Phonology
Phonology is the study of how different speech sounds are organized and used in languages
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Morphology
Morphology is the study of the form of different words.
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Orthography
The standard and conventional spelling system of writing a language.
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- Nov 2025
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sociolinguistics
The study of language and its social factors, which involve different regions, class, genders, ethnicity, and age and how these create diverse social identities.
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standardization takes place in the context of industry, technology, politics, economics, education, and business,
These are where standardization occurs and is most common among society.
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to be adopted is usually worked out by those already in a position of power and is likely to reflect their own preferences and biases.
The practices and uses of standardization.
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Standardization is not a process that is limited to language. In its nontechnical sense, it is any process whereby variety in practice, being deemed undesirable usually for external reasons, is harmonized (normalized, standardized)
The basic understanding and definition of standardization.
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As more standardized languages and standardizing strategies are discussed sui generis in the literature, and as many of the linguistic and cultural ideas bound up with standardization remain an academic battleground
Further evidence proving the everlasting conflict and problem involving standardization into education and academics.
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Einar Haugen, remarks that “prior to the nineteenth century it is safe to say that all linguistics was normative”
Elinar shows deep concern and wonders if the study of various languages in linguistics was an even and normal standard during that time.
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Milroy and Milroy also here make the point that “the only fully standardised language is a dead language”
This further proves their point about how standard language never reaches a set and complete standard.
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It should be noted that in Haugen’s model, language planning is the superordinate term, embracing other forms of intervention than just standardization
Haugen's model also provides other forms of interventions and not just standardization.
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During the past 40 years or so, a spate of studies has emerged that seek to expose those monolithic inherited notions about the nature of language: standard, norm, national language, authority, culture, identity and so forth.
Recent studies show the exploitation of monolithic notions and norms of standard language.
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where the production of a standard variety is a four-stage process:
The four stages include: selection, codification, implementation, and elaboration.
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there seems little chance of a unified theory anytime soon. However, a new comparative, cross-linguistic approach to the issues
Although there is uncertainty among unifying a decision, there are more research options to consider.
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The process of developing a language variety, of intervening in its progress, is never complete. The ideal state of “the standard” is never achieved.
The progress and process that standards norms and standard language is often never achieved.
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James Milroy and Lesley Milroy write that “it seems appropriate to speak more abstractly of standardisation as an ideology, and a standard language as an idea in the mind rather than a reality – a set of abstract norms to which actual usage may conform to a greater or lesser extent”
Both James and Leslie Milroy believe that standardization is more of an ideology rather than a reality.
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New approaches to standardization in practice are currently of particular interest, and an analysis of them will serve to enhance our understanding in general
New potential practices and methods to approach standardization could be beneficial for further understanding.
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only since the late twentieth century, and the processes involved have been subject to scrutiny, thanks to academic attention turning to issues of language in society and to ideologies of language.
The core main conflict and problem that has to do with standardization dates back to the late twentieth century.
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However, linguists have tended to set aside parallels with other systems and treat language standardization as a peculiarly linguistic problem.
The growing concerns from outside sources such as linguists who see standardization as a problem.
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