CHAPTER 3

Single-blind: Only researcher knows who is being assigned to what group. Double-blind: Both the researcher and the participants don't know which group the participants will be put into.

A random sample is a subset of a larger population in which every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected. With random assignment, all participants have an equal chance of being assigned to either group.

Illusory correlations, or false correlations, occur when people believe that relationships exist between two things when no such relationship exists.

Longitudinal research: A research design in which data-gathering is administered repeatedly over an extended period of time. Very informative, but incredible time and financial investment. Sometimes, both participants and researcher cannot see these projects to their end. High attrition rate (reduction in the number of research participants due to dropouts)

In cross-sectional research, a researcher compares multiple segments of the population at the same time.

Archival research: Using existing records or data sets to try to answer various research questions, like looking for interesting patterns or relationships.

Surveys: List of questions to be answered by participants. Not the most accurate, but very good for getting a lot of information from a large sample size.

Naturalistic Observation is where the researcher will observe the subjects' behavior in its natural environment. Observer bias is a major problem in this type of research, where the subjects might change their behavior just because they are being watched.

Clinical/Case Studies are where scientists focus on one person or just a few individuals for their observational research.

A scientific hypothesis is also falsifiable, or capable of being shown to be incorrect.

A hypothesis is a testable prediction about how the world will behave if our idea is correct.

A theory is a well-developed set of ideas that propose an explanation for observed phenomena.

THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD Circular, as in, the types of reasoning within it are inseperable, like inhaling and exhaling.

Deductive: Ideas are tested in real world.

Inductive: Real world observations lead to new ideas.

some of the first experimental psychology laboratories in South America were founded by Horatio Piñero (1869–1919) at two institutions in Buenos Aires, Argentina.

In India, Gunamudian David Boaz (1908–1965) and Narendra Nath Sen Gupta (1889–1944) established the first independent departments of psychology at the University of Madras and the University of Calcutta, respectively.

Scientific knowledge is empirical: It is grounded in objective, tangible evidence that can be observed time and time again, regardless of who is observing.

CHAPTER 2

MAJOR SUBDIVISIONS

Biopsychology/Evolutionary Psychology (How our biology influences our behavior.)

Sensation and perception (How physiological and psychological sensory information interact.)

Cognitive Psych (Focuses on studying mental processes that underlie our behavior.)

Developmental Psych (Psychological development across a lifetime.) Jean Piaget, there you are.

Personality Psych (Patterns of thoughts and behaviors influence traits of individual personalities. Five Factor Model of conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness, and extraversion.

Social Psych (How we interact and relate to others.) Stanley Milgram's obedience study.

Industrial-Organizational Psych (Applies psychological principles, theories and research findings to industrial and organizational settings.)

Health Psych (How health is affected by interactions between biological, psychological and sociocultural factors.

Sport and Exercise Psych (psychological aspects of sport performance,)

Clinical Psych ( diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and other problematic patterns of behavior.) CBT

Forensic Psych (questions of psychology as they arise in the context of the justice system. )

Psychological associations

APA. 56 divisions, founded in 1892 by G. Stanley Hall. APS (Association of Psychological Science) NLPA (National Latina Psychological Association.) AAPA (Asian American Psychological Association) ABPsi (Association of Black Psychologists) SIP (Society of Indian Psychologists.)

Inez Beverly Prosser (1895-1934) African-American

• Prosser was the first African American woman awarded the PhD in 1933 at the University of Cincinnati

-Researched the self-esteem and personality variables of black children from integrated versus segregated schools and concluded that black children did tend to fare better with black students and among other black students. These conclusions were controversial during the decades of Brown V. Board in 1954. Brown V Board was supported by some prominent African-Americans such as Carter Woodson and W.E.B. DuBois, who reluctantly endorsed segregated schools until such time that prejudicial attitudes of white teachers would sufficiently change to offer a positive experience for black children.

https://www.apa.org/monitor/2008/11/prosser

Martha Bernal (1931-2001) Hispanic American

• first woman of Mexican descent to successfully complete her PhD in clinical psychology. (1962) Indiana University.

• In 1966, the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) gave her a grant to establish a laboratory to study orienting responses and classical conditioning in autistic children.

• In 1986, Bernal became a professor at Arizona State University, where she focused on finding out how Mexican-American children developed their identities and how schools could improve their efforts to provide clinical psychologists with training in minority mental health issues. (https://www.apa.org/pi/oema/resources/ethnicity-health/psychologists/bernal)

Mary Whiton Calkins (1863-1930) American

-Completed all requirements for a PhD but Harvard refused to award it to her for her gender.

-First female APA (American Psychological Association) president, the 14th APA president.

-First female president of the American Philosophical Association as well.

-Published 100+ papers, mainly about dreams, memory, and the self.

George. I. Sanchez (1906-1972) Mexican-American

-FROM NEW MEXICOOOOOO

-Much of the work of early psychologists from diverse backgrounds was dedicated to challenging intelligence testing and promoting innovative educational methods for children.

-Pointed out language and cultural barriers in testing.

-Taught with a doctoral degree at the University of Texas to challenge segregated educational practices.

-Civil rights activist, 13th president of LULAC. (League of United Latin American Citizens.)

-Former faculty member at UNM.

Margaret Floy Washburn (1871-1939) American

-1894: First woman awarded doctoral degree in Psychology.

• Wrote The Animal Mind: A Textbook of Comparative Psychology

-2nd Female APA (American Psychological Association) President.

• Motor Theory of Consciousness: The basic premise of her work was that thinking was based in movement. Thus, consciousness is linked to motor activity.

Mamie Phipps Clark (1917-1983) and her husband, Kenneth Bancroft Clark (1903-1983) (Not to be confused with British art historian Kenneth Clark.)

• They are best known for their studies conducted on African American children and doll preference, research that was instrumental in the Brown v. Board of Education Supreme Court desegregation case.

-The Clarks applied their research to social services and opened the first child guidance center in Harlem.

Francis Cecil Sumner (1895-1954)

-First African American to receive a PhD in psychology in 1920.

-Established a degree program at Howard University to educate a new generation of African American psychologists, taught there for over 30 years.

-"Father of Black Psychology"

-American leader in educational reform for black students. Advocated for better funding in black schools, sought to culturally elevate African Americans, and stressed the importance of learning trades.

-Viewed African American culture as young, and Sumner's views on "Negro Education" grew attention and criticism from individuals and organizations like the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) who were concerned that Sumner was advocating for perpetually segregated education systems. (Source: Wikipedia)

Scientific research is empirical, grounded in objective, tangible evidence.

Operational definitions and replication are VERY IMPORTANT!! to proving a theory.

Theory: -Organizes observations. -EXPLAINS principles. -Predicts behavior or events.

Scientific Method: Organizational and self-correcting process for evaluatating ideas with observation and analysis.

VIDEO NOTES:

Some of the questions didn't allow me to answer.

rhetorical situation, or the circumstances under which you communicate.

Key term.

Open Educational Resource (OER) text, which means it was created using free and available sources on the Internet,

OER=Open Educational Resource. I'm assuming this is meaning that, in it's openness, that it is susceptible to change and revision?