Extensive and scholarly annotated bibliographies are sometimes published

So, a very important part of research is developing a thesis that is debatable, interesting, and current.

even others

Summarize

Teachers can use our tasks to track student understanding and to adjust instruction accordingly.

We used screen shots of Slate’s landing page to assess students’ ability to distinguish between a news item and an ad. Similarly, we used screen shots of tweets, Facebook posts, and a reproduction of CNN’s website in crafting other exercises

Summaries of each of our exercises are below. The exercises in bold appear in the following pages

analyzed 7,804 student responses. Our sites for field-testing included under-resourced, inner-city schools in Los Angeles and well-resourced schools in suburbs outside of Minneapolis.

At strategic moments throughout your text, we recommend that you include what we call “return sentences.

you could start with an illustrative quotation, a revealing fact or statistic, or—as we do in this chapter

we suggest that you summarize what “they say” as soon as you can in your text, and remind readers of it at strategic points as your text unfolds. Though it’s true that not all texts follow this practice, we think it’s important for all writers to master it before they depart from it

to keep an audience engaged, a writer needs to explain what he or she is responding to

Because our speaker failed to mention what others had said about Dr. X’s work, he left his audience unsure about why he felt the need to say what he was saying

Strategies for Visual Sources

READING ALOUD TO PARAPHRASE

secondary sources are filtering an event or subject through some- one else’s perspective.

Google Scholar restricts your search results to sources written by scholars— that is, professional researchers.

e Angulo goes on to say that wandering can lead to death, to hopelessness, to madness, to various froms of despair, or that it may lead to encounters with other powers in the remoter places a wanderer may go. He concludes, “When you have become quite wild, then perhaps some of the wild things will come to take a look at you, a

The question then is how to get lost. Never to get lost is nor to live,

Much of the pleasure of the writing has derived from the chance to ex-perience narrative as a product of impetus and accident.

Soon I was traversing the cemetery every day, learning to read it, seeing what caught my eye (odd stones, epitaphs, decorations, spacing, plant-ings), jotting down names and locations, and then going home to explore in a different way the anomalies or idiosyncrasies I’d noticed.

I love my attic writing space

You don't be afraid. I said it was intended that you should perish, in the ghetto, perish by never being allowed to go beyond and behind the white man's definition, by never being allowed to spell your proper name.

It will be hard, James, but you come from sturdy peasant stock, men who picked cotton, dammed rivers, built railroads, and in the teeth of the most terrifying odds, achieved an unassailable and monumental dignity.

Wherever you have turned, James, in your short time on this earth, you have been told where you could go and what you could do and how you could do it, where you could live and whom you could marry.

I keep seeing your face, which is also the face of your father and my brother. I have known both of you all your lives and have carried your daddy in my arms and on my shoulders, kissed him and spanked him and watched him learn to walk

Moving from silence into speech is for the oppressed, the colonized,the exploited, and those who stand and struggle side by side a gesture ofdefiance that heals, that makes new life and new growth possible

These early trials, wherein I learned to stand my ground, to keep myspirit intact, came vividly to mind after I published A in ’t IA Woman andthe book was sharply and harshly criticized. While I had expected a climateof critical dialogue, I was not expecting a critical avalanche that had thepower in its intensity to crush the spirit, to push one into silence

I hid these writings undermy bed, in pillow stuffings, among faded underwear. When my sistersfound and read them, they ridiculed and mocked me— poking fun. I feltviolated, ashamed,

Had I been a boy, they might have encouraged me to speakbelieving that I might someday be called to preach

Now, that’s something, ain’tit? Code meshing use the way people already speak and write and helpthem be more rhetorically effective. It do include teaching some punctua-tion rules, attention to meaning and word choice, and various kinds ofsentence structures and some standard English

I’m sho not try-ing to say here that Black English don’t have some rhetorical and gram-matical features that differ from what is termed standard English

cuz this man sho tryin to take thenation back to a time when we were less tolerant of linguistic and racialdifferences.

You could feel the heat coming out of my pants,”

an entire churchful of folks having the same nightmare.

fearing the worst is worse than knowing the worst. You eventually start wanting the worst to happen.

“I was so angry at the misdiagnoses for so many years,” she says, “being told that it was anxiety, in my head, female stuff. So I tried to spin that anger into something positive. I got my graduate degree. I published an article in a nursing journal.”

Every time a student sits down to write for us, he has to inventthe university for the occasion-invent the university, that is, ora branch of it, like History or Anthropology

It may v er y well be that som e student s will need to lea rn tocrudely mimic the " dis tin cti ve re gister" of academic disc our sebefor e the y ar e pr epared to actu ally a nd legitimately do th e w ork

To speak with authorit y studentwriters have not only to speak in another's voice but throughanother's " code"; and they not onl y ha ve to do this , the y haveto speak in the voice and through the codes of those of us withpower and wisdom ;

When students are writing for a teacher, writing becomes moreproblematic than it is for the students who are describing baseballto a Martian

When I learned, some years ago, that writers were expected to have had really unhappy childhoods to be successful, I began to think about how I could invent horrible things my parents had done to me.

p in Nigeria, and if all I knew about Africa were from popular images, I too would think that Africa was a place of beautiful landscapes, beautiful animals, and incomprehensible people, fighting senseless wars, dying of poverty and AIDS, unable to speak for themselves and waiting to be saved by a kind, white foreigner. I would see Africans in the same way that I, as a child, had seen Fide's family.

We didn't have snow, we ate mangoes, and we never talked about the weather, because there was no need to.

All my characters were white and blue-eyed, they played in the snow, they ate apples,

Yes, the Chicano and Chicana have always taken care ofgrowing things and the land.

I swore my students to secrecy and slipped inChicano short stories, poems, a play. In graduate school, whileworking toward a Ph.D., I had to "argue" with one advisor afterthe other, semester after semester, before I was allowed to makeChicano literature an area of

Tex-Mex argot, created by adding asound at the beginning or end of an English word suchcookiar for cook, watchar for watch, parkiar for park, andfor rape, is the result of the pressures on Spanish speak-adapt to English.

I've picked up standard and working class Enghsh.~rom Mamagrande Locha and from reading Spamsh and Me~canliterature, I've picked up Standard Spanish and Stand~rd ::x·~~~S . h

Apart from what any critic had to say about my writing, I knew I had succeeded where it counted when mymother finished reading my book and gave me her verdict: "So easy to read."

Math is precise; there is only one correct answer. Whereas, for me at least, theanswers on English tests were always a judgment call, a matter of opinion and personal experience.

You should know that my mother's expressive command of English belies how much she actuallyunderstands

Ithas become our language of intimacy, a different sort of English that relates to family talk, the language Igrew up with.

The fact

But we have lived through all of those already, in silence, except death

self~determination -the decision to define ourselves, name ourselves, and speak for ourselves, in~ stead of being defined and spoken for by others

always that one little piece inside you that wants to be spoken out, and ifyou keep ignoring it, i; gets m~dder and madder and hotter and hotter, and if you don t speak 1t out one day it will just up and punch you in the mouth from the inside

Brings up question, “Are all edu cated people smart?” Not in my experience

Annotate the Text with Marginal Notes

What’s the essay about? What do you know about the writer’s background and reputation? Where was the essay first published? Who was the intended audience for the essay? How much do you already know about the subject of the reading selection? We encourage you to review the materials that precede each selection in this book

The goal is to give you tools to create your own path towards a unique relationship with writing.

Assignment List

For us all to do this important work, we need to create a community where it is safe to try and safe to fail in front of one another. I will expect you to treat your classmates with kindness, respect, and understanding. I will expect them to treat you in the same way

Throughout this semester, I encourage you to bring your own personal history and background into class. I will endeavor to bring you texts that come from a range of backgrounds and beliefs that will create fertile ground for new understandings. In the classroom we will have a productive space for you and your classmates to generate ideas together