- Children at a young age must take proper measures and time to understand their own language or whatever language is being taught to them.
- It establishes a groundwork to help students find their place in the educational field and society,
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- Dec 2025
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- Although these methods and practices have been introduced to help further develop ones ability to read and write, some often don't use them.
- Many still resort to their natural language and writing, which can be beneficial but also lacks the chance to develop. These students and children need to take full advantage of the extensive opportunities given to them.
- With many gaps and conflicts still in the way, researchers are very confident on working towards a goal to help improve and develop children's reading and writing.
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- Phonology, Orthography, and Morphology are all 3 important components that each writer must take into account and master these methods as a writer.
- All of these not only improve your understanding as a writer, these help you see improvement and compose better writing pieces.
- Phonology studies how sounds are put into words, orthography is the standard spelling system of a written language, and Morphology is the study of different words and word form structures.
- All these work hand in hand with developing ones ability to be a better writer.
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- The Table 1 model on the article demonstrates and shows the statistical data of fixations and reading levels by school grade.
- This is a further example that shows the difference in young children and adults with their eye movements as they grow older and progress.
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- Many practice methods to learn basic reading and writing varied throughout the world.
- Different countries and regions had different standards but many were very similar, just in different handwriting and understanding.
- It's important for an individual to be fluent and understand their own true native language to further develop into a better writer.
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and although other component skills have also been implicated, these provide the most important foundations.
The Simple View of Reading allows children to understand what they read and improves their individual word-reading skill.
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but these skills will only progress when they are supported by higher-level skills in language and cognition, and given extensive opportunities for practice.
children will be able to take that next step with the support and extensive opportunities given.
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here is ample evidence that having good morphological awareness helps with literacy, but expanding literacy skills in turn help to improve morphological awareness.
Both of these work hand in hand with each other and can benefit at the same time.
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Having good morphological awareness is important not only to be able to spell a number of words, but also to read them.
All writers should master this ability.
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in some cases, writers might not ever learn the morphological rules consistently, but rely on their knowledge of orthographic patterns instead, which often, but not always, lead to the same spellings.
Many writers often won't find or learn morphological rules and will often rely on their orthographic patterns instead.
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Morphology
Morphology is the study of the form of different words and word structure.
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With increasing experience of written language, children acquire increasingly complex orthographic conventions.
It's important for children to acquire complex orthographic conventions.
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Thus, reading and writing become faster as children improve their phonological skills, which in turn helps them to build up a store of memorized word spellings.
improving phonological skill is very important at a young age.
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Children also take some time to learn spellings and pronunciations that are ‘conditioned’ by their context,
spellings and pronunciations are different all around the world and take time to learn.
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people can read or write words in two ways: by recognizing or retrieving familiar whole-word forms from their mental word store, or by using letter–sound rules to sound out or write unfamiliar words.
- recognizing and seeing familiar word forms from their mind
- letter-sound rules to sound out words.
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clear consensus from empirical research is that the children who are most adept at creating and deciphering textese spellings are in fact those with the strongest literacy skills, and even that the language ‘play’ involved in using textese can enhance reading and writing ability
Many people who still mispronounce their words while on social media or texting surprisingly have good literacy skills.
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Working toward this goal will help more children to find reading and writing not chores in themselves, but tools that they can use to understand others’ ideas and to express their own, with confidence and fluency.
This is very important. Children as a whole can benefit more with the use of these tools and techniques.
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Decades of intensive research have contributed to a rich and growing body of knowledge about how children learn to read and write, but many gaps remain.
With many advancements and research studies showing growing knowledge, there is still some gaps that need to be filled.
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(RAN): children's ability to name a list of pictures, colors, letters, or numbers as quickly as they can.
A learning technique that later helped children develop as readers.
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Worldwide, the most common kind of orthography that children need to master is an alphabetic system (such as the Latin alphabet, or the Cyrillic alphabet), in which each sound, or phoneme, is represented by a particular letter or letter combination.
There are a wide variety of systems that people worldwide must understand their own native writing.
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Whatever their spoken language, children must begin by understanding the characteristics of their native writing system.
It's important to understand one's true native writing system and language in order to further develop themselves.
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children need to master a number of component skills to become fluent readers and writers. This mastery will vary according to the language being learned.
What is required out of young students in order to further develop their reading and writing skills.
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Children must learn to translate written symbols into the sounds of their spoken language, and to represent spoken sounds as written symbols. Unlike spoken language, written language needs to be explicitly taught to most children, and this teaching occupies an important place in the curriculum in the early school years.
It's important for children to be introduced to these learning environments at a young age.
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Phonology
Phonology is the study of how different speech sounds are organized and used in languages
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Orthography
The standard and conventional spelling system of writing a language.
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- With shifts and changes showing promising steps, there still seemed to be questions on if these changes will stay in place or will they benefit
- Granted, the focus and attention on these issues brought a lot of attention to the situation which made it easier to push for the change
- Many still question what will the main focus and priority be? will they continue to focus towards writing and reading studies or will they branch out to different issues?
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- For most of the beginning, the main focus of composition studies was mainly aimed towards post modernity but ironically failed and declined as if shifted to relative disciplinary independence.
- Slowly schools began to implement alien and outside texts and teachings into educational fields
- The 1990s brought much interest towards understanding student writing through different perspectives such as gender, race, sexuality, and class
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- Composition studies have been around for quite some time, which was heavily committed to the study of writing.
- The studies date back all the way to the late 1960s and into the early 1970s.
- Throughout its early introduction, they mainly were postmodernism and challenged diverse languages and other tones.
- As time eventually went on, there began to be a shift towards cultural acceptance and independence, and postmodernism would decline.
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- I wonder what triggered the shift from postmodernism in English studies to a more free and independent approach to Composition and English studies
- I feel like it had a lot to do with postmodernism English studies and standard English not being accomplished nor making any further advancements.
- This in return pushed for a more open and inviting way for Composition studies for many varieties of students.
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- After years and years of studying and investigating, many ways of communicating and writing can be taught effectively and efficiently to many students.
- This is also a very slow process but it's one that'll be well worth it in the long run. It's important to understand the basics in composition studies as it is very common and much needed in society and not just as a writer.
- Developing basic composition skills helps individuals better understand how to communicate effectively and more properly.
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Ironically, as composition studies shifted from the status of an outlaw social formation within English, to achieving relative disciplinary independence in the 1980s, this “institutional” postmodernity has largely declined.
Postmodernism declined after composition studies shifted.
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Dialect and non-standard English were prominent areas of investigation in the 1970s in composition; the 1990s brought interest in understanding student writing through the discourses of gender, race, sexuality and, to a lesser extent, class.
The differences of how different eras focused on composition and writing.
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Composition studies began with the infiltration of alien texts into the academy in the early 1970s.
how far back composition studies started back from.
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“From product to process” was a popular rallying cry in the 1970s, indicating, among other things, a critique of the modernist method in English, and an embrace of interdisciplinarity in scholarship. With time, process itself became reified.
the process of embracing interdisciplinary over the modern method of English
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Starting about 1990, composition studies made the critique of the subject of writing a key part of its agenda. This was relatively easy for compositionists to do since the subject had been under scrutiny for decades in the field.
The main criticism towards writing and writing studies.
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Service learning, the linking of writing courses with student placements in the community for community service which itself becomes the focus of writing, has become popular
This method of linking writing courses with student placements has become more popular,
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Much writing is multi-authored and collaborative. Most writing occurs in nonacademic settings such as government, business, science, and is key in constituting and reproducing such organizations.
Most writing typically occurs in nonacademic settings.
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After thirty years of investigation, some consensus exists in the field regarding the following precepts. Written communication can be effectively taught and learned. Individual writing development is relatively slow.
After years of research, written communication can be effectively taught.
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Composition studies attends to the production, contexts, functions, media, and effects of writing, broadly construed.
what composition studies focuses towards
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As composition studies becomes less an outlaw social formation and more an accepted academic discipline, increasing conflicts emerge about what course the discipline should take.
There seems to be a dilemma about which route composition studies should take moving forward.
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- Nov 2025
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sociolinguistics
The study of language and its social factors, which involve different regions, class, genders, ethnicity, and age and how these create diverse social identities.
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standardization takes place in the context of industry, technology, politics, economics, education, and business,
These are where standardization occurs and is most common among society.
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to be adopted is usually worked out by those already in a position of power and is likely to reflect their own preferences and biases.
The practices and uses of standardization.
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Standardization is not a process that is limited to language. In its nontechnical sense, it is any process whereby variety in practice, being deemed undesirable usually for external reasons, is harmonized (normalized, standardized)
The basic understanding and definition of standardization.
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As more standardized languages and standardizing strategies are discussed sui generis in the literature, and as many of the linguistic and cultural ideas bound up with standardization remain an academic battleground
Further evidence proving the everlasting conflict and problem involving standardization into education and academics.
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Einar Haugen, remarks that “prior to the nineteenth century it is safe to say that all linguistics was normative”
Elinar shows deep concern and wonders if the study of various languages in linguistics was an even and normal standard during that time.
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Milroy and Milroy also here make the point that “the only fully standardised language is a dead language”
This further proves their point about how standard language never reaches a set and complete standard.
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It should be noted that in Haugen’s model, language planning is the superordinate term, embracing other forms of intervention than just standardization
Haugen's model also provides other forms of interventions and not just standardization.
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During the past 40 years or so, a spate of studies has emerged that seek to expose those monolithic inherited notions about the nature of language: standard, norm, national language, authority, culture, identity and so forth.
Recent studies show the exploitation of monolithic notions and norms of standard language.
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where the production of a standard variety is a four-stage process:
The four stages include: selection, codification, implementation, and elaboration.
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there seems little chance of a unified theory anytime soon. However, a new comparative, cross-linguistic approach to the issues
Although there is uncertainty among unifying a decision, there are more research options to consider.
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The process of developing a language variety, of intervening in its progress, is never complete. The ideal state of “the standard” is never achieved.
The progress and process that standards norms and standard language is often never achieved.
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James Milroy and Lesley Milroy write that “it seems appropriate to speak more abstractly of standardisation as an ideology, and a standard language as an idea in the mind rather than a reality – a set of abstract norms to which actual usage may conform to a greater or lesser extent”
Both James and Leslie Milroy believe that standardization is more of an ideology rather than a reality.
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New approaches to standardization in practice are currently of particular interest, and an analysis of them will serve to enhance our understanding in general
New potential practices and methods to approach standardization could be beneficial for further understanding.
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only since the late twentieth century, and the processes involved have been subject to scrutiny, thanks to academic attention turning to issues of language in society and to ideologies of language.
The core main conflict and problem that has to do with standardization dates back to the late twentieth century.
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However, linguists have tended to set aside parallels with other systems and treat language standardization as a peculiarly linguistic problem.
The growing concerns from outside sources such as linguists who see standardization as a problem.
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