Sustainability trade-offs of FPV in aquatic ecosystems aredriven by a range of interactive factors, and the goal of net-zeroemissions is affected by biogeochemical processes on land andin water.
Saying that land and water-based biogeochemical processes affect sustainability and net-zero goals reflects broader environmental systems science.
Shifts in primaryproducer abundance and dominance following FPV installationmight influence GHG cycling in several ways, including byaltering rates of photosynthesis and CO2 uptake,51,52 loading oforganic matter to the sediment,29 and mixing and stratificationdynamics.
This sentence is grounded in ecological biogeochemistry, since it connects changes in primary producers to shifts in greenhouse gas cycling.
Changes in sediment and watercolumn respiration also will be reflected in water column GHGdynamics (e.g., increased concentrations of CO2 and CH4following panel installation) and air−water GHG ex-change.
The idea that sediment and water column respiration influence gas concentrations comes from well-established knowledge in lake ecology and physical biogeochemistry.
The sum of GHG effectsassociated with FPV can be represented by air−water GHGexchange that integrates GHG dynamics taking place withinthe waterbody
Explaining greenhouse gas behavior in water bodies through air-water exchange is based on biogeochemical science — it's a key part of how we understand these systems.
GHG emissions associated with water-use change duringand after FPV installation require different considerations andaccounting than for terrestrial PV
This sentence draws from knowledge in aquatic ecosystems and Earth system science, since it looks at how FPV installations might change water use and affect greenhouse gas emissions
Ebullitive CH4 emissions were onaverage nearly twice as high in ponds with FPV (0.21 ± 0.04mmol CH4 m−2 h−1) compared to ponds without FPV (0.11 ±0.02 mmol CH4 m−2 h−1) following FPV installation (p =0.031; Figure 5).
The increase in CH₄ ebullition is based on existing knowledge of methane production mechanisms in ecosystems.
Gas transfer velocities (i.e., k600values) in the FPV-covered center of ponds were 4 times lowerfor CO2 (1.27 ± 0.18 cm h−1) and 3 times lower for CH4 (1.42± 0.59 cm h−1) than open pond centers in ponds without FPV(5.42 ± 2.23 and 4.25 ± 1.22 cm h−1 for CO2 and CH4respectively; Table S3), though these differences were notstatistically significant (p = 0.157 for k600CO2 and p = 0.107 fork600CH4), most likely due to the relatively small sample size.
The concept of gas transfer velocity reflects the theoretical knowledge framework regarding GHG exchange between the atmosphere and aquatic systems.
In both treatments, CH4 dynamics followed seasonalpatterns, with the highest concentrations occurring duringwarm summer months
Seasonal variation in CH₄ concentration is based on established ecological knowledge.
Ebullitive CH4 fluxesfollowed typical seasonal patterns in ponds both with andwithout FPV
The seasonal CH₄ flux pattern reflects biogeochemical knowledge.
CH4 ebullition from small waterbodies is also controlled byfactors such as temperature, dissolved oxygen, and organicmatter availability that are likely affected by FPV installa-tion.
This sentence applies established expert knowledge of the biogeochemical factors influencing methane ebullition in small water bodies.
Production and consumption of CO2 and CH4 in ponds,lakes, and reservoirs are dependent on dissolved oxygen,temperature, and the balance between primary production andrespiration
This sentence draws on biogeochemical knowledge of carbon and methane cycling in ponds, lakes, and reservoirs.
Energy production technologies require land and can alterlandscape GHG emissions,16−20 which may be particularlyimportant when considering the carbon cost of renewableenergy production from technologies touted as low carbon.
This sentence reflects established environmental engineering and Earth system science knowledge that energy technologies influence greenhouse gas emissions through land use changes.
FPVdeployment may alter greenhouse gas (GHG) production and emissions fromwaterbodies by changing physical, chemical, and biological processes, which canhave implications for the carbon cost of energy production with FPV.
This sentence is based on established ecological and geochemical knowledge that physical, chemical, and biological processes in aquatic ecosystems are linked to greenhouse gas emissions.
Caduff et al. 2012 states that environmental impact pergenerated energy decreases as the turbine gets bigger.
Existing studies have examined the relationship between turbine size and environmental impact.
Capacity factor is an important variablewhich defines the total energy production of the wind farmand hence affects the environmental impacts directly.
The capacity factor is widely recognized as a key variable influencing the environmental impact of wind energy systems.
Another importantresult of the mentioned review is that impacts due to trans-portation have minor contributions on the total burdens(Arvesen and Hertwich 2012)
There is a general consensus in the literature that transportation contributes minimally to the overall environmental impact of wind power.
According to this review, for onshore wind farms,production of turbine components cause most of the emis-sions, which is in line with the results of this study as givenin Fig. 3 (Arvesen and Hertwich 2012)
Previous studies have identified turbine manufacturing as the primary source of emissions in wind power systems.
Arvesen and Hertwich (2012) conducted an extensiveliterature review on LCA of energy generation from windpower by investigating 44 cases.
It summarizes the existing body of knowledge regarding the life cycle assessment (LCA) of wind power.
From another point of view the following evaluations arederived for the manufacturing and installation phase. Use ofnon-renewable energy sources, in other words, use of coal,natural gas and crude oil are the main contributors of ADPfossil. The main reasons for AP are nitrogen oxide and sul-phur dioxide emissions to atmosphere. Emission of nitrogenoxides to atmosphere, on the other hand, is mainly responsiblefor EP. Trichlorofluoromethane and dichlorotetrafluoroethane
The theoretical understanding of the roles of air and water pollutants in each impact category reflects the established systematic knowledge in environmental engineering.
Razdan and Garrett(2015) found similar environmental credits for impacts as92% of the steel, aluminium and copper originating from thewind farm was recycled, and the rest was sent to a landfillafter dismantling.
The results are supported by examples from other studies.
In another study dealingwith the whole life cycle stages of a wind farm, foundationwas not dismantled, all of the composite rotor wastes weresent to incineration; glass content was directed towards alandfill; and 20% of the rest was recycled (Xu et al. 2018).
The comparison of resource recovery and impact outcomes is based on knowledge from full life cycle studies of wind power plants.
A cra-dle-to-grave LCA study performed on a 50-MW onshorewind plant with a 20-year lifetime showed similar negativeimpacts for decommissioning phase (Garret and Ronde,2013)
The environmental impacts of the decommissioning phase are explained by referencing knowledge from previous LCA studies.
Characterization factors in CML 2001 methodologyare adopted to convert the flows into impact categories(Guinée et al. 2002)
CML 2001 is a widely used knowledge system in environmental impact assessment, and the adoption of this framework in the present study to convert flow data into impact categories indicates the study’s grounding in an established body of knowledge.
Along withobtaining environmental performances of energy technolo-gies, LCA studies aid lowering the unwanted environmentalimpacts (Strantzali and Aravossis 2016), examining environ-mental trade-offs (Modahl et al. 2012) and evaluating decar-bonization potentials (Ramirez et al. 2020).
This sentence highlights the established knowledge about LCA’s capabilities(how it supports understanding trade-offs and environmental performance), thus representing the field’s conceptual framework.
Although there are literature involving theenvironmental impacts of wind farms (Garrett and Rønde2013; Rashedi et al. 2013; Uddin and Kumar 2014; Var-gas et al. 2015) through LCA methodology as well as com-prehensive reviews of LCA of wind energy (Arvesen andHertwich 2012; Davidsson et al. 2012), it is a well-knownfact that obtaining reliable results depends on the usage ofsite-specific data.
This sentence discusses the scholarly consensus about LCA’s dependency on accurate, localized data, indicating a core component of LCA knowledge systems.
Application of LCA methodology on various processes/products/services is known to create fruitful outcomes thatwill guide the decision-makers, manufacturers, researchersin developing sound strategies to lower the unfavour-able environmental impacts of such activities.
This sentence reflects the knowledge system of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) as a scientific approach applied broadly across sectors to understand and mitigate environmental impacts.
Therefore, it is beneficial to employ holistic methodologiessuch as life cycle assessment (LCA) to investigate the pos-sible trade-offs between different impact categories.
This sentence references a specific knowledge system (LCA) used to understand and evaluate environmental impacts, fitting the definition of a body of knowledge.
scientists must recog-nize that Indigenous peoples have rights to self-determination,which extends to research partnerships and the creation anddissemination of new knowledge.
The right to self-determination and sovereignty over knowledge production is related to the subjectivity of knowledge systems.
There is often an assumption –one we wish to avoid perpetuating here – that IK must be sub-sumed within Western scientific frameworks of knowledge,which can force Indigenous peoples to express themselves inways potentially contradictory to their own value and belief sys-tems (Nadasdy 1999). This practice can distort the accuracy andapplicability of IK, and is harmful to Indigenous ways of being.
It discusses the issues and conflicts arising from Western scientific centrism infringing upon the epistemology of IK.
Collaborative research with Indigenous partners requiresrecognition that science and scientists have in the past and con-tinue at present to (1) impose harm on Indigenous peoples; (2)discount IK; and (3) inappropriately reproduce, apply, or other-wise use information derived from IK (Pierotti 2012; Berkes2018)
It includes a reflection on how scientific knowledge has historically treated IK, addressing the power dynamics between knowledge systems.
Those seeking collaborations should be acutely aware thatclear tensions exist between IK and Western science epistemolo-gies.
It points out the fundamental differences between Indigenous Knowledge (IK) and the epistemology of Western science.
The conclusions drawn from IK have interdisciplinary rele-vance as well.
It states that IK functions as a multidisciplinary value system and knowledge framework.
Knowledge holders acrossdistinct cultures and environments accumulate information innumerous ways, including harvesting, observation, animalhusbandry, and experimentation, all supplemented by teach-ings from oral histories and cultural practices (Turner et al.2000; Berkes and Berkes 2009)
It outlines the structure of knowledge in IK, including specific methods of accumulation such as harvesting, observation, and experimentation.
Research at the IK–science interface can benefit from thediversity inherent in IK approaches
The diversity of IK approaches is considered a knowledge characteristic in and of itself.
Suchrecognition of system complexity (including synergistic and con-founding variables) is characteristic of IK, with the holistic viewsof ecosystems stemming in part from “relational” understandingsamong ecosystem components, including humans (Cajete 1995;Turner et al. 2000; Atleo 2011
An ecological understanding centered on complexity and relationships within systems is identified as a core knowledge feature of IK.
considered by science, a reality supported by the fact thatIndigenous peoples themselves regularly form and testhypotheses (Cajete 1995; Atleo 2011).
It explicitly refers to "Indigenous ways of knowing" and describes their ability to form predictions and hypotheses as part of a knowledge system.
Hypotheses constructed within the borders of scientificknowledge may be limited in complex or little-studied systems, aconstraint IK can address.
It explains the limitations of scientific knowledge and the systematic potential of IK to complement them.
Indigenousways of knowing can shape and detail predictions not
It explicitly refers to "Indigenous ways of knowing" and describes their ability to form predictions and hypotheses as part of a knowledge system.
Insights from IK can be relevant at many stages of theresearch process, including but not limited to project con-ceptualization and hypothesis development.
It emphasizes the role of IK in research design and hypothesis development, highlighting its function as a knowledge system.
IK is often closely rooted in human survival and relation-ships between people and nature, and may furthermoretightly couple knowledge accumulation with cultural respon-sibility (Reid et al. 2020)
It describes the underlying philosophy and structure of IK, including how knowledge is accumulated and integrated with cultural responsibilities.
IK and science can share common properties andoffer complementary conceptual underpinnings
It explains the shared characteristics and conceptual foundations of IK and science, discussing the structural nature of both knowledge systems.
Drawing on millennia-old accumulation of knowledge andits contemporary recognition by others, IK has informed,enhanced, and complemented the study of ecology, evolu-tion, and related fields (Figure 2)
They explain the intellectual role of IK in complementing and understanding existing scientific fields such as ecology and evolutionary biology.
IK has been recognizedin the scholarly literature as having enriched understandingof a range of individual-level processes, including behavior(eg Bonta et al. 2017) and habitat selection (eg Polfus et al.2014)
They demonstrate how IK contributes to understanding biological phenomena such as behavior and habitat selection.
IK has also contributed to the literature on population- toecosystem-level processes.
They show the breadth of knowledge that extends beyond the individual level to populations and ecosystems.
IK can also address processes at the community and ecosys-tem levels, including interspecific interactions (eg Wehi 2009)and ecosystem function (eg Savo et al. 2016)
They explain how IK contributes to key scientific concepts such as ecosystem functions and species interactions.
IK has also contributed to understanding related to evolu-tion in many systems.
They explicitly state IK’s contribution to understanding evolution.
Understanding of physiology can also emerge from long-term observations, including harvesting and preparingplants and animals for food, medicine, shelter, clothes, andmore.
They mention IK’s contribution to knowledge of physiology (metabolism, morphology…)
IK is distinct from science, localknowledge, and citizen science in that it includes not only directobservation and interaction with plants, animals, and ecosystems,but also a broad spectrum of cultural and spiritual knowledgesand values that underpin human–environment relationships(Berkes 2018)
By distinguishing IK from science, local knowledge, and citizen science, it clearly demonstrates that IK is a complex knowledge system with its own unique characteristics.
IK in itsbroad scope also includes “Traditional Ecological Knowledge”(TEK) and “Indigenous Ecological Knowledge” (IEK) whenknowledge relates to ecology.
It explains the internal categorization of IK—such as Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK) and Indigenous Ecological Knowledge (IEK)—within the ecological context, highlighting detailed knowledge types within the knowledge system.
Application ofthese broad and deep knowledges in a scientific context hasled to many contributions to the literature in ecology,evolution, and related fields
This sentence shows how IK has contributed to various academic disciplines, emphasizing IK as a knowledge system specific to certain fields.
Despite its millennia-long and continued application by Indigenous peoples to environ-mental management, non- Indigenous “Western” scientific research and management have only recently considered IK.
It indicates that IK has long been used for environmental management, and explains that Western science has only recently come to recognize this knowledge.
Indigenous Knowledge (IK) is the collective term to represent the many place-based knowledges accumulated across generationswithin myriad specific cultural contexts.
This description shows that place-based knowledge has been accumulated over generations, indicating that Indigenous Knowledge (IK) is an independent system of knowledge in its own right.
“If you look at the history of energy transitions – from wood to fossil fuels, for example – everything was based on energy production, and the environment wasn’t taken into consideration
By explaining the historical background of the energy transition and criticizing how past knowledge systems neglected environmental considerations, this sentence proposes a new direction for the evolving body of knowledge.
“There have been a flurry of papers about floating solar, but it’s mostly modeling and projections,” said Steven Grodsky
This sentence points out that existing studies have mostly been limited to modeling and forecasting, thereby indicating the limitations of current academic knowledge.
While floating solar – the emerging practice of putting solar panels on bodies of water – is promising in its efficiency and its potential to spare agricultural and conservation lands, a new experiment finds environmental trade-offs.
By highlighting the attention that the technology of floating solar has received for its efficiency and land-saving benefits, this sentence presents the broader academic background surrounding this technology.
Understanding of physiology can also emerge from long-term observations, including harvesting and preparingplants and animals for food, medicine, shelter, clothes, andmore.
They mention IK’s contribution to knowledge of physiology (metabolism, morphology...)
IK has also contributed to understanding related to evolu-tion in many systems.
They explicitly state IK’s contribution to understanding evolution.
IK can also address processes at the community and ecosys-tem levels, including interspecific interactions (eg Wehi 2009)and ecosystem function (eg Savo et al. 2016)
They explain how IK contributes to key scientific concepts such as ecosystem functions and species interactions.
IK has also contributed to the literature on population- toecosystem-level processes.
They show the breadth of knowledge that extends beyond the individual level to populations and ecosystems.
IK has been recognizedin the scholarly literature as having enriched understandingof a range of individual-level processes, including behavior(eg Bonta et al. 2017) and habitat selection (eg Polfus et al.2014)
They demonstrate how IK contributes to understanding biological phenomena such as behavior and habitat selection.
Drawing on millennia-old accumulation of knowledge andits contemporary recognition by others, IK has informed,enhanced, and complemented the study of ecology, evolu-tion, and related fields
They explain the intellectual role of IK in complementing and understanding existing scientific fields such as ecology and evolutionary biology.
Application ofthese broad and deep knowledges in a scientific context hasled to many contributions to the literature in ecology,evolution, and related fields
This sentence shows how IK has contributed to various academic disciplines, emphasizing IK as a knowledge system specific to certain fields.
IK in itsbroad scope also includes “Traditional Ecological Knowledge”(TEK) and “Indigenous Ecological Knowledge” (IEK) whenknowledge relates to ecology.
It explains the internal categorization of IK—such as Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK) and Indigenous Ecological Knowledge (IEK)—within the ecological context, highlighting detailed knowledge types within the knowledge system.
IK is distinct from science, localknowledge, and citizen science in that it includes not only directobservation and interaction with plants, animals, and ecosystems,but also a broad spectrum of cultural and spiritual knowledgesand values that underpin human–environment relationships(Berkes 2018
By distinguishing IK from science, local knowledge, and citizen science, it clearly demonstrates that IK is a complex knowledge system with its own unique characteristics.
Despite its millennia-long and continued application by Indigenous peoples to environ-mental management, non- Indigenous “Western” scientific research and management have only recently considered IK.
It indicates that IK has long been used for environmental management, and explains that Western science has only recently come to recognize this knowledge.
Indigenous Knowledge (IK) is the collective term to represent the many place-based knowledges accumulated across generationswithin myriad specific cultural contexts.
This description shows that place-based knowledge has been accumulated over generations, indicating that Indigenous Knowledge (IK) is an independent system of knowledge in its own right.
The return-to-renewables will help mitigate climate change is anexcellent way but needs to be sustainable in order to ensure a sustainable future for generations tomeet their energy needs.
It represents fundamental knowledge about the role of renewable energy in climate change mitigation.
The United Nations Framework Convention onClimate Change defines climate change as being attributed directly or indirectly to human activitiesthat alters the composition of the global atmosphere and which in turn exhibits variability in naturalclimate observed over comparable time periods
This sentence deals with the knowledge system related to climate change. Since it explains the concept of climate change using the definition provided by the UNFCCC, it falls under bodies of knowledge.
Wind energy harnesses kinetic energy from movingair.
The principle of wind is explained in this sentence, showing fundamental knowledge of energy physics.
provide opportunities in energy security, social and economic development, energy access, climate changemitigation and reduction of environmental and health impacts
This sentence presents an overall knowledge system about the impact of renewable energy sources on sustainable development and the opportunities they provide.
energy security is based on the idea that there is a continuous supplyof energy which is critical for the running of an economy
The concept of energy security and its importance in economic operations is explained, addressing fundamental knowledge in the field.
Geothermal gradient averages about 30 °C/km.
The average geothermal gradient represents a physical knowledge system related to geothermal resources.
Bioenergy is a renewable energy source derived from biological sources.
The basic concept and sources of bioenergy are explained, forming an established knowledge system in the field.
The ocean stores enough en-ergy to meet the total worldwide demand for power many times over in the form of waves, tide,currents and heat.
The theoretical abundance of ocean energy resources corresponds to a knowledge system related to energy resources.
Hydropower generation does not produce greenhouse gases and thus mostly termed as a greensource of energy.
This sentence represents an overall understanding of hydropower and explains the knowledge system that classifies hydropower as “green energy” because it does not produce greenhouse gases.
Renewable technologies are considered as clean sources of energy and optimal use of these re-sources decreases environmental impacts, produces minimum secondary waste and are sustaina-ble based on the current and future economic and social needs.
This sentence explains the characteristics and effects of renewable energy technologies. As it deals with the knowledge system related to renewable energy, it can be classified as a body of knowledge.
Hydropower technologies are technically mature and its projects exploit a resource that vary tem-porarily. The operation of hydropower reservoirs often reflects their multiple uses, for example floodand drought control (Asumadu-Sarkodie, Owusu, & Jayaweera, 2015; Asumadu-Sarkodie, Owusu, &Rufangura, 2015), irrigation, drinking water and navigation (Edenhofer et al., 2011). The primaryenergy is provided by gravity and the height the water falls down on to the turbine. The potentialenergy of the stored water is the mass of the water, the gravity factor (g = 9.81 ms−2) and the headdefined as the difference between the dam level and the tail water level. The reservoir level to someextent changes downwards when water is released and accordingly influences electricity produc-tion.
As it presents technical knowledge about the principles, history, and design of hydropower technology, it falls under bodies of knowledge.
Hydropower generation technical annual potential is 14,576 TWh, with an estimated total capacitypotential of 3,721 GW;
As it presents knowledge about the theoretical and technical potential of hydro resources as energy resources, it falls under bodies of knowledge.
“If you look at the history of energy transitions – from wood to fossil fuels, for example – everything was based on energy production, and the environment wasn’t taken into consideration
By explaining the historical background of the energy transition and criticizing how past knowledge systems neglected environmental considerations, this sentence proposes a new direction for the evolving body of knowledge.
“There have been a flurry of papers about floating solar, but it’s mostly modeling and projections,” said Steven Grodsky
This sentence points out that existing studies have mostly been limited to modeling and forecasting, thereby indicating the limitations of current academic knowledge.
While floating solar – the emerging practice of putting solar panels on bodies of water – is promising in its efficiency and its potential to spare agricultural and conservation lands, a new experiment finds environmental trade-offs.
By highlighting the attention that the technology of floating solar has received for its efficiency and land-saving benefits, this sentence presents the broader academic background surrounding this technology.
The return-to-renewables will help mitigate climate change is anexcellent way but needs to be sustainable in order to ensure a sustainable future for generations tomeet their energy needs.
It represents fundamental knowledge about the role of renewable energy in climate change mitigation.
The United Nations Framework Convention onClimate Change defines climate change as being attributed directly or indirectly to human activitiesthat alters the composition of the global atmosphere and which in turn exhibits variability in naturalclimate observed over comparable time periods
This sentence deals with the knowledge system related to climate change. Since it explains the concept of climate change using the definition provided by the UNFCCC, it falls under bodies of knowledge.
Hydropower generation technical annual potential is 14,576 TWh, with an estimated total capacitypotential of 3,721 GW;
As it presents knowledge about the theoretical and technical potential of hydro resources as energy resources, it falls under bodies of knowledge.
energy security is based on the idea that there is a continuous supplyof energy which is critical for the running of an economy
The concept of energy security and its importance in economic operations is explained, addressing fundamental knowledge in the field.
provide opportunities in energy security, social and economic development, energy access, climate changemitigation and reduction of environmental and health impacts
This sentence presents an overall knowledge system about the impact of renewable energy sources on sustainable development and the opportunities they provide.
The ocean stores enough en-ergy to meet the total worldwide demand for power many times over in the form of waves, tide,currents and heat.
The theoretical abundance of ocean energy resources corresponds to a knowledge system related to energy resources.
Wind energy harnesses kinetic energy from movingair.
The principle of wind is explained in this sentence, showing fundamental knowledge of energy physics.
Geothermal gradient averages about 30 °C/km.
The average geothermal gradient represents a physical knowledge system related to geothermal resources.
Bioenergy is a renewable energy source derived from biological sources.
The basic concept and sources of bioenergy are explained, forming an established knowledge system in the field.
Hydropower generation does not produce greenhouse gases and thus mostly termed as a greensource of energy.
This sentence represents an overall understanding of hydropower and explains the knowledge system that classifies hydropower as “green energy” because it does not produce greenhouse gases.
Hydropower technologies are technically mature and its projects exploit a resource that vary tem-porarily. The operation of hydropower reservoirs often reflects their multiple uses, for example floodand drought control (Asumadu-Sarkodie, Owusu, & Jayaweera, 2015; Asumadu-Sarkodie, Owusu, &Rufangura, 2015), irrigation, drinking water and navigation (Edenhofer et al., 2011). The primaryenergy is provided by gravity and the height the water falls down on to the turbine. The potentialenergy of the stored water is the mass of the water, the gravity factor (g = 9.81 ms−2) and the headdefined as the difference between the dam level and the tail water level. The reservoir level to someextent changes downwards when water is released and accordingly influences electricity produc-tion.
As it presents technical knowledge about the principles, history, and design of hydropower technology, it falls under bodies of knowledge.
Renewable technologies are considered as clean sources of energy and optimal use of these re-sources decreases environmental impacts, produces minimum secondary waste and are sustaina-ble based on the current and future economic and social needs.
This sentence explains the characteristics and effects of renewable energy technologies. As it deals with the knowledge system related to renewable energy, it can be classified as a body of knowledge.