Culturally, though, the Carolingian impact on Europe was widespread and long-lasting.
Even though their political power didn’t last long, the cultural influence of Charlemagne’s family spread far and remained important for centuries.
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- Dec 2025
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The east kept face, but the Franks kept most of the land.
Both sides got something: the Byzantines protected their pride, and Charlemagne kept his huge territory.
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In 768, Charles and Carloman each inherited half of the Frankish kingdom, but Carloman died three years later, leaving Charles as sole king.
Two brothers first shared the kingdom, but when Carloman died young, Charles became the only ruler.
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When this dynasty collapsed in 416 CE, an Eastern Jin successor state established its capital at Jiankang
When the Western Jin fell apart, a related dynasty called the Eastern Jin took over parts of China and ruled from Jiankang.
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This possibility of an eternal life in a better place mitigated some of the misery and horror of the present, for many converts.
Believing in heaven or eternal life helped people cope with hardship and suffering in their everyday lives.
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Of the thirteen canonical Epistles, included in the New Testament, several such as Romans, Galatians, Ephesians, 1 Corinthians, and Colossians include explicit invitations to Gentiles to join the new religious community.
Many of Paul’s letters encourage non-jews to join the Christian movement, making Christianity open to everyone, not just people of jewish background.
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Over the next year, the Triumvirs proscribed about 2,000 aristocrats and three hundred senators, including Cicero, who was beheaded in 43 BCE.
The Triumvirate created “proscription lists,” which named people they wanted arrested or killed. Around 2,300 people were targeted, including the famous orator Cicero.
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After the assassination of Julius Caesar in 44 BCE, the group of Senators who had planned and carried out the killing were unable to reinstate the Republic.
The senators who killed Caesar hoped Rome would return to its old system with no single ruler, but things didn’t go the way they planned.
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After defeating the Xiongnu in battle in 119 BCE, Han Wu sent Zhang back to the West in 115 with a caravan of over three hundred men carrying silk textiles, gold, and lacquerware as gifts for Wusun chiefs.
After winning against the Xiongnu, Emperor Wu sent Zhang Qian on another mission with 300 people. They brought valuable gifts like silk, gold, and lacquerware to give to the leaders of the Wusun, another nomadic group.
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In 138 BCE, Wu sent a diplomat named Zhang Qian with a 100-man delegation to open relations with Yuezhi nomads who had been displaced by the Xiongnu.
Emperor Wu sent Zhang qian and a group of 100 people to make contact with the yuezhi, a nomadic group that had been pushed out of their land by the xiongnu
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Wu also promoted Confucianism as the state ideology and the basis of Civil Service.
Emperor Wu made Confucianism the official belief system of the government and used it to guide how officials should behave.
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While the Greeks and Phoenicians had been expanding across the Mediterranean, a city on the west-central coast of Italy was steadily growing in prominence.
As other cultures were spreading around the Mediterranean sea, rome located in central Italy was slowly becoming more important.
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Zeno saw the universe as a divine entity, with humans sharing its rational spark.
Zeno believed the whole universe was like a god, and that people had a small piece of that divine reason inside them.
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The Ramayana was also probably an ancient story that was gradually developed into an epic poem in Sanskrit before being written down.
The Ramayana started as an old story passed down orally, and over time it grew into a long poem in the Sanskrit language.
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A lot has been said about this war, particularly because a history of the war was written by Thucydides (
Thuydides is famous because he tried to study history in a careful, logical way almost like a scientist.
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We'll look more closely at their beliefs in a bit; for now we'll focus on their history.
The author says that details about the Hebrewd religion will come later, this section is mainly about historical events
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The sky god Baal is probably best known to modern readers from derisive mentions in the Old Testament (the Hebrew Tanakh).
Most people today know baal because the Hebrew Bible speaks negatively about him. The writers saw him as a false or rival god.
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There was roughly a millennium from the collapse of the Bronze Age through the period just before the start of the "Common Era" on our calendars.
This means about 1,000 years passed between the Bronze Age Collapse and the beginning of year 1 CE.
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By the beginning of the fourth century (300s), the Roman Empire was fractured by civil wars and dynastic struggles.
Around the early 300s, Rome was very unstable. Different leaders were fighting each other for power, causing the empire to break apart politically.
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The people worshiped the Phoenician (or Punic) deities Tanit (a fertility goddess) and Baal (a sky god), although there were no large temples in the early city.
Carthaginians followed Phoenician religion. Their main gods were Tanit and Baal, but early on they didn’t build big temples like other civilizations did.
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- Oct 2025
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He extended his influence to other western kingdoms through marriage alliances, for example sending his niece, Clotilde, to the Frankish king Clovis with a substantial dowry and 5,000 troops.
How did Theodoric use marriage to strengthen political alliances? Who did he send to Clovis?
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A much earlier pandemic with the same cause seems to have coincided with the spread of the Yamanya into Europe, so this is a pestilence that has been killing humans for millennia.
The same disease might have appeared way earlier, when the Yamnaya people moved into Europe about 5,000 years ago. So this plague has been around killing humans for thousands of years.
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In that role he had overseen trade, border negotiations, and had coordinated mutual defense against threats such as the Vandals in North Africa.
As Justin’s advisor, justinian managed trade and diplomacy. The vandals were a Germanic people who had taken control of parts of North Africa and were seen as enemies of the empire.
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After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, which although its capital was Ravenna still considered the ancient city of Rome as its spiritual center, the people Romans had described as "barbarians" established kingdoms and occupied many territories where their descendants live to the present day.
Even though the Western Empire’s government had shifted to Ravenna for security reasons, Rome remained symbolically the heart of the empire. The so called “barbarians” were non roman peoples who founded the early medieval kingdoms of Europe.
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