salinity

estuaries

calcification

calcification

ocean acidifica-tion

calcifica-tion

calcification

decreasing seawater pH

calcification

ocean acidification

temperature increases

ocean acidification

ocean acidification

bleaching

corals

ocean acidification

owered pH levels

pH changes

ocean acidification

algae

algae

ocean acidification

Elevated CO2

coralline algae

elevated-CO2

ocean acidification

ocean acidification

soft corals

elevated-CO2

ocean acidification

ocean acidification

Ocean acidification

hypoxia

elevated tempera-tures

ocean acidification

ocean acidification

ocean acidification

ocean acidification

ocean acidification

calcification

ocean acidification

coralline alga

coralline algae

Coralline algae

high-CO2 conditions

temperature

calcification

calcification

coralline algae

coralline algae

Calcification

increasing CO2

coralline algae

phylum Chlorophyta.

green algae

phylum Rhodophyta

coralline red algae

calcification rates

Ocean acidification

elevated-CO2conditions

coral larvae

ocean acidification

corals

ocean acidification

ocean acidification

temperature increases,

calcification rates

temperature

calcification

corals

calcification rates

calcification

calcification

ocean acidification

temperature increase

ocean acidification

increases in temperature

Temperature

scleractinian corals

Calcification rates

coralline algae

corals

ocean acidifica-tion

acidification

calcification

coralline algae

corals

decrease in the calci-fication rate

ocean acidification

coralline algae

decreased skeletal growth

calcifi-cation

calcification

low pH

calcification

corals

calcification

changes in the CO2

calcification

ocean acidification

concentrations of CO2, CO32–, and HCO3–.

Ca2+ concentration

Ocean acidification

calcification

calcium ion concentration

corals

calcifi-cation rate

calcification

carbonate ion concentration

calcifica-tion

corals

calcification

calcification

ocean acidification

coral reef calcification

calcification

reef calcification

ocean acidification

calcifying

elevated-CO2 conditions

calcifying

ocean acidifi-cation

Ocean acidification

increased carbon dioxide

ocean acidification

sat-uration state

temperature

increases in mortality

temperatures

aragonite saturation states

temperatures

lowering of saturation state

Increasing temperature

corals

less carbonate accumulation

Saturation state reduction

global warming

Temperatures

temperature

ragonite saturation state

ow temperature

temperatures

bleaching

temperatures

temperatures

High temper-ature

climate change

temperature

saturation state

high temperature

mortality

bleaching

temperature

temperature

temperature

corals

Elevation of temperature

high temperature

low saturation state

low temperature

lowered calcification rates

Reef-building corals

low saturation state

highsaturation state

aragonite saturation state

corals

Temperaturehas

sea surface temperature

aragonite saturation state

temperature

saturation state

temperature

CO2concentratio

aragonite satura-tion state

temperature

light

ow temperatures

ow temperatures

temperature

scleractinian corals

decreasing aragonite satura-tion state]

ncreasing seasurface temperatures

light

salinity

temperature

low aragonite saturation state

low ligh

low salinity

low temperature