and financial restrictions like the freezing of payment transactions or of selected accounts and assets. The political goal usually is not an economic one, but one of foreign policy. The sanctions may be used to signal unfriendliness, to express disapproval, to force changes in the

addressee gives in more easily; or a compromise is struck. Economic sanctions may be applied for a short period of time as well as for decades; they may target few actors or sectors only, or be all-encompassing; and they may have goals as radical as regime change at the addressee. Severe, comprehensive, and long-lasting sanctions with ambitious goals merge into economic warfare. Sometimes, sanctions are linked to ‘roadmaps’ that specify which conditions the addressee must fulfil for the sanctions to be lifted accordingly. Occasionally they are coupled with additional incentives, i.e. the promise of benefits that go beyond simply ending th