merson admired and supported Arning’s leprosy research, although they donot seem to have collaborated directly in Hawai‘i. The men’s correspondencecontinued even after Arning returned to Germany in 1886. Both men werephysicians who pursued anthropology and Hawaiian artifact collecting asavocations, as I will discuss; both could contend for the title of first non-Native ethnographer of Hawai‘i. Arning, however, was about fifteen yearsyounger than Emerson. He trained in dermatology and the bold new field o

This shift in policy and the events it triggeredled Cherokee people to debate strategies to defend their continuedability to fulfill their social service obligations to one another; it isthese events and the corresponding debates and Cherokee policiesenacted that this chapter will focus on.