36 Matching Annotations
  1. Dec 2024
    1. If you could magically change anything about how social media sites operate as businesses, what would it be?

      If I could magically change something about how social media sites operate as businesses, I would focus on making them prioritize user well-being over profit. I would ensure that these platforms protect users from harmful content and make it easier to find positive, helpful information. Social media companies should also be more transparent about how they collect and use data, giving users more control over their privacy. Instead of rewarding divisive or harmful posts, they could promote content that encourages understanding, kindness, and healthy discussions.

    2. If you could magically change anything about how people behave on social media, what would it be?

      If I could magically change anything about how people behave on social media, it would be to foster more empathy and respect in online interactions. I would encourage people to take a moment to consider the feelings of others before posting or commenting, making it a space where kindness and constructive conversation thrive. Reducing impulsive negativity and promoting open-mindedness would help create a more supportive and less divisive environment. Ultimately, I believe social media could be a powerful tool for connection and understanding if people focused more on empathy and less on conflict.

    1. What if government regulations said that social media sites weren’t allowed to make money based on personal data / targeted advertising? What other business models could they use? How would social media sites be different?

      If governments prohibited social media sites from profiting through personal data or targeted advertising, platforms might shift to subscription-based models, freemium services, or focus on revenue from partnerships and sponsorships. Social media could prioritize user experience over ad optimization, potentially leading to less invasive interfaces and more transparent data practices. However, smaller platforms might struggle to sustain operations without ad revenue, possibly resulting in a more consolidated market dominated by larger companies.

    1. In what ways do you see capitalism, socialism, and other funding models show up in the country you are from or are living in?

      In a capitalist economic system, markets are largely driven by private enterprise, as exemplified by the economic model of the United States. In such a system, resources and production are privately owned, and enterprises aim to make a profit. The rise of entrepreneurial culture and technological innovation is a reflection of the fact that capitalism encourages competition. In addition, capital markets provide an important source of financing for enterprises, further contributing to economic growth.

  2. Nov 2024
    1. Pick a social media platform. In what ways does that platform make it difficult to repair or reconcile after public shaming?

      On Twitter, the platform’s design amplifies public shaming and makes reconciliation difficult. The rapid spread of tweets through retweets and quote tweets often removes context, reducing complex situations to viral soundbites. The permanence of tweets ensures that even after an apology or clarification, the original shaming incident continues to circulate. Furthermore, Twitter’s character limit discourages nuanced discussion, while the lack of enforced moderation allows harassment to persist. These factors create an environment where repairing harm or fostering meaningful dialogue is challenging, leaving individuals with long-lasting reputational damage.

    1. What do you consider to be the most important factors in making an instance of public shaming bad?

      Public shaming becomes problematic when it disproportionately harms the individual, lacks accountability, or arises from misinformation. Key factors include: the power imbalance between the shamer and the shamed, the severity of the public's reaction compared to the alleged wrongdoing, and whether the intent is to educate or to humiliate. Additionally, public shaming based on false or incomplete information can cause irreparable damage to someone's reputation, making it especially harmful. Ethical considerations also arise when shaming overlooks the humanity of the individual, reducing them to a target rather than addressing the issue constructively.

    1. How do you think social media platforms should handle crowd harassment? Are there things they should do to reduce it? Should the consider whether harassment is justified in some instances?

      Social media platforms should adopt a zero-tolerance policy toward crowd harassment and focus on prevention and accountability rather than determining whether it is "justified." To reduce harassment, platforms can enhance moderation tools to detect coordinated attacks, empower users with options like muting keywords or limiting interactions, and improve transparency in handling reports. Educational campaigns promoting positive online behavior can also help foster a healthier digital environment. Justifying harassment in any instance risks inconsistency and harm, making it essential to prioritize fairness and user protection above subjective judgments.

    1. Do you believe crowd harassment is ever justified?

      I do not believe crowd harassment is ever justified. Harassment, regardless of its form or the number of people involved, is inherently harmful and undermines basic principles of respect and dignity. While some might argue that crowd actions can serve as a way to hold individuals accountable, harassment crosses the line from accountability to cruelty.

    1. What do you think a social media company’s responsibility is for the crowd actions taken by users on its platform?

      A social media company holds significant responsibility for crowd actions on its platform, as they provide the space and tools that can either amplify or mitigate such actions. They should establish strong moderation systems and clear guidelines to prevent harm caused by misinformation or harassment, especially during sensitive events. While individual users contribute to these actions, the platform must implement safeguards to protect against cases where crowds may target innocent individuals. Without oversight, platforms risk enabling real-world harm, making it crucial for them to actively monitor and manage user behavior responsibly.

    1. Sometimes even well-intentioned efforts can do significant harm. For example, in the immediate aftermath of the 2013 Boston Marathon bombing, FBI released a security photo of one of the bombers and asked for tips. A group of Reddit users decided to try to identify the bomber(s) themselves. They quickly settled on a missing man (Sunil Tripathi) as the culprit (it turned out had died by suicide and was in no way related to the case), and flooded the Facebook page set up to search for Sunil Tripathi, causing his family unnecessary pain and difficulty. The person who set up the “Find Boston Bomber” Reddit board said “It Was a Disaster” but “Incredible”, and Reddit apologized for online Boston ‘witch hunt’.

      It’s truly heartbreaking to think of the pain Sunil Tripathi’s family endured during an already difficult time. What was intended to be a search for justice spiraled into baseless accusations that not only disrupted their grief but also damaged the memory of their loved one. This case shows how even with good intentions, actions can go terribly wrong and hurt innocent people—reminding us to be cautious and empathetic, especially in situations that deeply affect lives.

    1. Have you ever reported a post/comment for violating social media platform rules?

      This question really resonates with me because I’ve actually reported inappropriate posts before and, honestly, it felt a bit disappointing when nothing happened. It raises questions about how much attention platforms really pay to user reports and if they’re doing enough to handle these issues. It makes me wonder about the criteria they use and if maybe they’re missing a way to make people feel heard in these situations.

    1. In the contexts of social media and public debate, moderation has a meaning that is about creating limits and boundaries about what is posted to keep things working well. But this meaning of “moderation” grew out of a wider, more generic concept of moderation. You might remember seeing moderation coming up in lists of virtues in virtue ethics, back in Chapter 2. So what does moderation (the social practice of limiting what is posted) have to do with moderation (the abstract ethical quality)?

      Setting boundaries on social media isn't just about control, but about keeping conversations constructive and respectful. This balance reflects the ethical side of moderation—aiming for harmony both within ourselves and in our interactions. It’s a great reminder that the virtues we aim for personally can have meaningful applications even in something as modern as online content moderation.

    1. One of the ways social media can be beneficial to mental health is in finding community (at least if it is a healthy one, and not toxic like in the last section). For example, if you are bullied at school (and by classmates on some social media platform), you might find a different online community online that supports you. Or take the example of Professor Casey Fiesler finding a community that shared her interests

      Social media can indeed provide unique opportunities to find like-minded people and supportive communities, especially when someone may feel isolated in their immediate environment. Beyond finding supportive communities to counteract bullying, social media can also offer resources for coping strategies and mental health education. For instance, platforms often feature groups or influencers focused on self-care, resilience, and positive reinforcement that can encourage people to share their experiences and find strength in others’ stories.

    1. While there are healthy ways of sharing difficult emotions and experiences (see the next section), when these difficult emotions and experiences are thrown at unsuspecting and unwilling audiences, that is called trauma dumping. Social media can make trauma dumping easier. For example, with parasocial relationships, you might feel like the celebrity is your friend who wants to hear your trauma. And with context collapse, where audiences are combined, how would you share your trauma with an appropriate audience and not an inappropriate one (e.g., if you re-post something and talk about how it reminds you of your trauma, are you dumping it on the original poster?).

      This passage does a solid job explaining trauma dumping and how social media enables it, but I think it could be even stronger by exploring why people might end up trauma dumping and what impact it has on others. Sometimes, people do it because they feel alone or misunderstood, and understanding this can help build empathy.

    1. Sometimes content goes viral in a way that is against the intended purpose of the original content. For example, this TikTok started as a slightly awkward video of a TikToker introducing his girlfriend. Other TikTokers then used the duet feature to add an out-of-frame gun pointed at the girlfriend’s head, and her out-of-frame hands tied together, being held hostage. TikTokers continued to build on this with hostage negotiators, press conferences and news sources. All of this is almost certainly not the impression the original TikToker was trying to convey.

      Some trending topics on the internet often lose their positive impact as they spread. I've seen some people on TikTok using instruments to collaborate on duets, and it's genuinely interesting. But the thing like this aren't a good thing. Still, we can't entirely prevent these things from happening—it’s always a mix of pros and cons.

    1. here you were supposed to send money to the people you got the letter from, but then the people you send the letter to would give you money. Other letters gave the reason for people to make copies that if they made copies, good things would happen to them, and if not bad things would, like this: You will receive good luck within four days of receiving this letter, providing, you in turn send it on. […] An RAF officer received $70,000 […] Gene Walsh lost his wife six days after receiving the letter. He failed to circulate the letter.

      This reminds me of similar chain messages I encountered back in middle school. For example, there would be messages saying that if you saw it, you had to forward it, or else you'd have bad luck. I never expected that similar letters or messages had already existed so long ago

  3. Oct 2024
    1. Advertisements shown to users can go well for users when the users find products they are genuinely interested in, and for making the social media site free to use (since the site makes its money from ads). Advertisements can go poorly if they become part of discrimination (like only showing housing ads to certain demographics of people), or reveal private information (like revealing to a family that someone is pregnant)

      I often encounter various ad pushes, and it bothers me. While ads do help users discover items of interest, and social platforms are able to run for free because of ad revenue, there are quite a few things about them that are offensive. Some ads can be overtly biased and only shown to a specific group of people, which can lead to unfairness. In addition, advertisements sometimes reveal personal privacy, displaying sensitive information about users in unexpected contexts, a situation that is even more disturbing.

    1. Some recommendation algorithms can be simple such as reverse chronological order, meaning it shows users the latest posts (like how blogs work, or Twitter’s “See latest tweets” option). They can also be very complicated taking into account many factors, such as: Time since posting (e.g., show newer posts, or remind me of posts that were made 5 years ago today) Whether the post was made or liked by my friends or people I’m following How much this post has been liked, interacted with, or hovered over Which other posts I’ve been liking, interacting with, or hovering over What people connected to me or similar to me have been liking, interacting with, or hovering over What people near you have been liking, interacting with, or hovering over (they can find your approximate location, like your city, from your internet IP address, and they may know even more precisely) This perhaps explains why sometimes when you talk about something out loud it gets recommended to you (because someone around you then searched for it). Or maybe they are actu

      I think the recommendation algorithm is getting more and more accurate, and every time I'm interested in something, it always pushes it to me quietly. Whether it's sorted by time or based on friend interactions, content popularity, or my browsing habits, the algorithms are able to combine a variety of factors to accurately recommend content, and may even refer to my geographic location. This probably explains why sometimes, just by talking about a certain topic, relevant content appears in the recommendations.

    1. Another way of managing disabilities is assistive technology, which is something that helps a disabled person act as though they were not disabled. In other words, it is something that helps a disabled person become more “normal” (according to whatever a society’s assumptions are). For example:helps a disabled person act as though they were not disabled. In other words, it is something that helps a disabled person become more “normal” (according to whatever a society’s assumptions are). For example: Glasses help people with near-sightedness see in the same way that people with “normal” vision do Walkers and wheelchairs can help some disabled people move around closer to the way “normal” people can (though stairs can still be a problem) A spoon might automatically balance itself when held by someone whose hands shake Stimulants (e.g., caffeine, Adderall) can increase executive function in people with ADHD, so they can plan and complete tasks more like how neurotypical people do.

      The concept of “acting as though they were not disabled” can sometimes carry an implicit pressure to conform to societal norms, which may inadvertently reinforce the idea that a person's worth is tied to their ability to function like a "typical" person. In contrast, embracing a more inclusive view of assistive technology could help shift perspectives, valuing diverse ways of moving, seeing, or processing information.

    1. Most humans are trichromats, meaning they can see three base colors (red, green, and blue), along with all combinations of those three colors. Human societies often assume that people will be trichromats. So people who can’t see as many colors are considered to be color blind, a disability. But there are also a small number of people who are tetrachromats and can see four base colors2 and all combinations of those four colors. In comparison to tetrachromats, trichromats (the majority of people), lack the ability to see some colors. But our society doesn’t build things for tetrachromats, so their extra ability to see color doesn’t help them much. And trichromats’ relative reduction in seeing color doesn’t cause them difficulty, so being a trichromat isn’t considered to be a disability.

      This reminds me that if most people are born with tails, then those without tails are considered “disabled”. This is because society's definition of “normal” is based on the majority of the population, and any trait that deviates from this standard is considered abnormal, or even inadequate. This phenomenon also illustrates the limitations of society's criteria for “disability”. Our definition of “ability” tends to be functional, but if the function is not useful in most settings, it is ignored or not even valued.

    1. Unclear Privacy Rules: Sometimes privacy rules aren’t made clear to the people using a system. For example: If you send “private” messages on a work system, your boss might be able to read them. When Elon Musk purchased Twitter, he also was purchasing access to all Twitter Direct Messages

      Every time I register for a new account, I’m always prompted to agree to the terms and conditions, but like most people, I never really read through them. It’s concerning to think about what could be hidden in those lengthy documents—things that might infringe on my rights without me even realizing it. Unclear privacy rules can easily conceal important details.

    1. Hacking attempts can be made on individuals, whether because the individual is the goal target, or because the individual works at a company which is the target. Hackers can target individuals with attacks like: Password reuse attacks, where if they find out your password from one site, they try that password on many other sites Hackers tricking a computer into thinking they are another site, for example: the US NSA impersonated Google

      The impact of information leaks on our lives is quite significant. The leakage of phone numbers and personal details makes it easier for scammers to deceive people. I also often feel like my phone is monitoring my social media activity. Whenever I mention something I want to buy, within a few days, shopping platforms start showing me ads for that exact item, even if I've never searched for it. This kind of targeted advertising feels intrusive, as if my privacy is being constantly observed.

    1. Datasets can be poisoned unintentionally. For example, many scientists posted online surveys that people can get paid to take. Getting useful results depended on a wide range of people taking them. But when one TikToker’s video about taking them went viral, the surveys got filled out with mostly one narrow demographic, preventing many of the datasets from being used as intended. See more in A teenager on TikTok disrupted thousands of scientific studies with a single video – The Verge

      It made me realize how unpredictable, even unexpected, the influence of social media can be. A seemingly innocuous video can have such a profound impact on scientific research that the data can no longer be used. It also made me think about the importance of data quality and diversity, and how to prevent this kind of “data pollution” from happening again.

    1. For example, social media data about who you are friends with might be used to infer your sexual orientation. Social media data might also be used to infer people’s: Race Political leanings Interests Susceptibility to financial scams Being prone to addiction (e.g., gambling) Additionally, groups keep trying to re-invent old debunked pseudo-scientific (and racist) methods of judging people based on facial features (size of nose, chin, forehead, etc.), but now using artificial intelligence. Social media data can also be used to infer information about larger social trends like the spread of misinformation. One particularly striking example of an attempt to infer information from seemingly unconnected data was someone noticing that the number of people sick with COVID-19 correlated with how many people were leaving bad reviews of Yankee Candles saying “they don’t have any scent” (note: COVID-19 can cause a loss of the ability to smell):

      It’s alarming that even interests or vulnerabilities, such as a susceptibility to financial scams or addiction, can be guessed from online behavior. What’s even more disturbing is the use of AI to repackage debunked, racist theories about facial features to make judgments about people. Social media also plays a role in tracking broader trends, like how misinformation spreads, which affects public opinion on a massive scale. It's a reminder of how our online data is used in ways we might not even realize, sometimes with harmful consequences.

    1. One of the traditional pieces of advice for dealing with trolls is “Don’t feed the trolls,” which means that if you don’t respond to trolls, they will get bored and stop trolling. We can see this advice as well in the trolling community’s own “Rules of the Internet”:

      I think this passage makes a valid point. Some individuals actually get excited by the harassment it self, and this only encourages them to continue. The traditional advice of “don’t feed the trolls” may not be effective because it doesn't address the underlying thrill they derive from their actions. Instead, the only way to truly stop them is to make them feel the same pain, discomfort, and severe consequences that they inflict on others. I’m glad that technology, like automated moderation systems, can assist in this area by filtering out harmful content and providing a safer online environment.

    1. Amusement: Trolls often find the posts amusing, whether due to the disruption or emotional reaction. If the motivation is amusement at causing others’ pain, that is called doing it for the lulz.

      I don't understand the behavior of hurting others for amusement. A joke is only funny when both parties find it amusing; otherwise, it becomes harassment and bullying. Many people like to use "just joking" as an excuse to hurt others, but this actually hides their irresponsible actions. When one person's happiness is built on another person's pain, the so-called sense of humor loses its meaning. We should advocate for respect and understanding, rather than deriving pleasure from belittling others. A joke is only a joke when both sides can accept it with joy; otherwise, it only creates conflict and suffering.

    1. Anonymity can encourage inauthentic behavior because, with no way of tracing anything back to you1, you can get away with pretending you are someone you are not, or behaving in ways that would get your true self in trouble.

      Anonymity allow individuals to express harmful thoughts and opinions without fear of consequences. This lack of accountability can lead to increased instances of cyberbullying and online harassment. When people hide behind screens, they may forget that their words can hurt real individuals, resulting in a toxic online culture.

    1. Authenticity is a rich concept, loaded with several connotations. To describe something as authentic, we are often talking about honesty, in that the thing is what it claims to be.

      Authenticity on social media, especially regarding celebrities, can be misleading. While fans often feel connected to their favorite stars through posts, these interactions are usually managed by public relations teams. This creates a curated image that may lack the honesty of real communication. Although playful content can foster connection, it also emphasizes the artificial nature of these relationships, reminding us that the interactions are not as genuine as they might seem.

    1. Loop through the list of submissions# The variable submissions_list now has a list of Reddit submissions. So we can use a for loop to go through each submission, and then use . to access info from each tweet (other pieces of information would need [" "] to access). For each of the tweets, we will use print to display information about the tweet

      This reminds me of Lab 1, where I was so excited after successfully using code to post an article on Reddit. However, it also left me feeling a bit anxious when I considered the broader implications. It made me realize that so much content on the internet can be generated through code, and a single individual has the power to shape public opinion or even spark controversies with just a few lines of code. It's both empowering and a little daunting to think about how easily information can spread and influence people.

    1. Now, let’s say we have a list of users who liked our latest social media post: users_who_liked_our_post = ["@pretend_user_1", "@pretend_user_2", "@pretend_user_3"] Copy to clipboard What if we wanted to follow all of them? If our list was long, it would take a lot of code to pull out each one and try to follow them. But Python gives us an easy way to perform actions on all the items in a list, by using for loops.

      This passage really resonates with me because it highlights the fun and flexibility of programming. Seeing how a simple for loop can help follow a bunch of users makes everything feel so much more manageable.

    1. Images are created by defining a grid of dots, called pixels. Each pixel has three numbers that define the color (red, green, and blue), and the grid is created as a list (rows) of lists (columns).

      This reminds me of every time I try to take a picture of my computer screen with my phone camera. The image always shows tiny red, green, and blue lights, which is probably due to a similar reason. A display is made up of many tiny pixels, and each of these pixels is composed of subpixels that emit red, green, or blue light. When you try to capture the screen, the camera picks up these individual subpixels, revealing the RGB pattern that our eyes don’t normally see. This highlights how the underlying structure of digital displays, just like the limitations of computer storage, affects what we see and how information is processed.

    1. When computers store numbers, there are limits to how much space is can be used to save each number. This limits how big (or small) the numbers can be, and causes rounding with floating-point numbers. Additionally, programming languages might include other ways of storing numbers, such as fractions, complex numbers, or limited number sets (like only positive integers).

      This reminds me that computers have a similar problem when dealing with characters. This is because computers use an encoding set that can only contain a limited number of symbols and characters. Overall, computers, as powerful as they are, still have limitations in storing and processing numbers and symbols. These limitations come from the underlying hardware design and coding methods, not because the computer “doesn't want” to recognize everything, but more from technical trade-offs and design decisions.

    1. In this example, some clever protesters have made a donkey perform the act of protest: walking through the streets displaying a political message. But, since the donkey does not understand the act of protest it is performing, it can’t be rightly punished for protesting. The protesters have managed to separate the intention of protest (the political message inscribed on the donkey) and the act of protest (the donkey wandering through the streets). This allows the protesters to remain anonymous and the donkey unaware of it’s political mission.

      This example reminds me of how internet memes often carry political messages, but the creators remain anonymous. Just like the donkey in the protest, memes can convey strong opinions without directly involving the person behind them, making them powerful tools for spreading ideas while avoiding personal accountability.

    1. that is real people pretending their work is the result of a Bot

      With the rise of AI-generated videos and real people simulating the work of bots, the line between authenticity and artificiality on the internet is increasingly blurred. Much of this trend is driven by the pursuit of views and attention, as synthetic content often garners high engagement by appearing novel or controversial. This leads to skepticism about the authenticity of what we see online, as creators and platforms exploit the blending of human and machine for profit, creating a landscape where distinguishing real from fake becomes ever more challenging.

  4. Sep 2024
    1. Act with unforced actions in harmony with the natural cycles of the universe. Trying to force something to happen will likely backfire. Rejects Confucian focus on ceremonies/rituals. Prefers spontaneity and play. Like how water (soft and yielding), can, over time, cut through rock.

      I'm from China and I learned a lot of Confucian concepts as a child, but I've never been a fan of them, I think there are too many Confucian rules. I’m drawn to Taoism because it encourages living authentically and in peace with the world around us. Its emphasis on balance, patience, and harmony offers a calm and flexible approach to life, much like water shaping landscapes over time without force. Taoism’s rejection of rigid structures and focus on spontaneity makes it feel freeing and adaptable to different situations in life.

    1. One question many people have about using ethical reasoning as a tool for analysis is: what about cultural disagreements? What about the idea that there is no absolute truth, that a moral claim is only true for me or you, or for my culture or your culture? In an increasingly globalized world, there is an opportunity to learn to respect and accommodate the differences between cultures and values, and this is a good thing! It means that we have even more tools at our disposal for thinking through the ethical considerations packed into a situation, as we learn from those who see things differently.

      Reading this paragraph reminds me of how I often come across perspectives online that I can't understand, but in reality, it's simply because we come from different cultural backgrounds, grew up in different environments, and received varying levels of education. I went from not understanding these perspectives to now appreciating and even welcoming diverse voices on the internet. I believe the internet has given the world an opportunity to communicate; without it, I might never have the chance to connect with people from distant regions in my lifetime.