59 Matching Annotations
  1. Jun 2017
    1. Treatment

      Treatment for both CCHF and Norovirus are symptomatic. Both are treated with fluid replenishing given through an IV.

    2. Mechanism of Viral Replication

      Both CCHF and Norovirus utilize host machinery to undergo translation and they both have negative-sense, single stranded RNA while replicating their genome. Norovirus has positive sense single stranded RNA, but during replication converts it into negative sense ssRNA.

    1. Mechanism of Viral Protein Synthesis and Replication

      Both CCHF and Norovirus utilize host machinery to undergo translation and they both have negative-sense, single stranded RNA while replicating their genome. Norovirus has positive sense single stranded RNA, but during replication converts it into negative sense ssRNA.

    2. Vaccination, Treatment & Public Health Concerns

      Treatment for both CCHF and Norovirus are symptomatic. Both are treated with fluid replenishing given through an IV.

    1. Role of Uropathogenic Escherichia coli Virulence Factors in Development of Urinary Tract Infection and Kidney Damage

      Virulence factors UTI, E coli

  2. May 2017
    1. E. coli are covered with fimbriae, which are tiny, finger-like appendages that slowly climb up the walls of your urinary tract. Fimbriae are made of lectins, proteins that bond perfectly with mannose — cells that line your urinary tract — making bacteria hard to wash out

      viruelence factor e. coli

    1. Legionella pneumophila is responsible for 1% to 4% of cases of community-acquired pneumonia requiring hospitalization

      1-4% of communit-acquired pneumonia

    1. emperatures of 20 to 50 degrees Celsius (optimal 35 degrees Celsius

      temp to grow at

    2. s illnesses have occurred after short exposures and 3 or more km from the source of outbreaks

      how close to outbreak can you get Legnionella p

    3. Legionella pneumophila and related species are commonly found in lakes, rivers, creeks, hot springs and other bodies of wate

      Legionella pneumophila found in bodies of water

    1. Presumptive diagnosis of gonorrhea is made on the basis of one of the following three criteria:typical gram-negative intracellular diplococci on microscopic examination of a smear of urethral exudate from men or endocervical secretions from women*;growth of a gram-negative, oxidase-positive diplococcus, from the urethra (men) or endocervix (women), on a selective culture medium, and demonstration of typical colonial morphology, positive oxidase reaction, and typical gram- negative morphology;detection of N. gonorrhoeae by a nonculture laboratory test (Antigen detection test (e.g., Gonozyme [Abbott]), direct specimen nucleic acid probe test (e.g., Pace II [GenProbe]), nucleic acid amplification test (e.g., LCR [Abbott]).

      tests for gonorrhea

    1. Pharyngeal infectionMay be sole site of infection if oral-genital contact is the only exposureMost often asymptomatic,but symptoms, if present, may include pharyngitis, tonsillitis, fever,and cervical adenitis. Exudative pharyngitis is rare.

      signs/symptoms cdc

    2. Microbiologyand PathologyoEtiologic agent is Neisseria gonorrhoeae.oGram-negative intracellular diplococcus, oxidase-positive, utilizes glucose, but not sucrose, maltose, or lactose. Infects mucus-secreting epithelial cells.oDivides by binary fission every 20-30 minutes.oN. gonorrhoeaeattachesto different types of mucus-secreting epithelial cells via a number of structures located on the surface of gonococci.oN. gonorrhoeaehas ability to alter these surface structures, which helps the organism evade an effective host response.oN. gonorrhoeaeemploys several mechanisms to disarm the complement system, which may result in a survival advantage in the humanhost.

      gonorrhoeae pathogenesis

    3. Gram-negative intracellular diplococcus, oxidase-positive, utilizes glucose, but not sucrose, maltose, or lactose. In

      tests

    4. Pharyngeal gonorrheais readily acquired by fellatio but less efficientlyacquired bycunnilingus.

      how you can get it

    1. Gonococcal specimens should be subcultured from the selective primary medium to a noninhibitory medium, e.g., chocolate agar with 1% IsoVitaleX to obtain a pure culture of the specimen. If the subcultured specimen is not pure, serial subcultures of individual colonies must be performed until a pure culture is obtained. After 18 to 20 hrs. incubation, a heavy suspension of growth from the pure culture should be made in trypticase soy broth containing 20% (v/v) glycerol

      how to get pure sample

    2. A presumptive identification of N. gonorrhoeae will be based on the following criteria: (i) growth of typical appearing colonies on a selective medium such as Thayer-Martin at 35oC to 36.5oC in 5% CO2, (ii) a positive oxidase test, and (iii) the observation of gram-negative, oxidase-positive diplococci in stained smears.

      how to test for n. gonorrhoeae

    1. NAATs that have been demonstrated to detect commensal Neisseria species might have comparable low specificity when testing oropharyngeal specimens for N gonorrhoeae

      naat low specificity for pharnygeal

    2. pharyngeal infections with N. gonorrhoeae are frequently asymptomatic

      frequently asymptomatic

    3. Extensive clinical experience indicates that ceftriaxone is safe and effective for the treatment of uncomplicated gonorrhea at all anatomic sites, curing 99.2% of uncomplicated urogenital and anorectal and 98.9% of pharyngeal infections in clinical trials (

      dosage and #s

    4. Limited data suggest that dual treatment with azithromycin might enhance treatment efficacy for pharyngeal infection when using oral cephalosporins (

      tx

    5. Ceftriaxone treatment failures for pharyngeal infections have been reported in Australia

      tx

    6. Detection of infection using Gram stain of endocervical, pharyngeal, and rectal specimens also is insufficient and is not recommended.

      can't just use gram stain

    7. noculated directly and when the growth medium is promptly incubated in an increased CO2 environment

      gonorrheae conditions

    1. Penicillin kills bacteria by inhibiting the proteins which cross-link peptidoglycans in the cell wall (Figure 8).•When a bacterium divides i

      how penicillin works

  3. Apr 2017
    1. similar in weight

      why is weight important?

    2. osteomyeliti

      infection of the bone

    3. endocarditis

      infection of the heart

    4. ith S. aureus, there are only a handful of vancomycin-resistant strains.

      Vancomycin has been used for many years, but still has a low number of resistant S. aureus strains.

    1. Antibiotic-killing kinetics of group B streptococci.

      Kinetics of vancomysin--> Purchased to see that it is resistant 4hr group a 20-24 hrs group b

    1. BS strains resistant to penicillin were found to contain spontaneous mutations that conferred amino-acid substitutions

      resistance

    1. GBS hyaluronidase degrades pro-inflammatory hyaluronan (HA) fragments to disaccharides•HA disaccharides block TLR2/4 signaling by both HA fragments and TLR2/4 agonists•Hyaluronidases secreted by Gram-positive pathogens promote immune evasion•HA disaccharides and GBS hyaluronidase inhibit inflammation in a lung injury model

      Immune evasion

    1. chromogenic pigments for the detection of beta-hemolytic GBS using color detection

      beta-hemolytic?--> breakdown of red blood cells,

    2. TransVag broth may be supplemented with 5% defibrinated sheep blood to increase the recovery of GBS

      media

    1. Pasteurellosis is a zoonotic disease. It is caused by infection with bacteria of the Pasteurella genus
    2. soft tissue infection

      Do you have an infection?

    3. hickens, turkeys, cattle, swine, cats, dogs and rodents

      Have you come into contact with pigs, cows, cats, dogs or rodents?