is a measure of statistical dispersion intended to represent the income inequality or wealth inequality within a nation or any other group of people

Gini index < 0.2 represents perfect income equality, 0.2–0.3 relative equality, 0.3–0.4 adequate equality, 0.4–0.5 big income gap, and above 0.5 represents severe income gap.

Egypt's Gini index in 2015 0.318 https://www.indexmundi.com/facts/egypt/indicator/SI.POV.GINI#:~:text=The%20value%20for%20GINI%20index,value%20of%2028.30%20in%202012.

How can this be utilized in a post-COVID era?

There is a wonderful social experiment I learned about long time ago named the the marshmallow test.

The study offered people the option to either have a marshmallow instantly or wait and have more. The original study from the 1960s and 70s appeared to show a link between the ability to delay gratification - which demonstrated a capacity for emotional self-regulation - and long term social outcomes, including higher intelligence and more successful employment. And thus connected poverty to the "behaviour and mindset" of the poor.

However, The latest study, which used a much more robust design, found that once socioeconomic characteristics were accounted for, the ability to delay gratification had a negligible impact on outcomes in later life. Environmental factors largely determined success.

The conditionality project and the marshmallow test have smashed one simple, powerful myth: that if the poor were to change their behaviour (or ‘build character’), they too could become successful. The structures of exclusion, inequality and marginalisation they face become either immaterial or secondary.

Recent research supports arguments that it is not poor people’s inherent behaviours or cultures that impacts how they live and the decisions they make, but rather the material scarcity and precarity that they face. A groundbreaking study by Eldar Shafir and Sendhil Mullainathan found that the experience of scarcity imposes a heavy cognitive burden on those affected. This can mean they make decisions for the short rather than long term, and lack the cognitive resources to take on mentally demanding tasks because so much of their energy is exerted on the day-to-day challenge of making ends meet. Experimental studies show that everyone (not just ‘the poor’) can be impaired in the same way if they experience conditions of scarcity.

https://www.thersa.org/blog/2018/06/the-marshmallow-test-and-the-crisis-in-social-policy

The fundamental difference between indigenous peoples and minorities lies in indigenous peoples’ ties to their territory of origin or specific livelihoods when nomadic. In many indigenous belief systems, land has a symbolic and spiritual value, as well as a social and economic function within the group, even for those who live outside of the homeland. Some minorities have territories they traditionally occupy, but indigenous peoples are also considered the first inhabitants of their territories.

https://www.minorityrightscourse.org/mod/page/view.php?id=1591#:~:text=The%20fundamental%20difference%20between%20indigenous,or%20specific%20livelihoods%20when%20nomadic.&text=Some%20minorities%20have%20territories%20they,first%20inhabitants%20of%20their%20territories.

Most vulnerable segments that social protection is of value to them.

A clear distinction between the availability of the service and its accessibility.

Definition of Social protection floors.

Definition and examples of social protection schemes.

More opportunities in tech.

Building new markets, opportunities and infrastructure

How else would it be affected? It is common sense that low-skilled workers are less paid and more dispensable. It has nothing to do with capitalism or COVID.

Technologies such as AI Virtual assistants, Augmented reality and VR might come in to help with that.

Unemployment underlines different reasons and types.

• Cyclical unemployment
• Demand deficient unemployment
• Structural unemployment
• Regional unemployment
• Classical unemployment
• Seasonal unemployment
• Frictional unemployment (Mostly the current situation)
• Voluntary unemployment

https://www.economicsonline.co.uk/Managing_the_economy/Unemployment_types_and_causes.html

As devastating as this is, I believe it will cause a positive shift in employment on the long term.

Companies now are more understanding of remote-work, freelancing, outsourcing and flexible hours. People have become more intrigued to launch small online business to support themselves and their families.

Small island developing states

How is ODA counted in GDP? Even in the charts it is not stated!

In economics, gross output (GO) is the measure of total economic activity in the production of new goods and services in an accounting period. It is a much broader measure of the economy than gross domestic product (GDP), which is limited mainly to final output (finished goods and services).

Due to increased risk aversion

What's the 10% that was not negatively affected by the lockdown?

• E-Commerce
• Pharmaceutical (However healthcare services despite the increase in demand have suffered losses)
• Education (Especially Online education)

https://stacker.com/stories/4054/industries-performing-best-and-worst-during-coronavirus-and-how-theyre-responding

This proves that we were in a state of excessive consumerism and unsustainable consumption.

Does that mean that developed countries are suffering economically more than developing countries due to the pandemic?

Assumed reasons:

• They depend on exporting and trade which is highly affected by the pandemic versus developing countries who usually can sustain livelihoods internally.
• The level of community awareness actually led to the shutdown of economy while in developing countries the governments could get away with less precautions.

The Great Depression was the worst economic downturn in the history of the industrialized world, lasting from the stock market crash of 1929 to 1939.

By 1933, when the Great Depression reached its lowest point, some 15 million Americans were unemployed and nearly half the country’s banks had failed.

https://www.history.com/topics/great-depression/great-depression-history

Risks aligned with commodity-dependent economies and small island developing States,

(Smallpox Pandemic, 1877-1977, Black Death Plague, 1347-1351, Spanish Flu Pandemic, 1918-1919): Am I a joke to you?

https://www.publichealthonline.org/worst-global-pandemics-in-history/

MDG lessons to be used in the SDGs

Can this be implemented on a thematic base so countries can have easier communication with UN agencies regarding specific problems and challenges?

legislation is a wonderful tangible outcome from development

This is repeated way to much in the past 20 pages

How was this developed

Which needed the development the most!!

versus GDP growth?

Grassroot projects

Does this mean that the development of undeveloped countries is mainly dependent on foreign aid?

IT solutions to accelerate gathering, analysis, synthesis, suggestions

How safe is this data? Where does it go and how is it used?

Does this differ from different institutional and political frameworks between countries? (Republic vs kingdom vs Democratic .... )

A descriptive case of a holistic approach focusing on social issues

Each sector focusing on themselves without communicating and sharing with others

improper planning? how did that change with the SDGs?

Obviously because it is not controlled by a foreign donor that think they know what's best for locals!

How long did this last? How and Why did the target suddenly change?

Where's the environmental pillar in all of this?

What environmental impact has occured on soil, water, energy and rural development because of this intervention?

What agency? Shouldn't the focus be country specific as mentioned before?

How? and why hasn't this "collaboration" been discovered earlier?

A bottleneck analysis is a detailed process where a company gathers as much information about the manufacturing flow of a particular product or process. Specifically, data is gathered about the step or steps in the process where work is bottlenecking.

Maybe. But what is absolutely identifiable are the obstacles and barriers to development

Why is this considered the most important indicator?

From 41% to 12% which is almost 30% in 13 years. Current poverty estimates are 10%. From 2013 to 2020, 2% down in 7 years. Something doesn't fit here!

Didn't say better which is literally the main objective of these agendas

Demographic dividend refers to the growth in an economy that is the result of a change in the age structure of a country’s population. The change in age structure is typically brought on by a decline in fertility and mortality rates.

Urbanisation is the increase in the proportion of people living in towns and cities. Urbanisation occurs because people move from rural areas (countryside) to urban areas (towns and cities). This usually occurs when a country is still developing.

Rural development is the process of improving the quality of life and economic well-being of people living in rural areas, often relatively isolated and sparsely populated areas. Rural development has traditionally centered on the exploitation of land-intensive natural resources such as agriculture and forestry.

Is there a reason behind this? Because this correlation gives an impression that urbanization is the key to prosperity and an escape from poverty. Which is clearly a fancy way of saying that industrialization is more prioritized than rural activities such as agriculture.

How did scale economics help here?

Versus the SDGs where 193 countries are working on reporting their progress

Disclaimer: Philosophical question ahead.

Why do senses of urgency and acceleration only appear when something is coming to an end? Is it procrastination? improper planning and capacity management? Lack of ownership?

and environmental impacts

A dedicated target to food waste is truly inspiring. I hoped to see on for fashion as well.

while preserving our natural resources

WHO defines Gender as the characteristics of women, men, girls and boys that are socially constructed. This includes norms, behaviours and roles associated with being a woman, man, girl or boy, as well as relationships with each other. As a social construct, gender varies from society to society and can change over time.

If so why is the focus here mainly on women?

In Egypt for example the main issue isn't accessibility, but the wrong stigma surrounding vocational training versus the university track.

A guideline of learning outcomes is available at the UNESCO ESD Model

Taking in consideration that the production of meat for example contributes a lot to global warming

Land reclamation and soil development

Without exploitation of natural ones

Now it changed to a national definition rather than the universal one mentioned above

Why is this universal and how was it identified?

Global Bank, Philanthropy, CSR...

Why is this highlighted in a separate bullet point? Is it because it is a tremendous business or due to the number of followers and influence?

Inclusion won't start without a discussion and understanding between multiple stakeholders

That is mainly caused by foreign colonialism wether in the form of military or political interventions

and rural?

Learnings from the MDGs

How can we limit habits or patterns?

Proper infrastructure is a huge enabler in societal and economical development. The challenge is to take in consideration environmental impacts along side prioritization of development projects within the needs of the community itself not suggestions from foreign aid theorists and practitioners.

Buzz word. When has economy ever been not people centered?

People's consumption rates, needs, wants, trends are what drive every economic measure. Even economic theories that are not fully explained, such as Adam Smith's 'Invisible Hand', had a human reference to it (the hand).

What is needed is an economy to regulate and frame people's activities in a healthy manner without over-consumption, consumerism and linearity.

How is that possible?

Taxation? Regulations? Communism leading to no one actually owning anything?

How is this identified as something to be treated and how is it then measured and treated all while maintaining basic human rights in different cultures and socio-demographics?

For example: Homosexuality.

It is commonly addressed as a disorder and behavioural misconduct in parts of the world (mostly referred to as underdeveloped). In islamic regions it is criminalized and the penalty is death.

However in other regions of the world (referred to as developed countries) it is celebrated as a form of a modern, open and inclusive society.

How do we normalize this framework of 'behavioural activities' as good or bad? or a even better question is, should we normalize?

Lifelong learning is the "ongoing, voluntary, and self-motivated" pursuit of knowledge for either personal or professional reasons. Therefore, it not only enhances social inclusion, active citizenship, and personal development, but also self-sustainability, as well as competitiveness and employability.

It recognizes that humans have a natural drive to explore, learn and grow and encourages us to improve our own quality of life and sense of self-worth by paying attention to the ideas and goals that inspire us.

This is directly affected by climate and natural resource preservation. Majority of economic growth activities have proved to have a negative overall impact on both. Meaning that a focus to restrict environmentally-harmful economic growth is crucial to achieve this goal.

The UN actually has a pretty comprehensive definition to poverty as stated: Poverty is a multi-dimensional phenomenon. The Beijing Platform for Action recognized that “poverty has various manifestations, including lack of income and productive resources sufficient to ensure sustainable livelihoods; hunger and malnutrition; ill health; limited or lack of access to education and other basic services; increased morbidity and mortality from illness; homelessness and inadequate housing; unsafe environments; and social discrimination and exclusion. It is also characterized by a lack of participation in decision-making and in civil, social and cultural life” (UN)

This is why it is always prioritizing the eradication of poverty as a core goal. But why do people suffer poverty in the first place? Maybe poverty is actually an affect not a cause.

Wars, conflict, corruption, destructive capitalism, lack of social support and more all cause feed in to why are people lacking basic livelihoods.

finally mentions an actual tangible action.. still the 'how' isn't clear.

Why not regulate?

Why isn't the most powerful political entity in the world taking a more radical solution to the crisis?

Why assume that the goals in the first place where probably set? and if so how the did the methodology change? What did we learn? how are we adjusting/adapting?

Learnings from the MDGs?

The abundance in tech-breakthroughs is such a great win for humanity. Mortality rates are down because of proper diagnostics and treatment. Livelihoods in general have been positively affected through tech. Human capacity development has exponentially grew with the support on tech. However, Tech can, and must be, greener and more inclusive.

Now the question is, How exactly did that happen and at what cost?

It is projected that it was mainly through voluntary philanthropy and that is absolutely worthless and unsustainable. And by creating employment and economic growth in industrialized sectors, the depletion and degradation of our resources was the cost.

Again where is a universal system that insures truly 'no one is left behind'. Not a quote or invitation, but a full integrated system . Why isn't 'Global basic income' discussed even if in a more capitalist perspective?

'Respect' is such a weak word. It has been repeated several times and everytime it comes in I think instead of 'preserve, support, protect, revive...'. We shouldn't aim for people to just 'respect' biodiversity! That's suppose to be a basic element of being human. An agenda should put people, businesses, governments and all stakeholders in a position to FIGHT for the the thriving of biodiversity and environmental protection.

Sensitive?! It should either support change mitigation or climate adaptation. Not continue to develop technologies under a threshold that the environment will 'hopefully' revive on its own. This isn't against accelerating growth, it's anti-accelerating doomsday.

Today humanity uses the equivalent of 1.6 Earths to provide the resources we use and absorb our waste. This means it now takes the Earth one year and eight months to regenerate what we use in a year (World Footprint). The approach, especially environmental, must be regenerative not only sustainable. Regenerative Development is a development paradigm designed to push beyond sustainability. While sustainability focuses on development today that protects the ability of future generations to develop, the priority of regenerative development is to apply holistic processes to create feedback loops between physical, natural, economic and social capital that are mutually supportive and contain the capacity to restore equitable, healthy and prosperous relationships among these forms of capital.

Does equal opportunity include the assurance of resource (knowledge, technology, innovation...) availability and accessibility to all?

What does social protection include? Regulations? Unions? Advocacy groups?

But still does not want to issue resolutions on previous and current (and probably future) war crimes and human exploitation? BS!

What does open here refer to? Open markets? Transparency? Accessibility?

Are there any biding regulations that have been enforced on businesses and governments to achieve the mentioned "urgent action" ?

This is still build on the assumption that poverty is the root cause of our most pressing problems. Since the MDGs this is the same philosophy. Globally, the number of people living in extreme poverty declined from 36 per cent in 1990 to 10 per cent in 2015 (UN), however that did not mean the problems we have declined. On the contrary, due to excessive industrialization to create economic growth, societal and environmental issues prevailed. The approach should have been more holistic in addressing the priorities.

If peace is prioritized then where is war crimes, refugees, colonization, slavery and inter-cultural and inter-faith dialogue mentioned.