To summarize, I could say that Michael K. Buckland argues that information can be understood in three ways: as a process, knowledge, and a thing. Buckland focuses on the third aspect, emphasizing that tangible objects like documents and data sets can be considered forms of information. These "things" are crucial for preserving, transferring, and retrieving knowledge. In the field of information science, understanding these physical carriers of information is essential for understanding how information is used and managed.

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Borgman notes that the bibliographic coverage of journal literature is shallow in the humanities. The ISI Arts and humanity citation Index only goes back to 1975. In Sciences it goes back to 1900. In the social sciences it goes back to 1956. Also SCOPUS does not include the humanities.

What is interesting about this is that the humanities are the least cumulative of all the disciplines in the sense that they do not build on previous knowledge so much as we examine previous thought.