eLife Assessment

This study investigates the temporal dynamics of neural activity preceding self-initiated movements and makes a valuable contribution to this field. To overcome methodological and analytical limitations in previous work the authors introduce a matched control condition in which no response is required to assess when neural activity is predictive of self-initiated movement (using electro- and magnetoencephalography). Applying solid methods and machine-learning analyses, the authors show that a late-stage neural event is most predictive of upcoming movements (~100 ms before the response), whereas earlier neural activity is less informative. This finding contradicts previous work that suggested that earlier build-up of neural activity (e.g., starting 500 ms before the response) reflects the planning and preparation of movement.

eLife Assessment

This study introduces a valuable simulation-based inference (SBI) framework to identify degenerate compensatory mechanisms that stabilize network activity despite neuronal hyperexcitability, a feature common to many brain disorders. By estimating posterior distributions of network parameters, the authors highlight factors such as threshold potential and interneuron-to-principal cell connectivity as key compensators for increased intrinsic excitability and interneuron loss. The approach is promising and can become a convincing tool for probing network degeneracy.

eLife Assessment

This is a very helpful study that presents an easy to use and reliable alternative to conventional and UV-based tetramers for the identification of antigen-specific CD8 T cells. The authors demonstrate that tetramers for a number of HLA alleles can be subjected to specific temperatures that facilitate peptide exchange whilst maintaining structural integrity, thereby generating detection reagents. They provide convincing evidence for this method, and the approach is likely to provide a useful alternative to generating reagents for examining T cell specificities.

eLife Assessment

This important study reports a novel phenomenon of maternal growth during pregnancy that is independent of growth hormone (GH), adding a new dimension to maternal biology of reproduction. The evidence is convincing and supported by state-of-the-art methodologies conducted in mice and persuasive, interesting and unique observations in humans with hereditary isolated GH deficiency.

eLife Assessment

By integrating RelB proximity labeling with targeted CRISPR screening, the authors identify several potential regulators of HIV latency and provide evidence implicating RelB, KAT7, and p300 in AZD5582-mediated HIV reactivation. While the study is important, the current work is incomplete, as it needs to establish physiological relevance. The findings require validation in primary latency models, and the unusually high basal RelB expression in the experimental system raises concerns about whether the observed effects accurately reflect endogenous mechanisms regulating HIV latency.

eLife Assessment

This manuscript presents valuable experimental results describing the localisation and regulation of casein kinase CK1δ during the cell cycle. During the G2 phase of the cell cycle, the autophosphorylation of the C-terminal tail stabilises and inhibits the kinase which might protect CK1δ in the subsequent G1 phase. The results may be of interest to researchers working on casein kinase function and regulation but due to lack of some controls remain incomplete.

[Editors' note: this paper was reviewed by Review Commons.]

eLife Assessment

This study provides an important insight into how the medial and lateral entorhinal cortices interact through distinct excitatory and inhibitory pathways. Using anatomical tracing, optogenetics, and electrophysiology, the authors show that glutamatergic medial entorhinal neurons provide broad excitatory input to lateral entorhinal, while long-range SST+ interneurons deliver selective inhibition to layer I. These findings reveal a novel layer- and cell-type-specific organization of medial to lateral entorhinal connectivity with implications for spatial and episodic memory. The evidence for the paper's overall conclusions is convincing.

eLife Assessment

This valuable study introduces an innovative task and framework for examining whether movement vigor and reward-seeking behavior are governed by common or separate processes. The behavioral findings provide solid evidence that these behaviors can be differentially influenced by effort and delay, but support for the proposed model and its mechanistic claims remains incomplete, requiring more rigorous validation and analyses to address potential confounds. The work will be of interest to researchers studying motor control, decision-making, and effort-based behavior.

eLife Assessment

This important study introduces Hetlearn, a novel learning algorithm that demonstrates that an ensemble of simple sub-learners with varying learning rates can effectively manage inference in complex, unstable environments. While the theoretical framework and its proposed application to parallel memory traces in the insect mushroom body are intriguing, the evidence supporting the core claims is currently incomplete. To fully validate the authors' conclusions, further exploration is needed to rigorously define the boundaries of the model's hyperparameter space, along with a deeper justification and clarification of its biological plausibility.

eLife Assessment

This useful study shows that neural activity before a conversational response contains information about the duration and timing of the subsequent turn. The evidence that this information originates from speech-production planning is incomplete. Because the analyzed EEG is recorded during processing of the partner's speech, and because that speech causally determines the subsequent response, production planning and comprehension/context are confounded in the current analyses. It would strengthen the production interpretation considerably if the authors could show that the relationship with forthcoming duration survives richer controls for the preceding turn, or ideally after accounting for EEG variance driven by the incoming speech.

eLife Assessment

In this useful study, Millard et al. assessed the effects of nicotine on pain sensitivity and peak alpha frequency (PAF). They propose a solid experimental framework to test the modulatory effects of nicotine on PAF and pain sensitivity, but the evidence is incomplete to support the claims that the chosen experimental intervention may actually play a significant mechanistic role in pain sensitivity given the modest effect sizes observed. The work can be incorporated into the literature investigating the relationship between nicotine and pain and could be of broad interest to pain researchers.

eLife Assessment

The identification of a pleiotropic EPAS1 enhancer that influences adipocyte responses to hypoxia and thermogenic stimulation provides a valuable contribution to our understanding of high-altitude adaptation in Tibetans. The data are solid, although additional experiments would strengthen the link between ENH5 activity and the mechanisms underlying high-altitude adaptation.

eLife Assessment

This study provides important insights into the regulation of neuroblast lifespan and proliferation in the Drosophila mushroom body, identifying Krüppel (Kr) as a key transcription factor promoting timely termination of these neuroblasts by regulating Imp/Syp transition and E93 expression. This study proposes that Kr acts antagonistic to Krüppel homolog 1 (Kr-h1), whose overexpression leads to prolonged mushroom body neuroblast proliferation and tumor-like expansion. The findings are impactful for researchers interested in temporal patterning and neural development. The methods and data analysis are solid.

eLife Assessment

This paper provides a valuable observation that imiquimod, a compound often used to induce a psoriasis-like skin inflammation in mice, has a TLR7-independent effect acting through the unfolded protein response and binding to Gelsolin. These solid findings expand our understanding of imiquimod-mediated inflammation and are of interest to the field of skin immunology.

eLife Assessment

This important study addresses a discrepancy between population-level growth laws and single-cell correlations. It shows, for flagellar and synthetic genes in E. coli, that while gene expression of certain genes reduces population-average growth, expression levels positively correlate with growth at the single-cell level. The measurements are convincing, and the proposed mechanism - inheritance of growth factors such as ribosomes during asymmetric division - can explain this observation.

eLife Assessment

This valuable study examines how the rodent prelimbic cortex represents learned and generalized threat over time and identifies distinct stable and dynamic neuronal populations that contribute to these representations. The evidence is convincing, supported by longitudinal calcium imaging, appropriate control groups, and sophisticated analyses showing that the relevant neural signals cannot be explained simply by freezing behavior. The work provides a conceptual framework for understanding how stable threat-related representations supporting memory generalization and discrimination can be maintained despite ongoing changes in neuronal ensemble composition.

eLife Assessment

This study presents a valuable human organoid platform for investigating neuron-immune interactions in Alzheimer's disease and modeling the interplay between innate and adaptive immunity in the context of amyloid pathology. The system has the potential to advance the field by enabling the study of human-specific neuroimmune interactions that is difficult to recapitulate in rodent models. The evidence on the microglia-T cell crosstalk are convincing. The study will interest researchers in neuroimmunology and Alzheimer's disease.

eLife Assessment

This study presents an important examination of the role of cis-acting versus trans-acting genetic variation on DNA methylation divergence between humans and chimpanzees, including its consequences for gene expression. By differentiating fused interspecies tetraploid cell lines into multiple cell types, the study provides compelling evidence for the importance of cis-acting changes and solid evidence for the relevance of these changes to adaptive evolution in humans. This work will be of interest to biologists and evolutionary anthropologists studying the evolution and genetics of gene regulation, particularly in primates.

eLife Assessment

This computational study constitutes an extension to prior work on biophysical calcium-based synaptic plasticity rules, investigating how the regulation thresholds for strengthening and weakening connection help solve learning tasks. This important work presents a significantly simpler solution to the studied problem with potentially broad applicability, the evidence to support the core conclusions is solid.

eLife Assessment

This valuable study provides a practical computational framework for inferring latent neural states directly from calcium fluorescence recordings, bypassing the traditional need for a separate spike deconvolution step. The evidence supporting the method is convincing, featuring rigorous validation across multiple latent variable model families (including HMM, GPFA, and LFADS) using both simulated and experimental data. To further strengthen method's generality, it would require further application to a broader range of experimental datasets, such as recordings from different brain regions or using different calcium indicators.

eLife Assessment

This important study identifies underappreciated experimental factors that influence α-synuclein amyloid polymorphism, with practical implications for the reproducibility of in vitro fibril preparations. Extensive cryo-EM analyses provide convincing evidence that protein purity, monomer preparation, and agitation conditions influence polymorph selection, including substantial effects from small amounts of an N-terminally truncated variant. The study provides a substantial resource for researchers studying amyloid assembly and synucleinopathies, although the proposed nucleation mechanisms need stronger kinetic support and reliable protocols for producing specific polymorphs require further development.

eLife Assessment

This useful study reports potential loss-of-function variants, pseudogenes and gene presence-absence variation across multiple chicken genomes, with potential implications for understanding genome evolution and domestication. The evidence for the central claims is unfortunately incomplete, as the inferences of gene loss are not sufficiently robust to account for assembly and annotation artifacts, and, in addition, the analyses can not distinguish between positive selection and relaxed constraint. The overall claim of large-scale gene loss being adaptive and thus being a major driver of chicken evolution and domestication is therefore not sufficiently supported. The area of the study is of interest to colleagues in evolutionary and comparative genomics as well as animal domestication.

eLife Assessment

This study provides a valuable and comprehensive in vivo map of proteins in proximity to three vesicle-tethering complexes. The evidence supporting the overall proximity mapping is convincing. However, some aspects of the functional characterization of selected candidates remain incomplete.

eLife Assessment

This important study investigates how GDNF treatment restores nerve cells in the bowel of a mouse model of Hirschsprung disease, and proposes that this regeneration occurs through diverse resident precursor cells and a non-canonical signaling pathway. The evidence is solid for the ability of the treatment to induce new bowel nerve cells and for a contribution from multiple precursor populations, supported by extensive cell tracing and imaging experiments. This work will be of interest to researchers in developmental biology and peripheral neurobiology.

eLife Assessment

This work demonstrates an objective way to select parameter values for a quadratic integrate-and-fire model so that its bifurcation diagram matches a specific target diagram, generated from the Wang-Buzsaki model. The method is useful for the field and is presented with convincing evidence. The method is currently limited in its ability to be applied to data, but improves our mathematical tools to treat a rarely studied type of bifurcation.

eLife Assessment

This important study investigates how experimentally introducing two facultative bacterial endosymbionts into the Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia, affects aphid performance, dispersal, and damage to cereal host plants and the authors provide solid evidence for contrasting symbiont-associated phenotypes under controlled conditions: Rickettsiella increases plant damage while reducing wing production and dispersal, whereas Regiella reduces feeding damage and, at some time points, aphid population growth. The stable establishment of these novel symbiont-host associations and complementary experiments spanning individual aphids, whole plants, populations, and mesocosms are notable strengths and the revised manuscript better clarifies the experimental approaches and the context dependence of symbiont effects; however, the underlying mechanisms remain unresolved, horizontal transmission is inferred rather than directly demonstrated, and limited replication and temporal variability constrain some population-level conclusions. Potential applications to pest management therefore require further validation under field conditions. The study will interest researchers working on insect symbiosis, plant-insect interactions, and biologically based pest management.

eLife Assessment

This valuable study provides a systematically curated atlas of non-canonical open reading frames translated across normal human and mouse tissues by uniformly integrating nearly 400 ribosome-profiling datasets with independent mass-spectrometry evidence for ncORF-encoded peptides. The convincing analyses connect ncORF evolutionary age and coding constraint with translation level, tissue distribution, and co-translation with canonical coding sequences, offering a broad comparative view of how non-canonical translation changes over mammalian evolution. Although the functions of most ncORF-encoded peptides remain unknown, the scale of their detection across tissues, together with their proteomic and evolutionary signatures, suggests that a substantial subset may have biological functions.

eLife Assessment

This study presents valuable findings regarding cardiac and autonomic effects of seizures and epilepsy, with relevance to sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP). They present solid evidence that genetic deletion of the potassium-chloride co-transporter in hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) neurons exacerbates bradycardia and enhances autonomic disturbances in a mouse model of temporal lobe epilepsy. This work will be of interest to neuroscientists working on epilepsy, the HPA axis, and autonomic control.

eLife Assessment

This important study provides new insights into the patterns of organelle inheritance in the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii. The authors introduce an innovative dual-labeling approach to distinguish maternally inherited from de novo synthesized organelles, representing convincing evidence that different organelles follow distinct inheritance fates during parasite replication. Future studies will be needed to determine whether the residual body functions as a central recycling hub, as the current data are also consistent with alternative models.

eLife Assessment

This important study shows that nutrient resorption efficiency in the widespread wetland grass Phragmites australis varies with population origin and remains largely stable under experimentally imposed salt stress, supporting limited short-term plasticity and a role for genetic differentiation. The findings suggest that predictions of wetland nutrient cycling under increasing salinization should account for intraspecific variation and phylogeographic composition, the evidence is compelling, based on a common-garden experiment involving 110 genotypes, paired control and salinity treatments, and convergent metabolomic, ionomic, and whole-plant evidence confirming substantial physiological stress. The revised manuscript clarifies the partial overlap between ecotype and phylogeographic lineage and appropriately qualifies the modest explanatory contribution of latitude, conclusions remain restricted to one species, one growing season, and a single moderate salinity treatment; an ecotype-specific nitrogen resorption response also indicates that plasticity is not entirely absent and the physiological mechanisms and responses to chronic, stronger, or multigenerational salinity exposure remain unresolved. The study will interest researchers working on plant functional ecology, nutrient cycling, and wetland responses to global change.

eLife Assessment

Dohi et al. asked what role the dorsal hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex play during different temporal epochs of a memory-guided navigation task, a long-standing question for neuroscientists studying hippocampal-prefrontal contributions to working memory. This useful study used a delayed, cue-guided T-maze task in mice and reported impaired choice accuracy when silencing occurred early in the central-arm run but not during the delay. However, the evidence for the study's claim is incomplete in its current form: the silencing windows are not duration-matched across epochs, key negative findings rest on three to four mice without power analysis or reported effect sizes, no non-mnemonic control task distinguishes disrupted memory-guided behavior from a general action-selection deficit, and no neural recordings accompany the causal manipulations to verify the manipulations' assumed mechanistic effects. The reported perseveration also reflects an increased directional bias rather than repetition of the previous choice, and the language should be revised accordingly.

eLife Assessment

Using sci-L3-Strand-seq, this study shows genome-wide, single-cell evidence that DSBs triggered by CRSIPR/Cas9 are frequently resolved through sister chromatid exchange (SCE), which is undetectable with conventional whole genome sequencing approaches. This important work provides helpful metrics quantifying the occurrence of SCE events at targeted and repetitive genomic loci that are of particular interest to those working in gene editing, DNA repair, genome instability, or repetitive genomic loci. The analysis of reciprocal daughter-cell pairs provides compelling evidence for SCE events, providing evidence consistent with CDK1-TTF2-TRAIP mediated cell-cycle regulated CMG helicase disassembly and fork cleavage at unreplicated regions.

eLife Assessment

This study presents a valuable tool for comparing immune receptor data across multiple samples while properly accounting for statistical uncertainty and receptor similarity. The evidence supporting the tool is solid overall. However, some key concerns regarding potential sequencing artifacts in one of the validation datasets and an unclear strategy for false discovery rate control in the proposed framework remain to be addressed.

eLife Assessment

This meta-analysis provides a valuable contribution by integrating findings from dozens of macaque electrophysiology studies to reconcile discrepancies in choice probability and identify factors that robustly influence choice signals in the visual cortex. Such systematic synthesis across studies is rare in this field, and the analysis provides solid evidence for several conclusions, including the cross-study consistency of the relationship between choice probability and sensitivity and the distinctiveness of V1.

eLife Assessment

This study presents an open-source reinforcement learning framework for the real-time, closed-loop optimization of spatiotemporal electrical stimulation in engineered neuronal networks. Using single-spike-resolution activity as continuous feedback, the authors provide solid evidence that their platform can identify stimulation patterns that drive specific activity motifs within a structurally constrained four-node circuit. While this reproducible system offers a valuable and accessible tool for interacting with biological neural networks in an adaptive manner, further validation is needed to determine how well these stimulation strategies generalize to larger, unstructured, or more conventional network architectures.

eLife Assessment

This important study provides convincing evidence that somatosensory relay nuclei remain engaged during attempted hand movements following chronic cervical spinal cord injury, including in individuals with severe motor impairment. The combination of functional and quantitative MRI with physiological controls supports the main findings and may have implications that are of importance in understanding sensorimotor processing after spinal cord injury. However, the interpretation of this activity as specifically reflecting top-down, and particularly corticocuneate, signaling may be overstated. The origin and anatomical route of the observed activity appears to remain less firmly established.

eLife Assessment

This valuable study examines the relationship between simultaneous LC single-unit recordings and pupillometry, both within and across baseline and evoked epochs, finding that cross-epoch relationships are unreliable. The evidence is solid and suggests that care should be taken when interpreting pupil responses as reflecting LC activity. This manuscript will be interesting to basic and clinical researchers working in cognitive and decision neuroscience as well as computational psychiatry.

eLife Assessment

This study addresses a key question concerning whether neurofeedback can enhance the neural representation of a selected speaker during competing continuous speech and whether such enhancement translates into behavioral benefits. The solid findings provide important insights into the online modulation of auditory attention and the extent to which selective listening can be voluntarily controlled. Although the observed effects were relatively small and did not consistently persist beyond the feedback period, the study advances understanding in an under-explored area and provides a helpful foundation for future research on sustained learning and behavioral transfer.

eLife Assessment

This study presents a fundamental molecular resource, offering subtype-specific insight into the composition of ribosome-associated protein complexes in the developing cerebral cortex. The evidence is compelling in terms of data quality and is strongly supported by the results, given the rigorous technical execution. While primarily descriptive in nature, this resource will be of great use to the field.

eLife Assessment

This important study addresses how listeners learn the statistical properties of acoustic spaces, combining well-designed psychophysics in virtual rooms with non-invasive brain stimulation. The evidence is solid: the behavioral results are strong and show that speech understanding is best in rooms with everyday levels of reverberation, and the stimulation data are consistent with a contribution of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, though the effects are modest and the spatial precision of TMS is inherently limited. The work will be of interest to researchers in auditory neuroscience and psychoacoustics, helping to understand how the brain copes with reverberant environments.

eLife Assessment

This study presents an important study into the molecular function of AT-HOOK MOTIF NUCLEAR LOCALIZED 15 (AHL15), a member of the AHL protein family, identifying it as a potential regulator of three-dimensional gene-loop organization within transcribed gene bodies. The authors support this claim with compelling genome-wide evidence, integrating AHL15 binding profiles with transcriptional and chromatin accessibility changes, as well as demonstrating overlap with genes known to form loops across transcribed regions. The evidence supporting the claims of the authors is convincing. Collectively, these findings will be of broad interest to biologists seeking to understand the fundamental regulatory mechanisms underlying gene expression.

eLife Assessment

This important study reveals the roles of two lytic transglycosylases in the progression of spore formation in the research model species Myxococcus xanthus. Solid evidence is provided for the roles of these two enzymes in spore formation and for interplay between their functions and peptidoglycan synthetic systems. These findings may have broader implications for studies of peptidoglycan metabolism across a range of species.

eLife Assessment

This valuable study provides convincing evidence for deficits in aversive taste learning and taste coding in a mouse model of autism spectrum disorders. Specifically, the authors found that Shank3 knockout mice exhibit behavioral deficits in learning and extinction of conditioned taste aversion, and calcium imaging of the gustatory cortex identified impaired neuronal responses to taste stimuli. This paper will likely be of interest to researchers studying how learning and sensory processes are affected by genetic causes of autism spectrum disorders.

eLife Assessment

This important study uses diffusion magnetic resonance imaging to non-invasively map the white matter fibres connecting the zona incerta and cortex in humans. The authors present compelling evidence to indicate that these connections are organized along a rostro-caudal axis. The findings will be of interest to researchers interested in neuroanatomy and cortico-subcortical connectivity.

eLife Assessment

This work presents a software and hardware suite for targeted photostimulation that can be used in vivo. The package is a well-designed and documented hardware/software suite with a comprehensive build guide. This tool will likely promote important neuroscience advances through targeted real-time perturbation of the cerebral cortex. Overall, this manuscript makes a compelling case on how to design and make available power tools for the research community.

eLife Assessment

In this study, Yuan and colleagues carry out transcriptomic and epigenomic experiments to study open chromatin regions and transcripts that change upon larval settlement in the sponge Amphimedon. The authors present compelling evidence to show that sponge larvae prepare for receiving an environmental cue (sunset) by extensively modifying their chromatin accessibility. The study represents a fundamental advance in understanding the fine genetic control of larval settlement and has significance beyond the immediate field of sponge larval biology.

eLife assessment

This study presents a reaction-coupled molecular simulation framework to investigate how enzymatic post-translational modifications regulate biomolecular condensates and where reactions preferentially occur within them. These findings are important, in particular, to the emergence of spatially heterogeneous reaction fluxes and enhanced activity at condensate interfaces. The work is timely and has implications beyond the immediate subfield, especially for understanding condensates as biochemical reaction centers. The strength of evidence is solid overall: the computational framework is well motivated and broadly supports the main conclusions, although some aspects of the model implementation, parameter choices, and controls would benefit from further clarification and validation.

eLife Assessment

This study addresses a recent discovery by others that electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) generates seizure activity and spreading depolarization (SD), reflected in large increases in calcium, which can be observed through imaging fluctuations in neuronal calcium. Revisions addressed some concerns of reviewers but not the main issues. Therefore, the consensus was that the work is useful but the evidence showing that SD, rather than seizures, confers the neuroplastic and other therapeutic effects of ECT is incomplete.

eLife Assessment

This study presents a valuable contribution to comparative cognitive neuroscience by directly mapping functional homologues of the human multiple-demand network in macaques using a matched spatial maze task. However, the evidence is incomplete due to methodological asymmetries in the task design that appear to affect the results in ways that are not fully analyzed and discussed. The work will be of interest to researchers studying the evolution of cognitive control and cross-species neuroimaging.

eLife Assessment

This valuable descriptive study describes the expression of a developmentally relevant transcription factor in the adult Tribolium brain. The evidence supporting the claims is convincing and based on a very detailed and rigorous analysis of light microscopy data, which, however, lacks single-cell resolution. This neuroanatomical study is of interest to the field of insect neural development and neuroscience.

eLife Assessment

This valuable study uses technically challenging long-term in vivo recordings and computational modeling to investigate whether hawkmoth olfactory receptor neurons show circadian modulation of spontaneous firing. The study provides solid evidence that ORNs have a circadian pattern of spontaneous firing that is Orco-dependent although Orco transcript abundance does not itself show circadian rhythmicity, and that cAMP can modulate Orco-dependent activity. Together with the computational work, the study proposes the provocative hypothesis that an Orco-centered post-translational feedback loop generates the circadian rhythm of spontaneous firing. Nevertheless, this mechanistic interpretation will require direct testing in future work.

eLife Assessment

This important study combines a five-year field experiment with a meta-analysis to quantify effects of grazing on ecosystem CO₂ fluxes as modified by wetness. The evidence supporting the conclusions is convincing, but several aspects of the methods and discussion would benefit from clarification to improve reproducibility and interpretability.

eLife Assessment

This important study provides convincing evidence supporting the existence of transposable element (TE)-gene chimeric transcripts in the Drosophila brain and helps reconcile previously conflicting findings. The authors demonstrate that differences in computational approaches, experimental design, and Drosophila lines can substantially influence the detection of these transcripts. The work highlights the importance of standardized approaches for studying TE-derived transcripts, although their broader biological significance remains to be established.

eLife Assessment

This valuable study demonstrates that a multi-step differentiation program in bacteria combining a bistable switch with two quorum-sensing systems is capable of generating autonomous and self-organized spatial patterns. The evidence for the core engineering system using fluorescent reporters support patterning across several conditions is convincing and has significant implications on the process of cell differentiation.

eLife Assessment

This important study employs a closed-loop, theta-phase-specific optogenetic manipulation of medial septal parvalbumin-expressing neurons in rats and reports that disrupting theta-timescale coordination impairs performance of challenging aspects of spatial behaviors, while sparing hippocampal replay and spatial coding in hippocampal place cells. Technically rigorous experiments were performed, and solid evidence is provided to support the claims. The findings are expected to advance theoretical understanding of learning and memory operations and to provide practical implications for the application of similar optogenetic approaches.

eLife Assessment

This important study uses biochemical and single-molecule approaches to characterize how yeast Cdc13 assembles on single-stranded telomeric DNA and contributes to telomere protection. The evidence supporting the proposed model for Cdc13 assembly and its role at telomeres is solid. The findings provide insight into how Cdc13 contributes to the maintenance and protection of chromosome ends. This work will be of interest to researchers in telomere biology, DNA replication, biochemistry, and single-molecule biophysics.

eLife Assessment

This valuable proof-of-concept study tests and validates a novel magnetic resonance-based method - proton-observed proton-edited MRS - for tracking glucose metabolism in the brain beyond simple substrate uptake, without the need for specialist hardware typically restricted to research settings. The approach offers a promising way to assess excitation/inhibition balance by detecting labelled glucose metabolites. The pre-clinical data in mouse models provide convincing support for the authors' hypothesis. The evidence in the human brain is incomplete: the results would require further optimisation of the experimental set-up and validation in a larger group of volunteers. This work will be of broad interest to researchers studying psychiatric, neurodevelopmental, and related brain disorders.

eLife Assessment

There is a significant need for improved understanding of the neural circuit mechanisms for learning and memory dysfunction in Alzheimers disease. In this valuable study, Zheng and colleagues compare neural coding between wild-type and App knock-in rats experiencing different contexts. Solid evidence of a difference emerges when "spatial" and "temporal" neural coding dynamics are considered separately. However, the lack of a link between neural coding and behaviorally measured learning, and minor issues with the analyses, are limiting factors of the evidence and the significance of the work.

eLife Assessment

This study provides valuable findings on computational measures of learning in human subjects with current depression, individuals remitted from depression, individuals at familial risk, and healthy controls using reinforcement learning and risky decision-making tasks. The evidence is solid but could benefit from clear interpretation of model parameters and psychiatric symptoms. The paper will be of interest to scientists interested in learning, reward processing, value-based decision-making, and psychopathology.

eLife Assessment

This important study provides evidence that Clock and fat body proteasome subunits contribute to dietary restriction-mediated lifespan extension in Drosophila. The evidence supporting these conclusions is solid, yet whether dietary restriction-induced daily rhythmicity of proteasomal genes is CLK-dependent remains incompletely demonstrated, and alternative explanations involving feeding differences and non-circadian functions of CLK cannot be, with the current dataset, excluded. The work will definitely be of interest to researchers studying biological rhythms, nutrition, and aging.

eLife Assessment

This valuable study provides a detailed three-dimensional characterization of primary cilia organization in the postnatal mouse growth plate, revealing reproducible spatial patterns in ciliation, ciliary length, and orientation. The evidence supporting these descriptive findings is solid, based on high-quality quantitative imaging and complementary genetic, mechanical, and transcriptomic approaches. However, evidence for the broader mechanistic conclusions is incomplete, particularly regarding whether ciliary orientation is uncoupled from basal-body and cell orientation and whether its stability under altered mechanical loading reflects a cell-intrinsic program. The study provides a helpful foundation for understanding primary cilia organization and mechanobiology in the growing skeleton, while the mechanisms underlying these observations remain to be established.

eLife Assessment

This Review Article addresses a significant and timely topic that concerns the role of cryo-EM in transforming RNA structural biology from static, individual conformations toward the reconstruction of dynamic conformational ensembles and energy landscapes. The authors describe eight case studies spanning different RNA classes and argue that conformational heterogeneity is a source of mechanistic information, rather than a limitation.

eLife Assessment

This is an important study of critical period plasticity, focused on temperature manipulations, and how different parts of the Drosophila larval motor circuit adapt or maladapt. The work convincingly demonstrates that components of the motor network respond in distinct ways to heat shocks, and the combination of functional, structural, and electrophysiological approaches makes the study of significant interest. The work points to central interneurons as primary drivers of maladaptive changes, while motoneurons and neuromuscular junctions show compensatory or homeostatic adjustments. The authors have thoughtfully and substantially addressed the concerns raised in the original reviews through new temporal-window experiments, additional receptor and behavioral analyses, clearer discussion of the study's limitations, and an integrative model.

eLife Assessment

This paper represents a valuable contribution to our understanding of how local field potential (LFP) oscillations and beta band coordination between the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex of rats may relate to learning. Through a set of appropriate analyses, including oscillation-oscillation coupling, oscillation-spike modulation, and behavioral dependant measurements, the study presents convincing evidence for uncoupled beta activity between the two regions. This work will be of interest to researchers working on interaction of brain regions during spatial learning in rodents.

eLife Assessment

This study provides convincing evidence that the genetics of local adaptation in Arabidopsis is shaped by fluctuations in the environment and interactions with genotype and location. This is an important dataset contributing to the developing understanding of non-linear selection in plants and beyond.

eLife Assessment

This important study demonstrates that pyroglutamylation of peptide ligands alters G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) activation in a subtype-specific manner and proposes a novel mechanism whereby the posttranslational modification steers the distal conformation of the peptide within the orthosteric binding site. The strength of the evidence supporting receptor-specific functional effects is convincing, but the strength of the evidence supporting the proposed structural mechanism is incomplete. This study will be of interest to pharmacologists and cell biologists interested in posttranslational modifications (PTMs) and activation mechanisms of GPCRs.

eLife Assessment

This important paper studies how adiposity affects brain development in the ABCD study. Major findings include: (1) central adiposity indices (BRI, WHtR) show stronger cross-sectional associations with cognition than BMI, partially mediated by frontotemporal cortical morphology; (2) the rate of adiposity accrual, rather than static adiposity at either timepoint, predicts follow-up cognition and altered (attenuated) cortical thinning; and (3) among overweight/obese adolescents, central fat reduction is accompanied by accelerated cortical thinning and catch-up in inhibitory control. The strength of evidence is solid, with the main limitation related to only looking at the cerebral cortex rather than examining the whole brain. The subgroup observation that fat reduction may be accompanied by normalization of both cortical trajectories and inhibitory control is potentially clinically meaningful, suggesting reversibility rather than fixed deficit, and would be of broad interest if it withstands more rigorous analysis.

eLife Assessment

This valuable study investigates the action of a floral homeotic transcription factor in different cell types. The results provide solid evidence that PhDEF shows more extensive binding and regulatory effects in the epidermis than in the mesophyll, supporting the conclusion that cell-layer context influences homeotic gene function. While there are some limitations, they do not undermine the principal observation of layer-dependent PhDEF activity, but the interpretation of the data is complicated by uncertainties in cell-type assignment and composition in the scRNA-seq data, the cell-type-enriched rather than strictly cell-type-specific nature of the ChIP-seq data, and differences in developmental stage between the single-cell and ChIP-seq experiments. The work will be of interest to developmental biologists studying transcriptional regulation and cell identity.

[Editors' note: this paper was reviewed by Review Commons.]

eLife Assessment

This important study uses the Cntnap2 mouse model of autism to investigate how reduced activity in the dorsal CA1 region of the hippocampus contributes to impaired temporal binding and memory flexibility. The authors combined trace conditioning and radial maze assays with fibre photometry, optogenetic rescue, and brain-wide c-Fos mapping to provide convincing evidence that dorsal CA1 hypoactivity limits the retention of temporally separated associations and biases learning towards less flexible strategies. The work advances understanding of hippocampal contributions to cognitive alterations associated with autism and will be of broad interest to researchers studying memory, hippocampal function, and neurodevelopmental disorders.

eLife Assessment

This study provides valuable evidence that glycogen phosphorylase is unlikely to represent an effective insecticidal target in Plutella xylostella and that diflubenzuron does not directly inhibit this enzyme. The combination of biochemical, molecular and physiological approaches provides convincing data to support these conclusions, although the proposed metabolic compensation mechanism is supported primarily by indirect evidence and would benefit from direct demonstration.

eLife Assessment

The paper presents a valuable finding that the human brain and models that incorporate sentence structures can capture sentence-level semantics beyond word meaning, while large language models behave differently. The evidence supporting the authors' claims is solid, though the stimuli are highly controlled and some analyses could be more thorough. This work will be of interest to researchers in language neuroscience and those developing language models.

eLife Assessment

This is a potentially valuable study in the area of connectomics, comparing across species to obtain a uniform synaptic density of ~1 synapse per micron. While the methods add to the field, the datasets are limited and filtered, and the role of cell-type on spacing is passed over. Additionally, some of the analyses could be tightened; hence, overall, the findings remain incomplete.

eLife Assessment

This in vitro study provides important evidence that the mitochondrial intermembrane space protein HAX1 functions as a direct activating cofactor of the AAA+ chaperone CLPB, resolving a longstanding question arising from the strong genetic, proteomic, and disease associations between these proteins. The convincing work advances our understanding of mitochondrial proteostasis by demonstrating that HAX1 promotes CLPB oligomerization and will potentially even enable the generation of small molecules that mimic the function of HAX1 in CLPB activation. The study will be of general interest to biochemists working on chaperones and/or mitochondrial biology.

eLife Assessment

This valuable large-scale comparative study of odorant receptor (OR) genes across more than 100 insect species, combining sequence- and structure-based approaches, is a significant step in the exploration of the evolution of this large gene family involved in the detection of odorant signals by olfactory neurons. This work uncovers a structural feature unique to the odorant receptor co-receptor Orco that reduces ligand binding affinity. However, the strength of evidence is incomplete relative to the authors' claims about the inferred number of OR genes per species, the odor response spectra and the evolutionary and ecological interpretations.

eLife Assessment

This fundamental study presents experimental evidence on how geomagnetic and visual cues are integrated in a nocturnally migrating insect. The evidence supporting the conclusions is compelling. The work will be of broad interest to researchers studying animal migration and navigation.

eLife Assessment

Davis and colleagues present fundamental findings on pressure mechanosensation in lymphatic vessels, with broad relevance to mechanosensory physiology. Using an impressive array of knockout mouse models and rigorous pressure myography, they provide compelling evidence that mechano-activation of GNAQ/GNA11-coupled GPCRs drives lymphatic vessel contractility via an IP3-IP3R1-ANO1 Ca²⁺ release and depolarization pathway. While the study falls short of pinpointing the specific GPCR(s) mediating pressure-induced chronotropy - having ruled out candidates such as AT1R and G12/13-coupled receptors - their single-cell RNA sequencing profiling establishes a benchmark candidate list (including adhesion and frizzled GPCRs) that provides a foundation for future target identification.

eLife Assessment

This study presents important findings on the structure and functional potential of microbial communities along a vertical sediment profile of a salt marsh. The authors examine hypotheses about the burial microbial assembly process and functional complementarity at depth and provide solid evidence to support their claims. Overall, this work will be broadly of interest to microbial ecologists.

eLife Assessment

This important submission from Ambler and colleagues brings new insights into how torpor conditions may confer resilience in cases of cardioprotection. The study is backed by solid evidence and represents a unique interoceptive mechanism of interest.

eLife Assessment

This work by Pyne and Pandey et al. addresses DNase X (DNase1L1) activity at the macrophage phagocytic cup, using an innovative imaging approach that couples visualization of cup formation to spatially resolve DNA degradation. The methodology is technically sound, and the central finding that DNA digestion begins prior to phagolysosomal maturation is well supported. Overall, the study is solid and provides a valuable framework for investigating early events at the phagocytic cup that may shape responses to pathogens and inflammatory disease.

eLife Assessment

This valuable study provides a very large data set of motor unit recordings in people with multiple sclerosis and, as such, could impact both foundational and clinical studies of the neuromuscular system. The study reports increased variability in firing rate profiles across participants and suggests that this observation reflects differences in the excitatory, inhibitory, and neuromodulatory drive reaching motor neurons. The descriptive finding is solid, but the link to specific neural mechanisms is incomplete as it depends heavily on assumptions related to its model-based framework.

eLife Assessment

This study presents a useful finding on the interplay of CCL5 and miR-324-5p during ischemic stroke injury. The authors have addressed some of the concerns in the revision. The methodological information has been updated, and additional experiments, such as FISH, have been included. After the revision, the evidence supporting the claims of the authors is solid. The work will be of interest to neuroscientists working on brain injury such as stroke.

eLife Assessment

This study presents a valuable finding on the condition dependence of autophagy-mediated lifespan regulation in C. elegans. The evidence is solid, as the data broadly support the main claims, although variability between biological replicates in several of the performed experiments and mechanistic exploration with only a limited set of experimental techniques leave some conclusions less firmly established. The work will be of interest to researchers studying autophagy, ageing, and intracellular trafficking.

eLife Assessment

This is an important study utilizing innovative CRISPR based approaches demonstrating the role of the KLF family of transcription factors in the post-natal maturation of cortical projection neurons. The strength of evidence overall is compelling, and the study is well executed. The screen data presented provides a number of interesting candidates for future analyses into the mechanism of action of KLF family members in neuronal maturation.

eLife Assessment

This study shows that partial cone photoreceptor loss induces pathway-specific circuit remodeling in the mouse retina, with alpha OFF-sustained and OFF-transient retinal ganglion cells adapting differently through changes in their pre- and postsynaptic circuits. The results are valuable because they provide a key understanding of the diversity of circuit remodeling in retinal degeneration. The data are convincing, although clearer reporting of the numbers of independent animals and retinas, a more rigorous distinction between compensation and circuit change, and discussion of the functional consequences would strengthen the mechanistic insights.

eLife Assessment

This Tools & Resources manuscript presents important findings that can help the implementation of research assessment reform in research-performing institutions. The authors employ a three-part Delphi method involving researchers, funders, journal editors, and academic leaders, ultimately reaching consensus on six standards. The manuscript's accompanying appendix provides helpful, modular guidance for research-performing organizations seeking to adopt these six parameters. Overall, the evidence presented is solid, and the manuscript makes a practical contribution that will add value. However, a significant limitation is the lack of evidence demonstrating whether and how implementation of the proposed guidance improves research evaluation in practice.

eLife Assessment

This study establishes the fast-developing tuxedo sea urchin, Mespilia globulus, as a genome-enabled experimental model. With the tools and methods described here, the authors provide a valuable platform with particular potential for developmental biology and physiology as well as comparative studies. The evidence supporting the principal claims of experimental tractability and quality of genomic resources is solid, although fuller documentation, e.g., of husbandry, aquarium-stock provenance and genetic diversity as well as gene-editing efficiency and imaging set up, would strengthen the work. This work will be of particular interest to developmental and evolutionary biologists.

eLife Assessment

This study demonstrates a critical role of the glycolipid membrane protein insertase (MPIase) in the twin-arginine translocation (TAT) pathway, a protein translocation system that is conserved across all domains of life. The successful reconstitution of the bacterial TAT system in both bacteria-derived and artificial liposomes provides solid experimental evidence that MPIase has a broader role in membrane protein translocation than previously recognized. By revealing the essential function of a nonproteinaceous membrane component in catalyzing a core cellular process, this work offers fundamental insights into the molecular mechanisms of protein translocation.

eLife Assessment

The study presents a fundamental structure interaction model describing how polymyxin interacts with hHepT2 the human oligopeptide transporter's 2 Aspartic acid residues to mediate nephrotoxicity via the D215 mutagenesis. These findings guided the rational design of potent polymyxin B analogues with reduced toxicity. The conclusions are supported by compelling evidence from computational and experimental data. The work will be of use to biochemists and medicinal chemists in developing the next generation of antibiotics for clinically relevant multidrug resistant bacteria.

eLife Assessment

This study presents important findings on how cardiac regenerative capacity diverges across species by examining heart repair in two species of livebearers, platyfish and swordtails. In contrast to zebrafish, the livebearer species show persistent scarring after cryo-injury, and the work highlights how lineage-specific anatomical and immunological traits may constrain regenerative competence. The study is compelling, the data are convincing, and the results contribute to our understanding of the mechanisms underlying heart regeneration across vertebrates.

eLife Assessment

Davies et al. present a valuable study proposing that the Drosophila homologue of MACF1, Shot, can act as a molecular linker between microtubules and actin during dendrite pruning, suggesting an intriguing role in non-centrosomal microtubule organization. The study provides robust evidence that Shot helps control microtubule organization and dendrite pruning, but the evidence that Shot coordinates these processes through its interaction with actin remains incomplete, particularly because the actin-disrupting experiment does not affect the distal dendrites where the authors propose Shot acts. Overall, the study contains several interesting findings, but additional experimental support is needed to establish how Shot, actin, and microtubules work together to control dendrite pruning.

eLife Assessment

The study presents a valuable conceptual framework by classifying pattern-forming gene subnetworks into three established categories. By meticulously enumerating and simulating various network topologies, the authors provide a systematic catalog of these patterning motifs. However, the supporting evidence remains incomplete, as the mathematical generalizations rely on simplified assumptions that may not hold in more complex or realistic scenarios.

eLife Assessment

The study presents a valuable dataset and analysis on two sympatric Mediterranean clingfishes which will be of interest to the fields of evolutionary genomics, population genetics and comparative phylogeography, and especially to marine biologists working on population connectivity. The comparative design provides solid evidence that contemporary connectivity is more predictable across species than deeper phylogeographic and demographic history. The analysis of the genomic data, which is still incomplete, would benefit from further work and clarification, particularly regarding the evidence for parallel genomic divergence.

eLife Assessment

This paper uses rigorous experimental methods to investigate the role of covert attention in decision-making. The authors identify aspects of the decision problem that shape the allocation of covert attention and show that covert attention attenuates the impact of overt gazes on choice. These findings are solid and methodologically and theoretically valuable for researchers working at the intersection of attention and decision-making.

eLife Assessment

This study presents a useful approach to analyzing brain responses to transcranial focused ultrasound (tFUS), and potentially to neuromodulation-evoked activity more generally. By applying ideas from physics, it reveals changes in brain activity that measures of signal strength alone do not capture. The authors report a surprising non-monotonic relationship between irreversibility and stimulation dose, and a relationship between baseline irreversibility and susceptibility during stimulation. The evidence for the central interpretation remains incomplete, however: it is not yet clear that these changes reflect genuine reorganization of brain activity rather than artifacts of the calcium-recording method or an unaccounted-for side effect of the stimulation itself.

eLife Assessment

This valuable study identifies the IL1R1-IRAK4 axis as a mediator of inflammation-associated ovarian cancer implantation. The evidence is convincing, supported by complementary genetic and pharmacological approaches across multiple in vivo models. These findings advance our understanding of how inflammatory signaling shapes metastatic niche formation and highlight IRAK4 as a potential therapeutic target.

eLife Assessment

This work makes an important contribution to understanding the role of calreticulin and the Del52 variant in calcium homeostasis in cells based on convincing evidence. There was some question as to whether the work in vitro fully recapitulated the physiological setting in which the homozygous Del52 variant has been reported to have defects in calcium homeostasis. Nonetheless, the studies are well performed using appropriate methods to address these questions and make a significant contribution to the understanding of calreticulin, and the Del52 variant, function in health and disease.

eLife Assessment

In this important study, Abdelnaby and colleagues systematically examine the four native Orai channel isoforms (Orai1α, Orai1β, Orai2, and Orai3) and find that all can couple to NFAT1/4 activation, with NFAT responses largely scaling with the magnitude of Ca2+ influx (Orai1β > Orai1α >> Orai2 > Orai3). The study shows that in primary CD4⁺ T cells, Orai1α and Orai1β are functionally redundant, restoring SOCE, NFAT activation, cytokine production, and highly similar transcriptional programs. Human genetic data further show that selective loss of Orai1α does not cause CRAC channelopathy and instead slightly enhances SOCE and NFAT activation. Overall, the findings are significant, and the strength of the evidence supporting the conclusions is convincing.

eLife Assessment

This study addresses an important gap in drug discovery by delivering a rigorous, large-scale evaluation of widely used co-folding methods for predicting ligand-bound protein complexes and virtual screening. A key strength is the comprehensive benchmarking framework, which leverages structures and chemical compounds that were absent from the AI models training set, thereby providing particularly compelling and unbiased evidence of co-folding performance. The findings clearly delineate the complementary roles of deep learning-based co-folding and physics-based docking, offering practical guidance for their rational integration into drug discovery workflows. Overall, the conclusions are well supported by thorough analyses across a representative set of cases.

eLife Assessment

This is an important study addressing a debated question in brain repair research by testing whether NeuroD1 can convert brain immune cells into nerve cells using a virus-free genetic approach and live imaging. The compelling evidence presented here supports that, under the conditions tested, NeuroD1-expressing cells do not become nerve cells and instead retain their original identity. This work will be of interest to neuro-immunologists.

eLife Assessment

This study characterises the heterogeneity and developmental origins of macrophages in the thymus and demonstrates a role for Csf1r-expressing myeloid cells in the first step of T cell development. The state-of-the-art experiments provide convincing evidence, and the assessors concerns were addressed in the revised submission. These results provide an important advance that furthers our understanding of thymus biology, especially in view of the contribution of heterogenous thymic macrophage subpopulations.

eLife Assessment

AIRE has been well known to contribute to immune self-tolerance in the thymus by expressing auto-antigens. In this manuscript, the authors describe unexpected findings about the interaction of AIRE with AID in B cells, and its function in the immune system, thereby contributing to a fundamental understanding of the broader functions of AIRE. The strength of this manuscript is that, by employing biochemical and genetic experiments, the authors convincingly show interaction between AIRE and AID and subsequent AIRE's function in the GC responses.

eLife Assessment

The manuscript is important in that it has the potential to advance our understanding of how liver regeneration is orchestrated after injury of pericentral hepatocytes, which are a target of many drugs and toxins. The findings are solid and suggest that midlobular hepatocytes are protected from toxin-induced injury by a genetic program delaying proliferation to prevent cell death. The effects of individual actors in the proposed program are convincingly shown but whether they act in concert and whether cell cycle arrest is indeed the protective mechanism remains to be determined.

eLife Assessment

The work provides a valuable analytical and technical framework for relating spatial microRNA patterns to therapeutic response and features of the tumor immune environment in a BRCA1-associated model of triple-negative breast cancer. The evidence supporting the main conclusions is solid, although additional validation and statistical analyses would strengthen claims regarding biomarker performance and the specific contribution of spatial measurements.

eLife Assessment

This Review Article provides a comprehensive overview of whole-brain activity changes induced by brain stimulation and effectively summarizes the current state of the field. However, the integrative framework spanning spatial and mechanistic scales, which is presented in the discussion, should be introduced earlier to guide the reader. A more cohesive conceptual framework throughout the manuscript would improve the synthesis of the literature and enhance accessibility.

eLife Assessment

This study presents an important finding regarding the role of oxytocin neurons in thermogenesis and behavioral thermoregulation. The use of numerous converging methods, including behavior, fiber photometry, optogenetics, thermal recordings, metabolic analyses, and more, produces a multi-dimensional dataset delivering findings that provide solid support for the conclusions. The conclusions could be further strengthen by more extensive analyses of behavior and determining whether it is the release of oxytocin (rather than co-release of glutamate) from the PVN that is critical for the transition between behavioral states, nevertheless, the manuscript had many strengths, the findings are novel, and this work opens new doors for understanding the role of the PVT in thermoregulation. This work will be of strong interest to the thermoregulation, social behavior, and oxytocin signaling communities.

eLife Assessment

The manuscript presents a primary important finding, namely that microbial riboflavin-derived MR1 ligands are pharmacological activators of human MAIT cells and that MR1 ligand stimulation enhances MAIT-mediated tumor killing across multiple tumor models. While the evidence presented is generally solid, there are some limitations of the in vitro and in vivo models used, as well as some overstatements about the broader applicability of the research, which should be revised.

eLife Assessment

This study presents a useful finding on using diverse experimental systems to understand how neuromodulatory signals shape glial inflammatory signaling; however, the strength of evidence is inadequate. The astrocyte-enrichment method used may permit contamination by microglia, oligodendrocyte-lineage cells, or neurons, complicating attribution of TNF expression specifically to astrocytes. This concern is compounded by the strong microglial response to Gi manipulation and the lack of quantitative validation of chemogenetic cell-type specificity in vivo. These weaknesses have hindered further evaluation of the claims.

eLife Assessment

This important study shows that neural responses to visual input during active vision are more closely aligned with self-generated eye movements than with fixation onset. The evidence for neural responses being more aligned to saccade-related events than fixation-related events is convincing, but the evidence for the more novel finding that neural responses are most closely aligned to peak saccade curvature is currently incomplete. This work will be of interest to visual perception and sensory processing researchers.

eLife Assessment

This is a valuable manuscript that leverages information already being collected in mosquito surveillance, but that is currently discarded, building on ideas developed during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. The work is rigorous, involving ample data from real-world surveillance, independent laboratory testing, and simulation modeling to validate the inference method. The evidence is solid for demonstrating feasibility and biological plausibility.

eLife Assessment

The work presented represents important new evidence linking the cascade of neural processes triggered by memory-based prediction errors. The study uses an impressive collection of approaches and methods to characterize and measure cognitive control, arousal, and memory changes as a function of memory-based violations. The analyses are technically sophisticated and rigorous and, taken together, provide solid evidence that there are multiple processes accompanying prediction errors, and that they differentially relate to successful encoding.

eLife Assessment

This manuscript presents an important and timely contribution by incorporating desolvation barriers into coarse-grained models of biomolecular condensates. The findings are convincing, supported by a clear physical model and systematic simulations showing effects on phase behavior, packing, and dynamics. Some clarification and broader context would improve the manuscript, but it provides a foundation that will be of use for developing more realistic coarse-grained interaction schemes.

eLife Assessment

This study presents a valuable perspective on platelet-mediated fibrin compaction, proposing that fibrin fibers undergo "winding" or coiling, a concept with potential relevance for thrombosis and clot mechanics. While the revised manuscript has improved substantially, with clearer presentation, appropriately softened language, and high-quality experimental data, direct evidence for a causal link between cytoskeletal swirling and fibrin winding/compaction is still incomplete; in particular, the actomyosin dependence and rotational fiber movements are consistent with the proposed model but do not exclude alternative mechanisms. The winding/swirl mechanism should therefore be viewed as a hypothesis supported by the observations rather than a mechanism directly demonstrated by the experiments. With this qualification, the evidence is solid and support the main conclusions.

eLife Assessment

This valuable study examines how the rodent prelimbic cortex represents learned and generalized threat over time and identifies distinct stable and dynamic neuronal populations that contribute to these representations. The evidence is convincing, supported by longitudinal calcium imaging, appropriate control groups, and sophisticated analyses showing that the relevant neural signals cannot be explained simply by freezing behavior. The work provides a conceptual framework for understanding how stable threat-related representations supporting memory generalization and discrimination can be maintained despite ongoing changes in neuronal ensemble composition.

eLife Assessment

This is a valuable study on the electrophysiological and computational underpinnings of the accumulation of intermittent glimpses of sensory evidence for decisions. The authors present convincing EEG and behavioural evidence to support their claims. The work will be of interest to cognitive and systems neuroscientists working on decision-making.

eLife Assessment

This important study measures the development of hearing in the zebra finch and shows that two-day-old hatchlings have no detectable electrophysiological response to 95 dB SPL clicks. Because this stimulus carries energy across a broad range of sound frequencies and is some 60 dB louder than faint, high-pitched parental calls, the findings challenge prior proposals that such calls serve as a channel for heat-dependent prenatal developmental programming. Two reviewers found the evidence on the absence of auditory responses convincing, supported by auditory brainstem recordings using validated methods with appropriate controls and by a separate laser vibrometry experiment ruling out detection through egg vibration. A third reviewer disputed these findings and questioned whether absent physiological markers of hearing definitively establish deafness. On the evidence presented, embryonic hearing is unlikely to mediate the developmental effects reported for heat whistle playback. Whether those effects reflect some other pathway or require re-interrogation of the behavioral phenomenon is now the open question, alongside a need for auditory measurements more sensitive than the auditory brainstem response.

eLife Assessment

This manuscript presents important work on macrostructure formation in a freshwater filamentous cyanobacterium, focusing on its ability to aggregate and buckle. The authors employ a wide range of experiments and approaches, including time-lapse imaging and 3D theoretical modelling, to establish the physical dynamics of filaments, such as gliding motility and buckling. They demonstrate that, in addition to gliding motility, filament length and flexibility are essential for the ability of cyanobacteria to capture particles and form aggregates. Overall, the study provides convincing evidence and advances our understanding of the role of microbial motility in the environment. It will be of broad interest to biophysicists and environmental microbiologists.