- Oct 2016
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www.yalelawjournal.org www.yalelawjournal.org
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people can park on the street only if they live in the neighborhood and have a residential parking permit or are given a guest permit by a resident.
I've noticed that in Atlanta, not a lot of people park on the street compared to other cities. There does, however, seem to be more parking decks than any other city I've ever been in.
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placement
In "Five Places in Manchester that Cater for Children with Autism", the author describes how the Jump Nation trampoline center gates off a part of the jumping arena for kids with special needs to jump every month. This shows that the placement of certain barriers isn't always a bad or inhibiting thing. In the case of the jumping arena, it gives the children a safer place to jump and have fun without their parents worrying about their safety.
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Another common version of this phenomenon is one of the most obvious forms of architectural exclusion: the walls, gates, and guardhouses of gated communities.
In my hometown of Carrollton, GA, there were multiple very large gated communities, but the crime in Carrollton was very low. There were rarely any break-ins. In Carrollton, the train tracks separated the predominately white side from the predominately black side, and most of the gated communities were close to the train tracks. It just goes to show that segregation in the form of architectural exclusion does still exist.
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many communities lack sidewalks and crosswalks, making it difficult to cross the street or walk through a neighborhood. Sometimes this is intentional.
For my first Built Environment Description, I walked from Downtown Atlanta to the other side of Old Fourth Ward, but while I was walking through the center section of Old Fourth Ward, I noticed that there weren't many sidewalks. However, there's always sidewalks in Downtown and near Ponce City Market on the other side of Old Fourth Ward.
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A number of localities have used physical barriers to exclude
In Atlanta, I've noticed that 75/85 acts as a barrier between downtown and the historically African American areas of Sweet Auburn and Old Fourth Ward.
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places have racial identities based on their history of or reputation for exclusion
I've noticed this a lot in Atlanta. In places like Sweet Auburn Ave. and Old Fourth Ward, which have historically been African American neighborhoods, it's easy to see how the community now has been shaped by the history. Along with that comes the historical architecture of the area.
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ghettos and exclusionary suburbs are spatial entities
I've never really thought of ghettos as spatial entities, but I guess they really are. I think that a ghetto implies that a culture of people is excluded from the rest of the world, so if everybody in that ghetto has similar beliefs, that makes it an entity.
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the architectural constraint is that it is physically difficult to reach or see the junk food, and thus it is harder to access.
This is a perfect example of exclusion as a positive. Because the junk food is in the back, it gives people more incentive to eat healthier in a very subtle way.
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physical architecture as a constraint
As opposed to Emma Gill, who acknowledges the role of physical architecture as an enabler.
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physical design regulates and that the built environment controls human behavior.
I've never really thought about this before, and I completely agree with it. Since I moved to Atlanta, I've noticed how certain types of people all tend to live in the same place. When you visit a certain part of Atlanta, there's usually always a certain type of person that you'll expect to see.
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As a result, many planning decisions facilitate exclusion within cities.
So the problem is do to the fact that planers are mainly concerned about the efficiency of traffic control. Perhaps if we were able to get rid of barriers and have a naturally racially mixed population in a city, "traffic logic" would be acceptable to prioritize.
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Many would also agree that architecture can be, and is, used to exclude.
In my opinion, this is definitely a problem. If people are completely aware that architecture is being used to exclude, which is basically segregation, then why isn't it being fixed?
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However, as Lawrence Lessig has asserted, tools besides law may constrain or regulate behavior, and those tools function as additional forms of regulation.
This article discusses how architectural is used as a form of regulation, which puts the observation of architectural exclusion into a legal context, but it's interesting to see how in the article "Five Places in Manchester that Cater for Children with Autism", the exclusion isn't legal at all. In fact, the architectural exclusion used in Manchester completely gets rid of the legal side of the argument by promoting equality, which I think is a step in the right direction.
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a park bench that is divided into three individual seats with armrests separating those seats.
It's been a really long time since I've seen a park bench without armrests dividing it. When I was little I thought that they just designed them that way to give people some personal space, but it's interesting to see how something as simple as an armrest is placed into the larger topic of gentrification.
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And cities were constructed in ways—including by erecting physical barriers—that made it very difficult for people from one side of town to access the other side.
This article, compared to "Five Places in Manchester that Cater for Children with Autism", focuses more on the negative side of architectural exclusion, which is understandable because I think that the word "exclusion" has historically had a very negative connotation. It's really great to see the city of Manchester turn exclusion into a positive thing.
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Architectural Exclusion
This article describes the different techniques used by business's in Greater Manchester, England to cater to children with autism. There are five different examples that the articles uses, the first of which is the Jump Nation trampoline center. Jump Nation, like most of the other examples in the article, has autism friendly days or weekends once a month. At Jump Nation, during the autism friendly weekend, they close off half of the jumping arena and turn the music volume on soft for children with over-sensitivities. They also put up nets so the children don't fall off of something high and hurt themselves. Movie theaters are also trying to cater to children with autism. Most of the cinemas in Manchester have autism friendly movie days every month in which they keep the lights on low, the volume low, and completely get rid of the trailers before the movie. This also happens in most of Manchester's stage theaters. The Manchester museum also helps out. They'll do special labs for kids with autism in which they can come before the museum officially opens and learn from experts who cater to their learning disabilities. Finally, Manchester's Adventure Forest is an autism friendly play zone where kids can come and wonder around free without any worries of getting lost or hurt, and if the kids don't feel comfortable going off on their own, parents are more than welcome to come play with their children on the padded indoor playground. With all that said, it seems that Manchester is leading the way for other cities and countries to start looking out for the needs of children with disabilities.
Gill, Emma. “Five Places in Manchester That Cater for Children with Autism.” Men, September 19, 2016. http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/whats-on/family-kids-news/five-places-manchester-cater-children-11906088.
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and although certain forms of exclusion can have beneficial results
In "Five Places in Manchester that Cater for Children with Autism", Emma Gill describes ways that architectural exclusion can be a good thing, such as the Jump Nation trampoline center hosting monthly autism friendly jump weekends in which they turn the music volume down for children with over-sensitivities and put nets around the jump areas.
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