HIV is most often spread through bodily fluids such as "blood, semen, vaginal and rectal fluids, and breast milk" but "sexual exposure is the most common route of infection and drives the HIV pandemic in most countries"

Hunters came into contact with the infected blood of chimpanzees carrying SIV, which led to the development of HIV in humans

sexual transmission. (1)

) Zika was first isolated in the year 1947 in African monkeys and traced back to the Aedes africanus mosquito.(1) It was not discovered in humans, however, until a few years later.(1

AMINOGLYCOSIDESThe aminoglycosides are antibiotics commonly used in ophthalmology. These drugs are poorly absorbed orally and thus are used topically or parenterally. Once absorbed systemically, they are approximately 30% protein bound and are excreted by the urinary system. Patients with impaired renal function must have their parenteral dosage adjusted based on creatinine clearance. These drugs are bacteriocidal, primarily because of their role in the inhibition of protein synthesis and misreading of the genetic code.113 In general they are effective against most Gram-negative organisms (e.g., Pseudomonas, Proteus, Klebsiella, E. coli, Serratia)

actorGrade IGrade IIGrade III LocationNonaxialCentral or peripheralCentral or peripheral Area2 mm2–6 mm6 mm DepthSuperficial one thirdSuperficial two thirdsExtending to inner one third Anterior segment inflammationMildModerate or severe; fibrinous exudateSevere; hypopyon Hospitalization*NoPossiblyPossibly Initial antibiotic therapy†Topical fortified dropsTopical fortified dropsTopical fortified drops    Consider intravenous antibiotics‡

LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS

he Gram-negative rods, however, usually produce a more profuse, wet or soupy appearing infiltrate that is rapidly progressive and spreads to involve the entire cornea

The Proteus organisms are nonfastidious and grow rapidly on almost any medium. They exhibit a characteristic, strong, offensive odor when grown on rich media. When identification is not obvious, the more specific tests, such as the phenylalanine deaminase test (only Proteus is positive for this enzyme), may be used. The urease test is occasionally helpful; however, other bacteria are also capable of producing this enzyme, so it is far less specific. The indole test is helpful to speciate Proteus, because only P. mirabilis does not produce indole.76 The ornithine decarboxylase test also is helpful to separate species: only P. mirabilis and P. morganii are associated with this enzyme.

Proteus spp. can also be found in freshwater, as an indicator of its contamination by feces, even in unexpected habitats.

Proteus mirabilis (0.55%)

KEY BIOCHEMICAL REACTIONS Catalase-positive. Urease-positive. H 2 S-positive. Oxidase-negative. Indole-variable. Methyl-Red-positive. Voges-Proskauer-variable. Lysine-, Arginine Decarboxylase-, and Ornithine-negative. (Only P . mirabilis decarboxylates ornithine). Nitrate is reduced to Nitrite.

Common signs and symptoms of pseudomonas pneumonia include shortness of breath, fever, chills, increased heart rate, decrease appetite, malaise, systemic inflammatory response, productive cough, increase sputum production that may have a yellow-green pigment, is thick, and usually foul smelling.

by the CDC National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System from 1986 to 1998 shows that P. aeruginosa was identified as the fifth most frequently isolated nosocomial pathogen, accounting for 9% of all hospital-acquired infections in the United States

ancomycin is not appreciably absorbed orally, and is eliminated primarily via the renal route, with >80–90% recovered unchanged in the urine within 24 h after administration of a single dose.

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationship

murein monomers, which are peptidoglycan precursors

methicillin-resistant

renal toxicity

vancomycin Creep

bactericidal

nephrotoxicity

“red man” syndrome