Whole sections of pancreas stained for insulin, Ki67, and alcian blue with hematoxylin counterstain were digitally scanned using Aperio ScanScope (Aperio Technologies, Vista, CA). Analysis was performed using Aperio ImageScope version 11.0.2.725. Three sections per case, 1 each from head, body, and tail, were analyzed, except in 1 T1D case [6031] and 7 control cases (6010, 6012, 6013, 6015, 6017, 6021, 6022) in which only head and tail sections were available. All sections were examined and quantified in a blinded manner.Interlobular ducts were defined as ductal structures embedded in mesenchyme and possessing a PDG compartment. PDGs were identified as coiled invaginations composed of columnar epithelium arising from interlobular ducts and lying within the mesenchyme surrounding those ducts. The number of interlobular duct epithelial cells and PDG cells was counted, as was the number of those cells with nuclei staining for Ki67 and cytoplasmic staining for insulin. Small ducts, defined as intralobular ducts not embedded in mesenchyme, were comparably analyzed.