- Jun 2017
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sites.google.com sites.google.com
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Treatment
Treatment for both CCHF and Norovirus are symptomatic. Both are treated with fluid replenishing given through an IV.
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Mechanism of Viral Replication
Both CCHF and Norovirus utilize host machinery to undergo translation and they both have negative-sense, single stranded RNA while replicating their genome. Norovirus has positive sense single stranded RNA, but during replication converts it into negative sense ssRNA.
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sites.google.com sites.google.com
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Mechanism of Viral Protein Synthesis and Replication
Both CCHF and Norovirus utilize host machinery to undergo translation and they both have negative-sense, single stranded RNA while replicating their genome. Norovirus has positive sense single stranded RNA, but during replication converts it into negative sense ssRNA.
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Vaccination, Treatment & Public Health Concerns
Treatment for both CCHF and Norovirus are symptomatic. Both are treated with fluid replenishing given through an IV.
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www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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Virulence factors in Escherichia coli urinary tract infection.
E. coli fimbriae adhesion virulence factors
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URL
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www.hindawi.com www.hindawi.com
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Role of Uropathogenic Escherichia coli Virulence Factors in Development of Urinary Tract Infection and Kidney Damage
Virulence factors UTI, E coli
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URL
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- May 2017
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articles.mercola.com articles.mercola.com
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E. coli are covered with fimbriae, which are tiny, finger-like appendages that slowly climb up the walls of your urinary tract. Fimbriae are made of lectins, proteins that bond perfectly with mannose — cells that line your urinary tract — making bacteria hard to wash out
viruelence factor e. coli
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www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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ENTEROBACTERIACEAE
keratitis treatment
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onlinelibrary.wiley.com onlinelibrary.wiley.com
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Biofilms: the environmental playground of Legionella pneumophila
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www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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Virulence Properties of the Legionella Pneumophila Cell Envelope
virulence factors
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www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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Legionella pneumophila is responsible for 1% to 4% of cases of community-acquired pneumonia requiring hospitalization
1-4% of communit-acquired pneumonia
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CDC's lab manual for lengionella pneumophila
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www.who.int www.who.int
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emperatures of 20 to 50 degrees Celsius (optimal 35 degrees Celsius
temp to grow at
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s illnesses have occurred after short exposures and 3 or more km from the source of outbreaks
how close to outbreak can you get Legnionella p
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Legionella pneumophila and related species are commonly found in lakes, rivers, creeks, hot springs and other bodies of wate
Legionella pneumophila found in bodies of water
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www.cdc.gov www.cdc.gov
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Isolation and identification of N. gonorrhoeae
identify n. gono
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cmr.asm.org cmr.asm.org
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Spectinomycin Resistance
mechanism of resistance
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www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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uoroquinolone resistance (53.2%) in Neisseria gonorrhoeae
prevalence of fluoroquinolone resistance
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www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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. These data suggest that large noncharged amino acids alter the rRNA structure near the tetracycline-binding site, leading to a lower affinity of the antibiot
tetracycline mechanism of resistance
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www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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The laboratory diagnosis of Neisseria gonorrhoeae
how to diagnosis n. gonorrhoeae
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Presumptive diagnosis of gonorrhea is made on the basis of one of the following three criteria:typical gram-negative intracellular diplococci on microscopic examination of a smear of urethral exudate from men or endocervical secretions from women*;growth of a gram-negative, oxidase-positive diplococcus, from the urethra (men) or endocervix (women), on a selective culture medium, and demonstration of typical colonial morphology, positive oxidase reaction, and typical gram- negative morphology;detection of N. gonorrhoeae by a nonculture laboratory test (Antigen detection test (e.g., Gonozyme [Abbott]), direct specimen nucleic acid probe test (e.g., Pace II [GenProbe]), nucleic acid amplification test (e.g., LCR [Abbott]).
tests for gonorrhea
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www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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Growth Requirements of N. Gonorrhoeae
Growth requirements of n. gonorrhoeae
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www2a.cdc.gov www2a.cdc.gov
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Pharyngeal infectionMay be sole site of infection if oral-genital contact is the only exposureMost often asymptomatic,but symptoms, if present, may include pharyngitis, tonsillitis, fever,and cervical adenitis. Exudative pharyngitis is rare.
signs/symptoms cdc
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Microbiologyand PathologyoEtiologic agent is Neisseria gonorrhoeae.oGram-negative intracellular diplococcus, oxidase-positive, utilizes glucose, but not sucrose, maltose, or lactose. Infects mucus-secreting epithelial cells.oDivides by binary fission every 20-30 minutes.oN. gonorrhoeaeattachesto different types of mucus-secreting epithelial cells via a number of structures located on the surface of gonococci.oN. gonorrhoeaehas ability to alter these surface structures, which helps the organism evade an effective host response.oN. gonorrhoeaeemploys several mechanisms to disarm the complement system, which may result in a survival advantage in the humanhost.
gonorrhoeae pathogenesis
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Gram-negative intracellular diplococcus, oxidase-positive, utilizes glucose, but not sucrose, maltose, or lactose. In
tests
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Pharyngeal gonorrheais readily acquired by fellatio but less efficientlyacquired bycunnilingus.
how you can get it
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www.aafp.org www.aafp.org
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Oral cephalosporins are up to 90 percent effective, compared with 99 percent for intramuscular ceftriaxone (Rocephin
tx
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oropharyngeal erythema or exudates
signs/symptoms
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www.cdc.gov www.cdc.gov
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nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs)
quickest test
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Gonococcal specimens should be subcultured from the selective primary medium to a noninhibitory medium, e.g., chocolate agar with 1% IsoVitaleX to obtain a pure culture of the specimen. If the subcultured specimen is not pure, serial subcultures of individual colonies must be performed until a pure culture is obtained. After 18 to 20 hrs. incubation, a heavy suspension of growth from the pure culture should be made in trypticase soy broth containing 20% (v/v) glycerol
how to get pure sample
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A presumptive identification of N. gonorrhoeae will be based on the following criteria: (i) growth of typical appearing colonies on a selective medium such as Thayer-Martin at 35oC to 36.5oC in 5% CO2, (ii) a positive oxidase test, and (iii) the observation of gram-negative, oxidase-positive diplococci in stained smears.
how to test for n. gonorrhoeae
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NAATs that have been demonstrated to detect commensal Neisseria species might have comparable low specificity when testing oropharyngeal specimens for N gonorrhoeae
naat low specificity for pharnygeal
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pharyngeal infections with N. gonorrhoeae are frequently asymptomatic
frequently asymptomatic
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Extensive clinical experience indicates that ceftriaxone is safe and effective for the treatment of uncomplicated gonorrhea at all anatomic sites, curing 99.2% of uncomplicated urogenital and anorectal and 98.9% of pharyngeal infections in clinical trials (
dosage and #s
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Limited data suggest that dual treatment with azithromycin might enhance treatment efficacy for pharyngeal infection when using oral cephalosporins (
tx
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Ceftriaxone treatment failures for pharyngeal infections have been reported in Australia
tx
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Detection of infection using Gram stain of endocervical, pharyngeal, and rectal specimens also is insufficient and is not recommended.
can't just use gram stain
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noculated directly and when the growth medium is promptly incubated in an increased CO2 environment
gonorrheae conditions
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cbm.msoe.edu cbm.msoe.edumwp20071
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Penicillin kills bacteria by inhibiting the proteins which cross-link peptidoglycans in the cell wall (Figure 8).•When a bacterium divides i
how penicillin works
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www.nejm.org www.nejm.org
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Two Cases of Invasive Vancomycin-Resistant Group B Streptococcus Infection
vancomycin resistance GBS
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URL
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jcm.asm.org jcm.asm.org
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Resistance of group B streptococcus (GBS) to antibiotics, particularly erythromycin and clindamycin, w
GBS resistance
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URL
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- Apr 2017
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www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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1 week after moderate trauma.
step b rate of onset
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journal.frontiersin.org journal.frontiersin.org
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similar in weight
why is weight important?
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osteomyeliti
infection of the bone
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endocarditis
infection of the heart
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ith S. aureus, there are only a handful of vancomycin-resistant strains.
Vancomycin has been used for many years, but still has a low number of resistant S. aureus strains.
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www.cdc.gov www.cdc.gov
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Bile-esculin Tes
bile esulin test
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www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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Antibiotic-killing kinetics of group B streptococci.
Kinetics of vancomysin--> Purchased to see that it is resistant 4hr group a 20-24 hrs group b
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Annotators
URL
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www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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Antimicrobial Susceptibilities of Group B Streptococcus Isolates from Prenatal Screening Samples
vancomycin and group b strep
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www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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How antibiotics kill bacteria: from targets to networks
How penicillin works
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www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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BS strains resistant to penicillin were found to contain spontaneous mutations that conferred amino-acid substitutions
resistance
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www.cdc.gov www.cdc.gov
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Lancefield group B antigen
Test
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GBS hyaluronidase degrades pro-inflammatory hyaluronan (HA) fragments to disaccharides•HA disaccharides block TLR2/4 signaling by both HA fragments and TLR2/4 agonists•Hyaluronidases secreted by Gram-positive pathogens promote immune evasion•HA disaccharides and GBS hyaluronidase inhibit inflammation in a lung injury model
Immune evasion
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www.cdc.gov www.cdc.gov
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Types of Infection and Symptoms
Signs/symptoms
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www.cdc.gov www.cdc.gov
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chromogenic pigments for the detection of beta-hemolytic GBS using color detection
beta-hemolytic?--> breakdown of red blood cells,
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TransVag broth may be supplemented with 5% defibrinated sheep blood to increase the recovery of GBS
media
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Pasteurellosis is a zoonotic disease. It is caused by infection with bacteria of the Pasteurella genus
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soft tissue infection
Do you have an infection?
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hickens, turkeys, cattle, swine, cats, dogs and rodents
Have you come into contact with pigs, cows, cats, dogs or rodents?
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