As digital nudges become more widespread, it is essential to consider their potentially harmful conse-quences. Our research, based on 42 semi-structured interviews, found that even with the consent of thenudged individual, nudging them in a digital environment can lead to feelings of stress or guilt. Throughour findings, we developed an in-depth understanding of the impact of digital nudging on user dignityand provided guidelines for designers to consider the potential dignity affronts. The participants in athree-month research study reported responses to digital nudges that could be categorized as dignityaffronts in the form of forfeit, flight, and fight actions. I

These findings raise the question of what constitutes a dark pattern. As discussed in the literature review byMathur, Acar, et al. (2019), there is no clear definition of what constitutes a dark pattern. Some definitionsfocus on the intention of the nudger and state that a dark pattern is an intentionally harmful nudge (Contiand Sobiesk, 2010). Other definitions state that any harmful nudge, regardless of intention, is a darkpattern (Waldman, 2020; Zagal, Björk, and Lewis, 2013). Looking at the findings of this research, thedigital nudges in the app were both helpful and harmful, depending on the participant. This illustrates thatperhaps a digital nudge can become a dark pattern under certain circumstances, even if it is responsiblydesigned.

Importantly, our paper shows that a digital nudge can become a dark patternunder certain circumstances, even if it is responsibly designed.

Alexanderproposeshomesandofficesbedesignedandbuiltbytheireventualoccupants.Thesepeople,hereasons,knowbesttheirrequirementsforaparticularstructure.Weagree,andmakethesameargumentforcomputerprograms.Computerusersshouldwritetheirownprograms.KentBeck&WardCunningham,1987 [7]

Before the publication of the ‘Gang of Four’ book that popularised software patterns [4], Richard Gabriel described Christopher Alexander’s patterns in 1993 as a basis for reusable object‐oriented software in the following way:Habitabilityisthecharacteristicofsourcecodethatenablesprogrammers,coders,bug­fixers,andpeoplecomingtothecodelaterinitslifetounderstanditsconstructionandintentionsandtochangeitcomfortablyandconfidently.

The Google Play In-App Review API lets you prompt users to submit Play Store ratings and reviews without the inconvenience of leaving your app or game.