The equation is not rocket science. Two billion people, all else being equal, put more greenhouse gases into the atmosphere than one billion people. Two billion rich people disrupt the climate more than two billion poor people. Three hundred million Americans consume more petroleum than 1.3 billion Chinese. And driving an SUV is using a far more environmentally malign transportation technology than riding mass transit.

Gendertheysawasapsychologicaltransformationoftheself—theinternalconvictionthatoneiseithermaleorfemale(genderidentity)andthebehavioralexpressionsofthatconviction.

Sex,theyargued,referstophysicalattributes andisanatomicallyandphysiologicallydetermined.

mum.

Today many Latin Americans live and work in cir-cumstances not so different from those of middle-class people in theUnited States. But many, more than those who seem middle-class byinternational norms, still inhabit hovels and endure a poverty anddeprivation rare in the developed world. The Southern Cone countrieshave long stood respectably high in global rankings of social develop-ment, and most Latin American countries now hold middling rank,globally, in a combined measure of people’s education, life expectancy,and buying power. The small countries of Central America (notablyexcepting Costa Rica) are worse off, as are those with large and his-torically oppressed populations of indigenous people, like Guatemalaand Bolivia.

the contrasts among countries. Brazil is a be-hemoth, occupying half the South American continent, its populationsurging beyond 200 million. Mexico follows at around 120 million.Thanks partly to their burgeoning internal markets, both countries’economies have even spawned their own multinational corporations.Colombia, Argentina, Peru, and Venezuela constitute a second rank,with populations between 30 and 50 million. Chile’s population of17 million carries disproportionate economic weight because of itshigh standard of living. The remaining, roughly one quarter, of LatinAmericans, live in a dozen sovereign nations, most with populationsunder 10 million. In sum, the major Latin American countries areglobal players (though nothing like China or India), while many oth-ers are ministates with a single city of consequence and two or threemain highways.Latin American climates and landscapes vary more thanyou may realize. Most of Latin America lies in the tropics, withno well-defined spring, summer, fall, and winter. Many read-ers of the global north will envision beaches replete with palms.

Latin American nationalists are socialistsor social democrats who stand to the left of liberals on the political spec-trum. Today, nationalism challenges liberalism from the left in countryafter country.

Nationalism is thus a major theme in modern world history, some-times destructive, sometimes constructive

laissez-faire

Liberal ideology favored progress over tradi-tion, reason over faith, universal over local values, and the free mar-ket over government control. In principle, at least, liberals espousedequality of citizenship over entrenched privilege and lauded repre-sentative democracy over all other forms of government.

But everywhere in Latin America, wealthier people stillhave lighter skin and poorer people still have darker skin. The descen-dants of the Spanish, the Portuguese, and later European immigrantsto Latin America still hold power, and the people who descend fromslaves and subjugated “Indians” still serve them

cataclysm

perennial

savvy

Perfectly ordinary middle-class people had live-in maidswho earned an unbelievable pittance, inhabited tiny windowlesscubicles at night, and were treated, whether cruelly or kindly, as adifferent category of human being.

pittance

There were few US brand-name consumer goods for sale be-cause high import tariffs made them too expensive for almost anyone.

kaleidoscopically

semiarid

paradoxes

The county has impeded the community’s growth for many decades, they said. Some of the streets haven’t been paved since the 1970s, there is no street sweeping, and getting the county to provide funding for Pajaro Park — a 5-acre neighborhood resource built in 2014 — took massive effort, they said.

Was it because residents here were mostly migrant workers living in the country illegally and were afraid to complain to the county, they wondered.

fief

Officials had long known the levee could fail, but repair efforts have been met with long delays. One official told The Times last week that an improvement project didn’t pencil out, in part, because “it’s a low-income area. It’s largely farmworkers that live” there. Latest News Here are ways you can help those affected by the Pajaro River levee flooding

“We’re 60 years behind the curve, storms are intensifying, need is intensifying, the economic impacts are astronomical, the life-safety impacts are astronomical,” Friend said. “What if we just don’t get there in time?” Government DevelopmentCivic LifeEnvironmentInstagram

Part of the reason why is that the Army Corps, in a world of limited resources, has to be able to show that a federally funded project’s benefits to the area will outweigh its cost.

federally funded

for the last 70 years, these communities have been sitting under the shadow of fear of, at any moment, both life safety, as well as their economic security, could be at risk,”

First, colorblindness is not actually pos-sible—we do in fact see race and it does have social meaning and consequences.Second, people do not come in these colors and so claims about green, purpleand polka-dotted people render race ridiculous and trivializes the realities ofracism.

Main-stream culture prevents us from understanding a central tenet of social justiceeducation: Society is structured in ways that make us all complicit in systemsof inequality; there is no neutral ground. Thus an effective critical social justicecourse will unsettle mainstream perspectives and institutional discourses, chal-lenge our views about ourselves, what we think we know about society, how itworks, and our place in it.

paradigm

Our anecdotes are not universal, they are from aparticular perspective; they will necessarily be filtered through our blindspots and thus are not sufficient evidence.

ableism