But what about verbs like "expect" or terms like "will do", won't that be an example of a future tense because you're planning or predicting for the future?

It's a bit confusing...

The word "The" should have a space between it and the period from the previous sentence.

In middle school, I was taught tense meant the time of an event or action taking place.

The space between "auxiliary" and "verb" is missing...maybe a typo.

auxiliary verbs

Shouldn't it be "I went to the Netherlands"?

a more straight forward definition can be; when a word or a group of words gives extra information to a sentence but does not harm the grammar when removed.

source: https://www.grammarbank.com/adjunct.html

This definition will be clear and not lost with the additional info. said in the paragraph

Another example can be a boy gave a girl a pencil. The verb is "gave", the direct object is the girl, and the indirect object is what the boy gave her; the pencil.

Another easier way to think and remember "Parsing", is in Latin, it is considered "part of speech". you take apart a sentence and learn the parts of it.

I never heard the word "syntax" before joining this class. It was always referred to as "sentence structure" rather than the actual word, so I find the very interesting and feel schools should teach more terms lie syntax early on.

the study of the way the sentences of a language are constructed; morphology and syntax.

Source: https://www.dictionary.com/browse/grammar

What does this word mean?

Does orationis mean speech in Latin?

I can relate to this!

Are there rules to languages? Is grammar and syntax an example of a rule?

I 100% agree with this statement. Especially in this day in age, I have seen/heard many immigrants bashed or judged for not knowing the "proper English language" after being in America for a "long time". This statement proves it can be difficult for some people to fluently learn a new language and immigrants are not just "lazy to learn", although the U.S itself is a melting pot of languages.

I've seen this in the Spanish language a lot, so it does happen within one language. for instance, my dad is Honduran so the way he says bus in Spanish is "autobus" but my mom is Puerto Rican and the way she says it is "guagua". Both mean the same object but carry different expressions.

This reminds me of how some English phrases are reversed in Spanish. For example, the phrase "Next summer" in Spanish is "El verano que viene" meaning "The summer that is coming".

I agree. Whenever someone hears about "grammar", most of the time the word "correction" will come to mind. When I used to hear "grammar: I would think the same way, having to correct a sentence or paragraph other than seen WHAT is putting the sentence together.

Yes it works!