Producing children with all of the sibling marriages certainly would've been an issue. This memorial to the dynasty was a clever idea, especially because this was essentially the cause of their fall. No reproduction can truly occur with sibling marriages.

Men were the dominant rulers of course, because that is how they dynasty had it set up to be. However, this is correct. Their wives did plenty of significant things as rulers far before the deaths of their husbands. Their husbands deaths just made people take them more seriously as rulers, because it was just them once their husbands died.

I wonder if they had no hesitancy to do so because they knew they had another living brother who would soon succeed their living wife. I would note this as a questionable quote if I were doing a discussion board. Something does not seem right with this.

this is the quote I have been waiting to see. These roles usually only involve males. Women are never recognized or intentionally put in roles of power.

There is a lot of questionable evidence that gives us information on the shared rule. Did the men mainly rule, or no? This is definitely worth doing more research on.

This is so interesting to read about. It seems that these women being in positions of power were kept secret. Clearly it was acknowledged, and then hidden away as time progressed in the future. I wonder why.

This should not have been fair. She was not even given a choice! She was just offered up like a prize.

I doubt that they shared any power in this case. With the sibling marriages, it was more likely because they were all heirs to the past ruler. Because Pixodarus married a woman who was not his sister, I cannot see why he would even think to give her any of the power.

He was recognized merely because he was a man. There seems to be no other reason for this. Ada was proving to be a reliable ruler, yet she was still forced out by the hands of her brother.

This is truly ridiculous. The men of this family always felt that they needed to be in the leadership role. It is even more absurd that Ada was forced into isolation by her own brother. Some serious issues there.

It took the death of their husbands for the women to become sole rulers. They were all born into the family of leadership, however the fact that they were women did not give them a leg up in the leadership world. Ada was never formally recognized as ruler, although it is clear that she was just that.

Artemisia's death in a sense "restored" the dynamic of the male being in the leadership role. Because Idrieus and Ada were another brother sister marital duo, there was another example of the role being shared. Because Idrieus was the man in the situation, he was seen as the sole leader.

I feel like the true reason why this is not accounted for is because she was a woman. Nobody wanted to give women credit for victories, especially not during this time. There is probably no evidence for this because it would back up the story of a woman in history, which usually is a hard thing to do.

This is surprising that it was allowed for her to rule solo, even for only a short period of time. There are usually great women in the lives of the memorable men in history. I wonder if her time was brief because she was grieving for a long period of time, or because her leading alone was not ideal for the people following her.

It is very possible that this brother sister/ marital duo shared rule. It would be fair, considering that they were not only married, but both the children of the previous ruler that had come before them. I believe that Artemisia was behind a lot of the decision making, but because it was not socially acceptable, her husband was the sole face of their joint decision making.

This dynasty practiced marriages between siblings. The two were married and did not have a child together, but complications usually occur when siblings share a child. Mausolus was the son who succeeded Hecatomnus.

I wonder why being the eldest son naturally means that they will succeed their father upon their death. Some of his sisters could have definitely been more equipped for this role. Is this an issue of sexism that dates back to BCE?

Women during this time were often overlooked and not truly seen and valued as leaders. Even though Aba, the sister of Hecatomnus most likely had a statue of her built, we cannot be sure because women are often overlooked as leaders. It is strange that we cannot be sure if this statue truly existed.

Hecatomnus was the son of Hyssaldomus. Hecatomnus went on to have five children of his own. They all went on to rule Caria, at different times. Power and leadership lived within the family.

Iberian pottery was a very important import to Numidia. From my understanding, all of the different types could not be identified because there were so many. If one kind of import could represent Numidia based on this article alone, I would think that it is Iberian Imports.

I wonder if this import is considered important because of its quantity. It is rather interesting to learn that there were so many sources of this import that it was questioned to even be one itself. Was it an import or a product of the site? Honestly, how can we even be sure that it was an import/

It is so interesting that these imports are found in ancient historical settings, such as tombs. These imports are very good for research. If they were found in tombs, most likely they have not been touched or interfered with for centuries!

It appears that the more abundant that these imports are, the more useful they are in research. It was not only important that they were found in multiple spots around Numidia. It was also important that they were found in large amounts, which makes this import more credible for research purposes.

This is interesting to read. it reminds me of the melting pot theory. Cultural influences from other people are constantly being brought to new regions. In this case, it was because of Massinissa.

It is so interesting to see that Punic is listed as a language. I am a little confused as to how this became a language. I understand that it came with Massinissa after his reign, but wonder how he went about implementing it on others. With Punic being the official language, it makes a lot of sense to call it the Punic World.

I agree with the author; this is questionable. If Carthage had mercenaries, then clearly this was a reason for their power and domination. it makes no sense to me that this would be coined as a fact in testimonials, and I would definitely pin this as a questionable quotation.

To me, this seems like a betrayal. However, I am also conflicted on this matter because Although Massinissa was brought up in Carthage, it was never truly his home to begin with. Was him siding with the Romans even all that bad? Still trying to figure this out.

When there was a reason to coexist and the two regions could benefit from one another, conflicts stopped. The quality of life became more important than status of where people lived. Marriages between the two began to occur. Prince Massinissa was also brought up at Carthage. There were plenty of reasons for conflict to stop.

This idea is so interesting to me, that Carthage and Numidia were classified as both allies and enemies. This is very much like current day politics. Sometimes a state or region can be an ally with another, until there are opposing political views. Then the allies can easily become enemies within the blink of an eye.

This is essentially the main idea/topic of the article. It discusses different trades of Numidia. It also discusses the heavy influences of pottery in Numidia and its trading components.

Using the term "Punic World" often makes me believe that this is referring to the world as a whole. It is interesting that the author makes this statement. I agree that the notion of a world presents itself on a fairly large scale.

I figured out how to annotate!