress HCC growth in vivo.

eLife Assessment

This fundamental work significantly advances our understanding of gravity sensing and orientation behavior in the ctenophore, an animal of major importance in understanding the evolution of nervous systems. Through comprehensive reconstruction with volumetric electron microscopy, and time-lapse imaging of cilia motion, the authors provide compelling evidence that the aboral nerve net coordinates the activity of balancer cilia. The resemblance to the ciliomotor circuit in marine annelids provides a fascinating example of how neural circuits may convergently evolve to solve common sensorimotor challenges.

eLife Assessment

This study presents an important study into the molecular function of AT-HOOK MOTIF NUCLEAR LOCALIZED 15 (AHL15), a member of the AHL protein family, identifying it as a potential regulator of three-dimensional gene-loop organization within transcribed gene bodies. The authors support this claim with compelling genome-wide evidence, integrating AHL15 binding profiles with transcriptional and chromatin accessibility changes, as well as demonstrating overlap with genes known to form loops across transcribed regions. The evidence supporting the claims of the authors is solid. Collectively, these findings will be of broad interest to biologists seeking to understand the core regulatory mechanisms underlying gene expression.

eLife Assessment

This fundamental study advances our understanding of population-level immune responses to influenza in both children and adults. The strength of the evidence supporting the conclusions is compelling, with high-throughput profiling assays and mathematical modeling. The work will be of interest to immunologists, virologists, vaccine developers, and those working on mathematical modeling of infectious diseases.

eLife Assessment

This important manuscript evaluates how sample size and demographic balance of reference cohorts affect the reliability of normative models. The evidence supporting the conclusions is convincing. This work will be of interest to clinicians and scientists working with normative models.

eLife Assessment

This valuable study provides insights into the role of Pten mutations in SHH-medulloblastoma, by using mouse models to resolve the effects of heterozygous vs homozygous mutations on proliferation and cell death throughout tumorigenesis. The experiments presented are convincing, with rigorous quantifications and orthogonal experimentation provided throughout, and the models employing sporadic oncogene induction, rather than EGL-wide genetic modifications, represent an advancement in experimental design. However, additional experimentation focused on a greater characterization of macrophage phenotypes (e.g., microglia vs circulating monocytes) would enhance this study. The work will be of interest to medical biologists studying general cancer mechanisms, as the function of Pten may be similar across tumor types.

eLife Assessment

This manuscript presents a valuable study of the activity and functional relevance of different circuits in the dentate gyrus of mice performing a pattern separation task. The study is likely to be of interest to those studying the subregional organization and cell type-specific functions of the dentate gyrus. However, the strength of evidence for the study's conclusions is currently incomplete.

eLife Assessment

This useful study by Palo et al proposes that FRG1 functions as a negative regulator of Nonsense-Mediated mRNA decay (NMD) by associating with the exon junction complex (EJC) and destabilizing UPF1 independently of DUX4. The authors present solid evidence to dissect the relationship between FRG1 and DUX4 in NMD. However, the evidence to support the claim that FRG1 is a component of the EJC or the NMD machinery is incomplete.

eLife Assessment

This study presents a valuable finding on maternal SETDB1 as a key chromatin repressor that shuts down the 2C gene program and enables normal mouse embryonic development. The evidence supporting the claims of the authors is solid, although the inclusion of a causality test, a mechanistic understanding of SETDB1 targeting, and phenotypic quantification would have greatly strengthened the study. The work will be of broad interest to biologists working on embryonic development, stem cells and gene regulation.

eLife Assessment

This study presents a method for expressing single-stranded DNA fluorescent aptamers in E. coli using a retron-based strategy. The evidence supporting the successful expression and folding of DNA aptamers is solid, with clear demonstration of fluorescence after extraction, though the aptamers do not function in living cells. The method represents an important technical advance that will likely become standard for DNA aptamer expression in bacterial systems.

eLife Assessment

This study offers important insights into how entorhinal and hippocampal activity support human thinking in feature spaces. It replicates hexagonal symmetry in entorhinal cortex, reports a novel three-fold symmetry in both behavior and hippocampal signals, and links these findings with a computational model. The task and analyses are sophisticated, and the results appear convincing and of broad interest to neuroscientists.

eLife Assessment

This valuable study introduces a model to help researchers understand how multivariate processes affect observed relationships in genetic data. The authors provide a tool to estimate model parameters. Overall, the authors provide solid evidence that their tool can obtain median-unbiased estimates of the true parameters when using simulated data under the model.

eLife Assessment

This manuscript provides valuable insight into how genome organization changes as cells progress through the cell cycle after mitotic exit. The conclusions are supported by solid, rigorous data, and the use of sorted unsynchronized cells rather than cells treated with drugs is a particular strength. Two sharp genome remodeling events are identified at G1-S and to a lesser extent, at S-G2 transitions. A discussion on the limitations of Hi-C and a broader interpretation of results in the context of other mechanistic models would strengthen the overall rigor.

eLife Assessment

This important work demonstrates the role of physically linking the core and CTD kinase modules of TFIIH via separate domains of subunit Tfb3 in confining RNA Polymerase II Serine 5 CTD phosphorylation to promoter regions of transcribed genes in budding yeast. The main findings, resulting from analyses of viable Tfb3 mutants in which the linkage between TFIIH core and kinase modules has been severed, are supported by solid evidence from in vitro and in vivo experiments. There is an intriguing possibility that the Tfb3-mediated connection between core and kinase modules of TFIIH is an evolutionary addition to an ancestral state of physically unconnected enzymes, which could be examined more rigorously with additional evolutionary analyses.

eLife Assessment

This manuscript uses adaptive-bandit simulations to describe the dynamics of the Pseudomonas-derived chephalosporinase PDC-3 β-lactamase and its mutants to better understand antibiotic resistance. The finding, that clinically observed mutations alter the flexibility of the Ω- and R2-loops, reshaping the cavity of the active site, is valuable to the field. The evidence is considered incomplete, however, with the need for analysis to demonstrate equilibrium weighting of adaptive trajectories and related measures of statistical significance.

eLife Assessment

This study presented valuable findings regarding the basic molecular pathways leading to the cystogenesis of Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease, suggesting BICC1 functions as both a minor causative gene for PKD and a modifier of PKD severity. Solid data were supplied to demonstrate the functional and structural interactions between BICC-1, PC1 and PC2, respectively. The characterization of such interactions remains to be developed further, which renders the specific relevance of these findings for the etiology of relevant diseases unclear.

eLife Assessment

This study investigated the dynamics of human cortical network activity with functional magnetic resonance imaging during movie watching and studied the modulation of these dynamics by subcortical areas using an energy landscape mapping method. The authors identified a set of brain states defined at the level of canonical functional networks, quantified how the brain transitions between these states, and related transition probabilities to inter-subject correlations in evoked brain activity. A major emphasis of the work concerns the role of the thalamus, which shows transition-linked activity changes and dynamic connectivity patterns, including differential involvement of parvalbumin- and calbindin-associated thalamic subdivisions. The analytical strategy developed in this study is applicable to other task- and resting-state fMRI data and would be useful for many researchers in the field; however, the evidence supporting the overall conclusions remains incomplete due to limitations associated with fMRI data preprocessing, analysis, and cross-validation.

eLife Assessment

This study investigates whether heavy metal stress can induce maize-like phenotypic and molecular responses in teosinte and whether these responses overlap with genomic regions implicated in domestication. By combining copper and cadmium treatments with quantitative phenotyping, gene-expression analyses, and expanded assessments of nucleotide diversity across a key chromosome 5 interval, the authors provide an integrated view of how abiotic stress responses intersect with domestication-related traits. The significance of the findings is valuable, as the work offers meaningful insights for the subfield of maize evolution and stress biology by extending heavy-metal response analyses to teosinte and linking them to domestication-associated loci, although the evolutionary implications remain indirect. The strength of evidence is solid, with appropriately designed and quantitatively supported experiments that broadly support the claims, but do not yet establish a causal or historical role for heavy metal stress in domestication.

eLife Assessment

This is an important work implementing data mining methods on IMC data to discover spatial protein patterns related to the triple-negative breast cancer patients' chemotherapy response. The evidence supporting the claims of the authors is solid, although more detailed methodology clarification and validation are needed. While the accuracy of the methods is not very high, the work shows potential for translational application.

eLife Assessment

This important study focuses on the molecular mechanisms underlying the generation of neuronal diversity. Taking advantage of a well-defined neuroblast lineage in Drosophila, the authors provide convincing evidence that two transcription factors of the conserved forkhead box (FOX) family offer a mechanistic link between transient spatial cues that specify neuroblast identity and terminal selector genes that define post-mitotic neuron identity. The findings will be of interest to developmental neurobiologists.

eLife Assessment

This study presents experiments suggesting intriguing mesoscale reorganization of functional connectivity across distributed cortical and subcortical circuits during learning. The approach is technically impressive and the results are potentially of valuable significance. The authors have also made clear effort to address concerns in revision. However, the strength of evidence remains incomplete. Acquisition of data from additional animals in the primary experiment could bolster these findings.

eLife Assessment

This study provides valuable insight into the role of actin protrusions in mediating early pre-endoyctic steps of human papillomavirus entry at the cell surface. Using state-of-the-art microscopy in an immortalized keratinocyte model, the authors present mostly solid evidence that filopodia actively promote the transfer of heparin sulfate-coated virions from the extracullar matrix to the viral entry factor CD151. Remaining gaps in the mechanistic model could be further supported by including a more expansive analysis of the fixed microscopy samples and live cell imaging to distinguish virion transfer from direct binding.

eLife Assessment

This valuable work advances our understanding of the relationship between multimodal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measures, cognition, and mental health. Compelling use of statistical learning techniques in UK Biobank data shows that 48% of the variance between an 11-task derived g-factor and imaging data can be explained. Overall, this paper contributes to the study of brain-behaviour relations and will be of interest for both its methods and its findings on how much variance in g can be explained.

eLife Assessment

This study offers a valuable methodological advance by introducing a gene panel selection approach that captures combinatorial specificity to define cell identity. The findings address key limitations of current single-gene marker methods. The evidence is compelling, but would be strengthened by further validation of rare cell states and unexpected marker categories.

eLife Assessment

This manuscript presents a valuable methodological approach to investigating context-dependent activity of cis-regulatory activity within defined genomic loci. The authors combine a locus-specific massively parallel reporter assay, enabling unbiased and high-coverage profiling of enhancer activity across large genomic regions, with a degenerate reporter assay to identify nucleotides critical for enhancer function. The data supporting the conclusions are solid, highlighted by successful identification and characterization of both previously known and new regulatory elements across multiple developmental stages, cell types, and species. While the approach has inherent limitations in sensitivity, and indirect assignment of regulatory elements to target genes, it provides a flexible platform for nominating candidate cis-regulatory elements across defined loci.

eLife Assessment

This study provides valuable mechanistic insight into the mutually exclusive distributions of the histone variant H2A.Z and DNA methylation by testing two hypotheses: (i) that DNA methylation destabilizes H2A.Z nucleosomes, thereby preventing H2A.Z retention, and (ii) that DNA methylation suppresses H2A.Z deposition by ATP-dependent chromatin remodelling complexes. Through a series of well-designed and carefully executed experiments, findings are presented in support of both hypotheses. However, the evidence in support of either hypothesis is incomplete, so that the proposed mechanisms underlying the enrichment of H2A.Z on unmethylated DNA remain somewhat speculative.

eLife Assessment

This study uses a valuable combination of functional magnetic resonance imaging and electroencephalography (EEG) to study brain activity related to prediction errors in relation to both sensorimotor and more complex cognitive functions. It provides incomplete evidence to suggest that prediction error minimisation drives brain activity across both types of processing and that elevated inter-regional functional coupling along a superior-inferior axis is associated with high prediction error, whereas coupling along a posterior-anterior axis is associated with low prediction error. The manuscript will be of interest to neuroscientists working on predictive coding and decision-making, but would benefit from more precise localisation of EEG sources and more rigorous statistical controls.

eLife Assessment

This manuscript provides evidence that mouse germline cysts develop an asymmetric Golgi, ER, and microtubule-associated structure that resembles the fusome in Drosophila germline cysts. This fundamental study provides new evidence that fusome-like structures exist in germ cell cysts across species. Overall, the data are convincing and represent a significant advance in our understanding of germ cell biology.

eLife Assessment

This paper develops a fundamental theory that explains how the brain can hold in working memory not only the identity but also the order of presented stimuli. Previous theories did not explain the ability of people to immediately recall the correct order of the stimulus presentation. The authors present compelling evidence that this can be achieved through synaptic augmentation, an experimentally observed phenomenon with a time scale of tens of seconds.

eLife Assessment

This valuable study a computational language model, i.e., HM-LSTM, to quantify the neural encoding of hierarchical linguistic information in speech, and addresses how hearing impairment affects neural encoding of speech. Overall the evidence for the findings is solid, although the evidence for different speech processing stages could be strengthened by a more rigorous temporal response function (TRF) analysis. The study is of potential interest to audiologists and researchers who are interested in the neural encoding of speech.

eLife Assessment

This study investigates low-affinity Ca2+ binding by WT calreticulin and mutant calreticulin associated with type I myeloproliferative neoplasms, as well as the impact on Ca2+ fluxes in suspension cultures of megakaryocyte-like cells in vitro in response to ER Ca2+ ATPase inhibitors that deplete endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca2+ store and open plasma membrane Ca2+ channels through STIM1-Orai interactions. The results are important in that they show that Ca2+ binding by calreticulin and store-operated Ca2+ entry are not fundamentally impacted by the type I deletion mutation in calreticulin, which rules out a direct effect of the calreticulin mutation on its own low-affinity Ca2+ binding and any broad impact on ER Ca2+ regulation. The strength of the data and methods used ranges from solid to convincing, although the use of suspension-based flow cytometric assays to investigate ER Ca2+ levels and Ca2+ entry can be challenged. High-affinity Ca2+ binding sites could be further considered, and possible confounding effects of Abl kinase activity in the megakaryocyte-like cell lines could be offset.

eLife Assessment

This important study combines a two-person joint hand-reaching paradigm with game-theoretical modeling to examine whether, and how, one's reflexive visuomotor responses are modulated by a partner's control policy and cost structure. The study provides a solid and novel set of behavioral findings suggesting that involuntary visuomotor feedback is indeed modulated in the context of interpersonal coordination. The work will be of interest to cognitive scientists studying the motoric and social aspects of action control.

eLife Assessment

This important study addresses a classic debate in visual processing, using a strong method applied to a rare clinical population to evaluate hierarchical models of visual object perception. The paper finds only partial support for the hierarchical model: as expected, neural responses in ventral visual cortex show increased representational selectivity for faces along the posterior-anterior axes, but the onsets of the signals do not show a temporal hierarchy, indicating more parallel processing. The iEEG dataset is impressive, but the evidence for lack of temporal hierarchy is incomplete: essential quality checks need to be performed, and statistical analyses adapted to ensure that the data and analyses would be able to reveal temporal hierarchy if it were present in the data.

eLife Assessment

This valuable study provides a practical computational framework for inferring latent neural states directly from calcium fluorescence recordings, bypassing the traditional need for a separate spike deconvolution step. The evidence supporting the method is solid, featuring rigorous validation across multiple latent variable model families (including HMM, GPFA, and LFADS) using both simulated and experimental data. However, the assessment of the method's generality would be further strengthened by application to a broader range of experimental datasets, such as recordings from different brain regions or using different calcium indicators.

eLife Assessment

Insects can act as vectors of plant diseases, hence the study of insect-pathogen interactions is relevant for agriculture. This important study identifies in Diaphorina citri a dopamine receptor responsive to 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus' infection, demonstrate direct regulation of this receptor by a microRNA, and integrate dopamine signaling into an established insect reproductive hormone framework. Multiple complementary experimental approaches convincingly support the findings, but key conclusions rely on correlative data and the mechanistic evidence for the proposed linear signaling cascade is incomplete. This work will be of interest for insect physiology and vector-pathogen biology, and more broadly for citrus agriculture.

eLife Assessment

The authors address a hard question and propose a pipeline for using Large Language Models to reconstruct signalling networks as well as to benchmark future models. The findings are valuable for a defined subfield, as the proposed framework allows for assessing such approaches systematically. The overall support is solid, although the present evaluation remains limited in scope and would benefit from a wider range of networks and performance metrics.

eLife Assessment

Important findings from this study include clear evidence of the impact of methylphenidate on cognitive control over Pavlovian biasing of actions and decision-making in humans, in a manner dependent on baseline working memory capacity. The design used drug dosing after learning, allowing a compelling test of the influence of catecholamines on decision processes independent of learning. The task is very well designed, using a combination of aversive and appetitive Pavlovian to Instrumental Transfer, and the in-depth behavioural analysis extends the authors' previous work, which will be of interest to those working in cognitive psychopharmacology. The results challenge the view that catecholamines operate by modulating behavioural invigoration alone.

eLife Assessment

This is a valuable polymer model that provides insight into the origin of macromolecular mixed and demixed states within transcription clusters. The simulations are well performed and clearly presented in the context of existing experimental datasets. This compelling study will be of interest to those studying gene expression in the context of chromatin.

eLife Assessment

This important study identifies a metal transporter in the plasma membrane of the obligate intracellular pathogen, Toxoplasma gondii. Using an array of different approaches, the authors convincingly demonstrate that this transporter mediates iron and zinc uptake and regulates diverse cellular processes, including parasite metabolism and differentiation. This work will be of broad interest to cell biologists and biochemists studying metal ion transport mechanisms.

eLife Assessment

This important study provides new insights into how Staphylococcus aureus adapts to disulfide stress through the redox-sensitive regulator Spx, which coordinates nutrient uptake, cysteine import, redox homeostasis, and bacterial growth. While the authors present compelling evidence supporting the central role of Spx in managing disulfide stress, several aspects require further clarification. In particular, the precise mechanisms regulating cysteine uptake and the proposed link between disulfide stress responses and iron limitation would benefit from additional explanation and experimental or conceptual justification.

eLife Assessment

Optical tweezers have been instrumental to the determination of mechanical parameters of molecular motors. This study by Takamatsu et al. reports key mechanical parameters of kinesin KIF1A using fluorescence microscopy, wherein the motor is tethered to a DNA nanospring, without the use of an optical trapping apparatus, which represents an exciting development. The approach and the findings reported change current thinking about KIF1A‑mediated transport, with potential implications for understanding human disease. The findings are important and the strength of the evidence is compelling.