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    1. Resistance to paclitaxel is associated with a variant of the gene BCL2 in multiple tumor types

      [Paper-level Aggregated] PMCID: PMC6478919

      Evidence Type(s): Predictive, Functional, Prognostic

      Justification: Predictive: The variation at position 21 of the BCL2 sequence (+21 T > C) predicts response to paclitaxel treatment, as patients with the T variant showed resistance while those with the C variant were more likely to respond. Functional: The T > C variant at location 21 of BCL2 alters RNA secondary structure and increases transcript stability, leading to higher BCL2 protein levels, which is functionally relevant in the context of treatment response. Prognostic: The presence of the T variant at location 21 is associated with a poorer treatment outcome, as indicated by the higher percentage of patients with this variant who required multiple lines of therapy compared to those with the C variant.

      Gene→Variant (gene-first): BCL2(596):(AUC) of 39 BCL2(596):rs1801018 BCL2(596):+ 21 T > C POTEF(728378):+ 23 C > T BCL2(596):C > T BCL2(596):T > C BCL2(596):T at position 21 BCL2(596):C instead of a T BCL2(596):C to a T BCL2(596):+21 C BCL2(596):+21 T POTEF(728378):+23 C > T BCL2(596):21 T > C BCL2(596):C to T BCL2(596):T > C variation at position 21 BCL2(596):T >C BCL2(596):T instead of a C BCL2(596):T to C TUBB1(81027):rs6070697

      Genes: BCL2(596) POTEF(728378) TUBB1(81027)

      Variants: (AUC) of 39 rs1801018 + 21 T > C + 23 C > T C > T T > C T at position 21 C instead of a T C to a T +21 C +21 T +23 C > T 21 T > C C to T T > C variation at position 21 T >C T instead of a C T to C rs6070697

    2. To test our results in a high-throughput manner, we utilized the CTD2 database, where we examined the area under the curve (AUC) of 39 different ovarian cancer cell lines and 406 different compounds (targeted and cytotox

      [Paragraph-level] PMCID: PMC6478919 Section: RESULTS PassageIndex: 28

      Evidence Type(s): Predictive

      Justification: Predictive: The passage discusses the association between the rs1801018 variant and response to different treatments, indicating a correlation with treatment sensitivity.

      Gene→Variant (gene-first): 596:(AUC) of 39 596:rs1801018

      Genes: 596

      Variants: (AUC) of 39 rs1801018

    3. Since differences in localization sometimes produce differences that might lead to observed paclitaxel resistance, we studied BCL2 spatial expression patterns in the reference form and in the 21 T > C form. HEK293T cells

      [Paragraph-level] PMCID: PMC6478919 Section: RESULTS PassageIndex: 26

      Evidence Type(s): Predictive, Functional

      Justification: Predictive: The passage discusses the study of BCL2 spatial expression patterns in relation to paclitaxel resistance, indicating a potential correlation between the 21 T > C variant and treatment response. Functional: The passage describes an immunofluorescence assay that assesses the localization patterns of the BCL2 variant, indicating an alteration in molecular function related to protein localization.

      Gene→Variant (gene-first): 596:21 T > C

      Genes: 596

      Variants: 21 T > C

    4. To observe transcript differences at the level of the single transcript, we used digital PCR, which brings potential advantages over real-time PCR, including the ability to obtain absolute quantification without external

      [Paragraph-level] PMCID: PMC6478919 Section: RESULTS PassageIndex: 25

      Evidence Type(s): Predictive, Oncogenic

      Justification: Predictive: The passage discusses how the variant 21 T > C leads to higher BCL2 expression, which is associated with resistance to the therapy paclitaxel. Oncogenic: The variant 21 T > C is implicated in contributing to tumor behavior by leading to increased expression of BCL2, which is associated with resistance to treatment, indicating a role in tumor progression.

      Gene→Variant (gene-first): 596:21 T > C

      Genes: 596

      Variants: 21 T > C

    5. Transcripts that include the 21 T > C variant are more abundant in the presence of paclitaxel

      [Paragraph-level] PMCID: PMC6478919 Section: RESULTS PassageIndex: 24

      Evidence Type(s): Predictive, Functional

      Justification: Predictive: The passage indicates that the presence of the 21 T > C variant correlates with increased abundance of transcripts when treated with paclitaxel, suggesting a relationship with treatment response. Functional: The mention of increased abundance of transcripts implies that the 21 T > C variant alters molecular function, likely affecting gene expression in response to paclitaxel.

      Gene→Variant (gene-first): 596:21 T > C

      Genes: 596

      Variants: 21 T > C

    6. These results thus show that cells with a BCL2 sequence with a C at location 21 present a more stable BCL2 transcript, which may lead to higher protein levels. To directly quantify the effect of the variant on the in vit

      [Paragraph-level] PMCID: PMC6478919 Section: RESULTS PassageIndex: 22

      Evidence Type(s): Predictive, Functional

      Justification: Predictive: The passage discusses the in vitro sensitivity to paclitaxel in relation to the 21 T > C variant, indicating that this variant may influence the response to the therapy. Functional: The variant is shown to alter the stability of the BCL2 transcript, which may lead to higher protein levels, indicating a change in molecular function.

      Gene→Variant (gene-first): 596:21 T > C

      Genes: 596

      Variants: 21 T > C

    7. These results suggest a general BCL2-related mechanism. That is, the findings we described so far are not necessarily intrinsic to any cancer mechanism and should be observable in other cell types. Variation at location

      [Paragraph-level] PMCID: PMC6478919 Section: RESULTS PassageIndex: 20

      Evidence Type(s): Functional

      Justification: Functional: The passage discusses how the 21 T > C variant may regulate the transcriptional activity of the BCL2 gene, indicating an alteration in molecular function as evidenced by the increase in BCL2 mRNA levels in lymphocytes.

      Gene→Variant (gene-first): 596:21 T > C 596:C instead of a T

      Genes: 596

      Variants: 21 T > C C instead of a T

    8. These findings led us to hypothesize that the + 21 T > C substitution leads, through a more stable transcript, to an increase in BCL2 protein levels. We tested this hypothesis in cell lines, in 1417 patient samples from

      [Paragraph-level] PMCID: PMC6478919 Section: RESULTS PassageIndex: 16

      Evidence Type(s): Functional, Oncogenic

      Justification: Functional: The passage discusses how the + 21 T > C substitution alters BCL2 protein levels, indicating a change in molecular function due to the variant. Oncogenic: The context of the study involves ovarian cancer patients, and the variant is associated with increased BCL2 protein levels, which can contribute to tumor development or progression.

      Gene→Variant (gene-first): 596:+ 21 T > C 596:C instead of a T

      Genes: 596

      Variants: + 21 T > C C instead of a T

    9. Changing T to C at location 21 leads to an increase in protein levels in vitro

      [Paragraph-level] PMCID: PMC6478919 Section: RESULTS PassageIndex: 15

      Evidence Type(s): Functional

      Justification: Functional: The passage indicates that changing T to C at a specific location alters protein levels, which demonstrates a change in molecular function.

      Gene→Variant (gene-first): 596:T to C

      Genes: 596

      Variants: T to C

    10. These findings rely on the hypothesis that genomic variation alters transcript stability. To measure the stability of the different BCL2 mRNA transcripts, we used the same set of transfected cells and variants described

      [Paragraph-level] PMCID: PMC6478919 Section: RESULTS PassageIndex: 14

      Evidence Type(s): Functional

      Justification: Functional: The passage discusses how the T > C variant alters the stability of BCL2 mRNA transcripts, indicating a change in molecular function.

      Gene→Variant (gene-first): 596:T > C

      Genes: 596

      Variants: T > C

    11. To experimentally validate these computational results, we studied the effect of sequence modification on transcript stability. Ovarian carcinoma HeyA8 cells were transfected with GFP or one of three GFP-BCL2 variants: r

      [Paragraph-level] PMCID: PMC6478919 Section: RESULTS PassageIndex: 13

      Evidence Type(s): Functional

      Justification: Functional: The passage discusses how sequence modifications of BCL2 variants affect transcript stability and expression levels, indicating that the variants alter molecular function.

      Gene→Variant (gene-first): 596:+21 C 596:+21 T 728378:+23 C > T 596:T > C

      Genes: 596 728378

      Variants: +21 C +21 T +23 C > T T > C

    12. Changing location 21 in BCL2 from C to T stabilizes BCL2 RNA secondary structure in vitro

      [Paragraph-level] PMCID: PMC6478919 Section: RESULTS PassageIndex: 12

      Evidence Type(s): Functional

      Justification: Functional: The variant C to T alters the molecular function by stabilizing the BCL2 RNA secondary structure, as indicated by the in vitro analysis.

      Gene→Variant (gene-first): 596:C to T

      Genes: 596

      Variants: C to T

    13. Here, we used RNA-folding prediction software to assess structural changes that could result from the C > T change in BCL2. As demonstrated in ref. , synonymous changes in UTRs that alter the mRNA structural ensemble of

      [Paragraph-level] PMCID: PMC6478919 Section: RESULTS PassageIndex: 11

      Evidence Type(s): Functional

      Justification: Functional: The passage discusses how the C > T change in BCL2 alters the mRNA structural ensemble, indicating that the variant affects molecular function related to RNA structure.

      Gene→Variant (gene-first): 596:+ 21 T > C 728378:+ 23 C > T 596:C > T 596:T > C 596:T at position 21

      Genes: 596 728378

      Variants: + 21 T > C + 23 C > T C > T T > C T at position 21

    14. The T >C variant at location 21 of BCL2 changes its RNA secondary structure

      [Paragraph-level] PMCID: PMC6478919 Section: RESULTS PassageIndex: 9

      Evidence Type(s): Functional

      Justification: Functional: The passage indicates that the T > C variant alters the RNA secondary structure of BCL2, which is a change in molecular function.

      Gene→Variant (gene-first): 596:T >C

      Genes: 596

      Variants: T >C

    15. This variation is referred to as rs1801018 in the NCBI's public archive of all short-sequence variations (dbSNP). The variation status matched patient resistance to paclitaxel in a manner that was able to retrospectively

      [Paragraph-level] PMCID: PMC6478919 Section: RESULTS PassageIndex: 7

      Evidence Type(s): Predictive, Diagnostic

      Justification: Predictive: The passage discusses how the variant rs1801018 correlates with patient resistance to paclitaxel, indicating its predictive value for treatment response. Diagnostic: The variation is associated with the classification of patients based on their treatment response, helping to define which patients are likely to respond to single or multiple lines of therapy.

      Gene→Variant (gene-first): 596:T instead of a C 596:rs1801018

      Genes: 596

      Variants: T instead of a C rs1801018

    16. However, one variation, the transition from a C to a T at location 21 of BCL2 (+ 21 T > C, Fig. 1b), showed a significant association with resistance to paclitaxel (Fig. 1c).

      [Paragraph-level] PMCID: PMC6478919 Section: RESULTS PassageIndex: 6

      Evidence Type(s): Predictive

      Justification: Predictive: The passage indicates that the variant + 21 T > C is associated with resistance to paclitaxel, which correlates the variant with treatment response.

      Gene→Variant (gene-first): 596:+ 21 T > C 596:C to a T

      Genes: 596

      Variants: + 21 T > C C to a T

    17. Combined, TUBB1 and BCL2 have 11 variable loci (Fig. 1b and Fig. S1, Tables S1-S4). These variable regions have all been recorded as single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Among these 11 loci, eight showed variation in

      [Paragraph-level] PMCID: PMC6478919 Section: RESULTS PassageIndex: 5

      Evidence Type(s): Diagnostic

      Justification: Diagnostic: The variant rs6070697 is discussed in the context of its distribution among treatment groups and its presence in both patients and controls, indicating its association with the study population and suggesting a role in defining or classifying the patient cohort.

      Gene→Variant (gene-first): 81027:rs6070697

      Genes: 81027

      Variants: rs6070697

    18. A T > C variation at position 21 of the BCL2 sequence predicts response to paclitaxel

      [Paragraph-level] PMCID: PMC6478919 Section: RESULTS PassageIndex: 2

      Evidence Type(s): Predictive

      Justification: Predictive: The passage states that the T > C variation at position 21 of the BCL2 sequence predicts response to paclitaxel, indicating a correlation with treatment response.

      Gene→Variant (gene-first): 596:T > C variation at position 21

      Genes: 596

      Variants: T > C variation at position 21