- Dec 2021
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Mute have I been awhile, and overwrought At this great sorrow, for it passeth speech, And passeth all desire to ask of it. Yet if the gods send evils, men must bear.(To the Messenger) Unroll the record! stand composed and tell, Although thy heart be groaning inwardly, Who hath escaped, and, of our leaders, whom Have we to weep? what chieftains in the van Stood, sank, and died and left us leaderless?
Persian (by Edmund Dodge Anderson Moshead). The queen did not speak for a period of time because of excessive grief and was so sad that she was tired. This passage of Moshead version Stood, sank, and died and left us leaderless? Let me understand that Persia has lost its leadership and has entered a state of total despair. The queen can feel tired because she was hurt too deeply. She lost her son and husband and left her speechless for a long time. This paragraph is not described in Aeschylus. From this passage, Moshead can tell that she is very pitiful. Both versions told me that it was very difficult for her to live as a woman, and she became a widow without her husband and children. Especially under this kind of shock, she must bless the last drop of hope. The hope is that the last Persian fleet defeats Greece. But she was still defeated, so her last hope was destroyed. It is not easy for her to be a woman, but this passage shows the love and mentality of being a mother or an expressive mother for her children.
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Long while by various visions of the night Am I beset, since to Ionian lands With marshalled host my son went forth to war. Yet never saw I presage so distinct As in the night now passed.—Attend my tale!— A dream I had: two women nobly clad Came to my sight, one robed in Persian dress, The other vested in the Dorian garb, And both right stately and more tall by far Than women of to-day, and beautiful Beyond disparagement, and sisters sprung Both of one race, but, by their natal lot, One born in Hellas, one in Eastern land. These, as it seemed unto my watching eyes, Roused each the other to a mutual feud: The which my son perceiving set himself To check and soothe their struggle, and anon Yoked them and set the collars on their necks; And one, the Ionian, proud in this array, Paced in high quietude, and lent her mouth, Obedient, to the guidance of the rein. But restively the other strove, and broke The fittings of the car, and plunged away With mouth un-bitted: o'er the broken yoke My son was hurled, and lo! Darius stood In lamentation o'er his fallen child.
The Persian (By Edmund Doidge Anderson Morshead). The queen dreamed that her son was lost in the war. She especially said in the last paragraph, my son was thrown away. I can see that she is surprised and terrified, but also very worried. At the same time, like the Aeschylus version, it also describes her worry and fear of losing her child. But Aeschylus did not describe in detail how her child was lost. The Morshead version described in detail that her son's head was pierced in by auto parts and then lost his life. This version can be more graphic, and I can feel from the text that the queen is very nervous and scared.
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Queen, among deep-girded Persian dames thou highest and most royal,Hoary mother, thou, of Xerxes, and Darius' wife of old! To godlike sire, and godlike son, we bow us and are loyal—Unless, on us, an adverse tide of destiny has rolled!
The Persian (By Edmund Doidge Anderson Morshead) The queen appeared in the same noble posture. Whether from Morshead or Aeschylus version, we can see that the authors of both versions gave the queen a very high evaluation. She is the old mother of Xerxes and the old wife of Darius! His Majesty, the son of God. So we see that she is still highly praised by the author, and she even has a certain relationship with God with her "god-like luster". This can more powerfully prove that as a woman, she is a very high-powered person, and is the person who influences the whole story.
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Ye Persian women! past relief Is now your sorrow! to the war Your loved ones went and come no more! Gone from you is your joy and pride— Severed the bridegroom from the bride— The wedded couch luxurious Is widowed now, and all the house Pines ever with insatiate sighs, And we stand here and bid arise, For those who forth in ardour went And come not back, the loud lament!
The queen is a very tragic person. Because of war, she lost her husband and her son. Her happiness and pride have left her, she not only has to live in sorrow but also in hatred. As a woman, she still has to live with strength. She is now a widow, and I can realize that she has to live for this grief every day. And it is not easy for her to live as a woman, and she has the last gleam of hope that her country’s Persian fleet was defeated and shattered. So this woman is very miserable, and I can see from this text that the author described the queen's unwillingness and helplessness.
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波斯的耻辱和她的救济尖叫！ 但仍要更新故事，重复你的话， 告诉你那些希腊船只的数量， 以及他们如何用喙的船头冒险 冲向波斯军备。
She could not accept Persia's failure and the loss of her son. She did not believe that her Persian army would fail. So she started screaming for relief and wanted to know the process. This proves that the queen is very anxious. From this simple passage, we can see that the queen has lost her sanity, and she has a vengeful heart anyway.
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Long while by various visions of the night Am I beset, since to Ionian lands With marshalled host my son went forth to war. Yet never saw I presage so distinct As in the night now passed.—Attend my tale!— A dream I had: two women nobly clad Came to my sight, one robed in Persian dress, The other vested in the Dorian garb, And both right stately and more tall by far Than women of to-day, and beautiful
In this paragraph. The queen was too worried about her son and played the role of maternal love for her son. She dreamed of the death of her son. And worry about his son. So she did everything for her son, and the whole tragedy is all around her.
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Queen, among deep-girded Persian dames thou highest and most royal, Hoary mother, thou, of Xerxes, and Darius’ wife of old! To godlike sire, and godlike son, we bow us and are loyal— Unless, on us, an adverse tide of destiny has rolled!
Queen, in the tragedy of the Persians. She is playing a very important political role. She controlled the progress of the whole tragedy for her son. She played a lofty position among women. And the author gave her a high evaluation. Her evaluation is that "she even has a certain relationship with God with her "god-like luster"." From this point, it can explain how noble and important her status is.
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A hunter sees Enkidu and is amazed at the strange sight--an animal and yet a man. Enkidu, as though resenting his condition, becomes enraged at the sight of the hunter, and the latter goes to his father and tells him of the strange creature whom he is unable to catch. In reply, the father advises his son to take a woman with him when next he goes out on his pursuit, and to have the woman remove her dress in the presence of Enkidu, who will then approach her, and after intercourse with her will abandon the animals among whom he lives.
The Babylonian version of GILGAMESH. A hunter was angry when he saw Enkidu. And tell his father. The father suggested that his son take a woman to deal with Enkidu when he sets out. After letting the woman take off her clothes in front of him and having intercourse with him, let him abandon the animals in it. Compared with the regular version, the Babylonian version does not describe Enkidu as the strongest person in the world. My father didn't use the word "Harlot" to describe this woman. And he didn't ask his son to go to Gilgamesh, he just asked him to take this woman to Enkidu. However, from the text of the Babylonian version, we can see that the Babylonian version respects women very much compared to the original epic. But these two versions of the epic have one thing in common, that is, women play a very important role in the epic. They can do things that boys can't. Women are used to doing some negative things. Both versions of men are very cowards and incompetent. However, the Babylonian version does not call Enkidu a savage, so this one is more civilized.
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That Enkidu originally played the part of the slayer is also shown by the statement that it is he who insults Ishtar by throwing a piece of the carcass into the goddess' face, [93] adding also an insulting speech; and this despite the fact that Ishtar in her rage accuses Gilgamesh of killing the bull.
The Babylonian version of GILGAMESH. Enkidu threw an entity on the face of the goddess and added an insulting remark. Although there are not many texts in this passage, judging from this reaction, it can be seen whether it is the Babylonian version or the ordinary version. Men always play a bullying, barbaric, and violent role. Women are always the objects of seldom being respected and humiliated too much. What's interesting is that in the normal version, only ordinary women are humiliated, and the goddess is always a respected existence. Although the Babylonian version does not have negative words about women, it can be seen from some text of behavior that it is also an excessive disrespect for women. At the same time, the goddess was emotionally unstable because of Enkidu's behavior. This completely broke the perfect and noble image of the goddess in this epic.
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"Do not trust, O Gilgamesh, in thy strength! Be warned(?) against trusting to thy attack! The one who goes before will save his companion, [84] He who has foresight will save his friend. [85] Let Enkidu go before thee. He knows the roads to the cedar forest; He is skilled in battle and has seen fight." Gilgamesh is sufficiently impressed by this warning to invite Enkidu to accompany him on a visit to his mother, Ninsun, for the purpose of receiving her counsel. [86]
The Babylonian version of GILGAMESH. Gilgamesh's mother told him directly, don't believe, your power will be warned. And let Enkidu go ahead of him. Because he is good at fighting and has seen fights. This passage is more like making Gilgamesh use Enkidu as his bodyguard. But in the normal version of Gilgamesh, his mother was imparting wisdom to Gilgamesh and told someone that would change Gilgamesh. And Gilgamesh will like this person very much and will change because of this person. This person is Enkidu, so Enkidu will be valued and respected very much in the regular version. In the Babylonian version of this text, the mother did not impart wisdom to Gilgamesh. The mother did not show to be the goddess of wisdom, nor did she mention the characteristics of women who lived in this epic. There were no negative images and excessively positive images. On the contrary, I saw more intrigue, because she let her son walk in front of him with Enkidu. This means that Enkidu is just a tool similar to his bodyguard.
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A foreign name might naturally be spelled in various ways. The Epic in the Assyrian version clearly depicts dGish-gì(n)-mash as a conqueror of Erech, who forces the people into subjection, and whose autocratic rule leads the people of Erech to implore the goddess Aruru to create a rival to him who may withstand him. In response to this appeal dEnkidu is formed out of dust by Aruru and eventually brought to Erech.
The Babylonian version of GILGAMESH. The people were forced to submit because of conquest. The authoritarian rule caused Erec's people to pray to the goddess. So Aruru created an opponent for him that could resist him. Compared with the usual version of the epic Gilgamesh. The usual version is telling people are ruled by Gilgames. But this Babylon version is telling that people are conquest and live in an authoritarian, so they ask Goddess to help. Babylon did not talk too much about the goddess Aruru. But we can still see from this version that Aruru, as a woman, comes from a lofty position and a powerful force. Whether it is the Babylonian version of the epic, or the ordinary version of the epic, it is a great existence. Therefore, women play an irreplaceable and great role in both two versions of the epic of Gilgamesh. But this Babylonian version does not describe women too much, so compared to the normal version, this version is more likely to rarely see negative stories about women. More to describe the positive image of women.
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Then Ninsun, who is well-beloved and wise, said to Gilgamesh, ‘This star of heaven which descended like a meteor from the sky; which you tried to lift,- but found too heavy, when you tried to move it it would not budge, and so you brought it to my feet; I made it for you, a goad and spur, and you were drawn as though to a woman. This is the strong comrade, the one who brings help to his friend in his need. He is the strongest of wild creatures, the stuff of Anu; born in the grass-lands and the wild hills reared him; when you see him you will be glad; you will love him as a woman and he will never forsake you. This is the meaning of the dream.' Gilgamesh said, ‘Mother, I dreamed a second dream. In the streets of strong-walled Uruk there lay an axe; the shape of it was strange and the people thronged round. I saw it and was glad. I bent down, deeply drawn towards it; I loved it like a woman and wore it at my side.' Ninsun answered, ‘That axe, which you saw, which drew you so powerfully like love of a woman, that is the comrade whom I give you, and he will come in his strength like one of the host of heaven. He is the brave companion who rescues his friend in necessity.' Gilgamesh said to his mother, 'A friend, a counsellor has come to me from Enlil, and now I shall befriend and counsel him.' So Gilgamesh told his dreams; and the harlot retold them to Enkidu.
Gilgamesh had a dream. He dreamed of his wise mother, Ninsun. One of the gods of wisdom. His mother told him Gilgamesh's dream. When the mother explained his dream, Gilgamesh was attracted by a woman, and Gilgamesh would be drawn like a woman when she saw him. So Gilgamesh's mother appears as a female character; she represents wisdom and hope. Because her mother taught Gilgamesh a per of wisdom he never had before; this also shows that women are an excellent and intelligent existence in this epic. His mother also told him that one person would change Gilgamesh. She is instructing him. This person will save Gilgamesh, and Gilgamesh will change because of this person. So this also proves that his mother's role as a female can also change and guide others.
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His face was altered like that of one who has made a long journey. With awe in his heart he spoke to his father: ‘Father, there is a man, unlike any other, who comes down from the hills. He is the strongest in the world, he is like an immortal from heaven. He ranges over the hills with wild beasts and eats grass; the ranges through your land and comes down to the wells. I am afraid and dare not go near him. He fills in the pits which I dig and tears up-my traps set for the game; he helps the beasts to escape and now they slip through my fingers.' His father opened his mouth and said to the trapper, ‘My son, in Uruk lives Gilgamesh; no one has ever pre-vailed against him, he is strong as a star from heaven. Go to Uruk, find Gilgamesh, extol the strength of this wild man. Ask him to give you a harlot, a wanton from the temple of love; return with her, and let her woman's power overpower this man. When next he comes down to drink at the wells she will be there, stripped naked; and when he sees her beckoning he will embrace her, and then the wild beasts will reject him.'
The son ran to his father and told him that he had met someone stronger than himself. He was afraid. Not only did he dare not face this powerful enemy, but he also ran to ask his father for help. The father used a woman to deal with the strongest man and used the word “harlot” to address a woman. From this, we can see that this epic discriminates against women, and most women play miserable roles. You can also see men's cowards. Including that Enkidu is a savage, another meaning of this sentence is to say that he is a civilization. But because the epic has such a passage, you can see the characteristics of this epic. This is a feature of prejudice against women, and men are noble.
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She was not ashamed to take him, she made herself naked and welcomed his eagerness; as he lay on her murmuring love she taught him the woman's art For six days and seven nights they lay together, for Enkidu had forgotten his home in the hills; but when he was satisfied he went back to the wild beasts. Then, when the gazelle saw him, they bolted away; when the wild creatures saw him they fled. Enkidu would have followed, but his body was bound a s though with a cord, his knees gave way when he started to run, his swiftness was gone. And n o w the wild creatures had all fled away;
She taught him the art of women and made Enkidu fall in love with her. She made Enkidu, a man known as the strongest man in the world, weak, and she made the strongest man listen to her. This tells us that women are very powerful. They can do things that men, including heroes, can't do.
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Now the trapper returned, taking the harlot with him. After a three days' journey they came to the drinking hole, and there they sat down; the harlot and the trapper sat . facing one another and waited for the game to come. For the first day and for the second day the two sat waiting, but on the third day the herds came; they came down to drink and Enkidu was with them. The small wild creatures of the plains were glad of the water, and Enkidu with them, who ate grass with the gazelle and was born in the hills; and she saw him, the savage man, come from far-off in the hills. The trapper spoke to her: ‘There he is. Now, woman, make your breasts bare, have no shame, do not delay but welcome his love. Let him see you naked, let him possess your body. When he comes near uncover yourself and lie with him; teach him, the savage man, your woman's art, for when he murmurs love to you the wild’ beasts that shared his life in the hills will reject him
Men show the arrogance and prejudice of men. To deal with the strongest person, a vulnerable group such as a woman and a child was used to deal with this strongest person. But on the contrary, this can also show that women are also very powerful; without women, men like them can't deal with the strongest person. It can also prove that women played an essential role in this story. In a sense, women are heroes in this epic.
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53. “Yet I do not claim to be innocent. The soul commands evil, except those on whom my Lord has mercy. Truly my Lord is Forgiving and Merciful.” 54. The king said, “Bring him to me, and I will reserve him for myself.” And when he spoke to him, he said, “This day you are with us established and secure.”
When Joseph was presented to the king, he did not claim to be innocent but took on the punishment that he was given. This is how we know that he knows that he played a part in the incident with the king's wife. He says himself that the soul wants to do evil but god is the one stops the evil from happening. And so he was forgiven by the king to work along side him. (Itani, T. (n.d.). Quran in English - Clear and Easy to Read. Quran in English. https://www.clearquran.com/012.html) CC BY-NC
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But Satan caused him to forget mentioning him to his master, so he remained in prison for several years.
Maybe Satan caused the inmate to forget about Joseph because Joseph had mentioned that only his true God was the one worth believing in. Whether it's religion or our own arguments we are all like Joseph. We all want someone to believe our story or be on our side or just be understanding. When we add religion to the mix, it's a different kind of understanding that people want to receive. It's not so simple as saying "believe in my god." (Itani, T. (n.d.). Quran in English - Clear and Easy to Read. Quran in English. https://www.clearquran.com/012.html) CC BY-NC
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29. “Joseph, turn away from this. And you, woman, ask forgiveness for your sin; you are indeed in the wrong.”
Although they both lusted after one another, the woman got blamed for it. Unfortunately this is not a surprise because whenever a man does something to a woman, it was the women's fault. 'What was she wearing, what was she doing, she must have said something or done something to provoke the man to make a move.' That is what people will say. Maybe the woman acted this way because she didn't want to lose her husband or her way of living but it was unfair for Joseph to only get punished for what they both did. (Itani, T. (n.d.). Quran in English - Clear and Easy to Read. Quran in English. https://www.clearquran.com/012.html) CC BY NC
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24. She desired him, and he desired her, had he not seen the proof of his Lord. It was thus that We diverted evil and indecency away from him. He was one of Our loyal servants.
This right here is interesting. In the bible version or the Torah version, the woman was the one who was drawn to Joseph. In this version, they were both drawn to one another and it was the god who kept Joseph from the woman. He wasn't a loyal servant because of his character, he was a loyal servant because that's who god made him to be. Very interesting compared to Gilgamesh where Gilgamesh was created by the gods but he had complete control of his actions. Because of his strong personality, the gods actually had to make an equal to stop him. (Itani, T. (n.d.). Quran in English - Clear and Easy to Read. Quran in English. https://www.clearquran.com/012.html) CC BY-NC
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We thus established Joseph in the land, to teach him the interpretation of events. God has control over His affairs, but most people do not know.
The god allowed for Joseph to get captured because he was going to make sure that Joseph rose to a high place and prove his brothers wrong. (Itani, T. (n.d.). Quran in English - Clear and Easy to Read. Quran in English. https://www.clearquran.com/012.html) CC BY-NC
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3. We narrate to you the most accurate history, by revealing to you this Quran. Although, prior to it, you were of the unaware. 4. When Joseph said to his father, “O my father, I saw eleven planets, and the sun, and the moon; I saw them bowing down to me.”
In this version, we see that Joseph tells his father about the dream that he had of his brothers bowing down to him and Jacob is wise enough to inform him not to say anything to his brothers because he knows that it will make them jealous. However, it's not the dream that makes them jealous, it's the fact that Joseph is clearly the favorite brother. Here, Jacob instructs him to keep listening to God because at the end of the day he is the one that is going to make everything okay. (Itani, T. (n.d.). Quran in English - Clear and Easy to Read. Quran in English. https://www.clearquran.com/012.html) CC BY-NC
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96. Then, when the bearer of good news arrived, he laid it over his face, and he regained his sight. He said, “Did I not say to you that I know from God what you do not know?” 97. They said, “Father, pray for the forgiveness of our sins; we were indeed at fault.” 98. He said, “I will ask my Lord to forgive you. He is the Forgiver, the Most Merciful.”
Their father Jacob knew about Joseph being alive through his god. The sons tried to keep it a secret like they did when they got rid of him but this time god make sure that he knew Joseph was safe. What happened once was not going to happen again because Joseph had risen up to a good position and made a living for himself. Now his brothers needed him to provide for them. Among brothers, it must have felt like they wanted their father's attention and tried to prove that they were being raised to be good men. Instead they proved they were bad men by leaving their brother behind for dead. Joseph didn't owe anything to his brothers. But instead he chose to be the bigger person and provide for them in a time of famine. (Itani, T. (n.d.). Quran in English - Clear and Easy to Read. Quran in English. https://www.clearquran.com/012.html) CC BY-NC
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100. And he elevated his parents on the throne, and they fell prostrate before him. He said, “Father, this is the fulfillment of my vision of long ago. My Lord has made it come true. He has blessed me, when he released me from prison, and brought you out of the wilderness, after the devil had sown conflict between me and my brothers. My Lord is Most Kind towards whomever He wills. He is the All-knowing, the Most Wise.”
In the other version of Joseph, the vision or dream made Joseph seem like the bad guy who wanted to rule over his brothers. Instead the fulfillment of his dream showed that one day there would be reconciliation between the brothers after they tried to kill him. (Itani, T. (n.d.). Quran in English - Clear and Easy to Read. Quran in English. https://www.clearquran.com/012.html)
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- Nov 2021
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But the king went nor comes again—
I feel like in this paragraph all the names that the chorus is saying are men who went to fight in the battle of Salamis and they're trying to say some kind of protection over them. They are also setting the scene for what is taking place so far in the play which is a battle.
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The GHOST OF DARIUS rises.
By far the best part. A lot of plays rely on bringing people back from the dead to get their point of view of cross. In this case, since Darius is known as the 'king of kings' maybe the author wanted to know how he would react to a terrible defeat. As the reader, we get read the perspective of a person who has already passed away in the time of writing this.
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Friends, whosoe’er is versed in human ills, Knoweth right well that when a wave of woe Comes on a man, he sees in all things fear; While, in flood-tide of fortune, ’tis his mood To take that fortune as unchangeable, Wafting him ever forward.
As a Greek writing about the most powerful empire in the world, Aeschylus must have had a lot of fun imagining how the palace in Susa was in shambles due to the Greek warriors defeating the Persian warriors. So much so that the queen is panicking, the elders are panicking and the messenger is is retelling in detail how horrible the battle is going. It's a mischievous undertone when you read it from that perspective.
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Both of one race, but, by their natal lot, One born in Hellas, one in Eastern land. These, as it seemed unto my watching eyes, Roused each the other to a mutual feud: The which my son perceiving set himself To check and soothe their struggle, and anon Yoked them and set the collars on their necks; And one, the Ionian, proud in this array, Paced in high quietude, and lent her mouth, Obedient, to the guidance of the rein. But restively the other strove, and broke The fittings of the car, and plunged away
This made me think of the female naval officer and the Greeks. One born in Hellas would be someone betraying Xerxes in Greece and the one born in an eastern land, the female naval officer (forgive me, I forgot her name) was the queen of a land called Libya in Turkey. She was the one who helped Xerxes and gave him advice although he never took the advice because of his huberus.
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