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    1. Growing acceptance of IVFSocial and policy change happens only incrementally for the vast majority of the time (i.e. at an equilibrium) but with interspersed periods of rapid change — a so-called punctuated equilibrium.Many factors can cause these large equilibrium shifts to alter public attitudes towards a subject and technical feasibility is one of them. As Nick Bostrom and Carl Shulman point out in their paper Embryo Selection for Cognitive Enhancement, public attitudes towards in-vitro fertilisation (IVF) dramatically increased as technological feasibility went from merely theoretical to widespread availability. Only 18% of Americans said they would personally use IVF in 1970 when it was not widely available to 53% in 2003.

      Reading this part of the article made me realize that this is a good example of growing acceptance of IVF illustrates the concept of punctuated equilibrium in social and policy change. And that changes occur slowly and steadily, but significant shifts can happen rapidly due to various factors.

    2. For example, instead of trying to push for increases or decreases in the overall tax rate (an area that gets a lot of resistance from both sides), a strategy of pulling the rope sideways would involve aiming to increase the effectiveness with which it is spent. The social good from spending might be a consideration that is both more neglected, but also more tractable and easier to see changes in because both parties would prefer to see it spent more effectively. Pursuing neglected and tractable policy changes could be a route to finding more socially valuable ideas.

      This is such an interesting perspective. Reading this ensures that funds are used effectively, both sides might find common ground, as everyone benefits from better outcomes. This strategy could indeed lead to more socially valuable ideas by addressing neglected areas where improvements are more feasible and visible.