674 banned book titles (41 percent) explicitly address LGBTQ+ themes or have protagonists or prominent secondary characters who are LGBTQ+ (this includes a specific subset of titles for transgender characters or stories—145 titles, or 9 percent);

PEN America estimates that at least 40 percent of bans listed in the Index (1,109 bans) are connected to either proposed or enacted legislation, or to political pressure exerted by state officials or elected lawmakers to restrict the teaching or presence of certain books or concepts.

The preliminary survey received 561 enrollments. Over the course ofthe experiment, 121 cat-owner pairs completed Trial 1 (~22 % of total);53 completed Trial 2 (~9% of total); 43 completed Trial 3 (~8% oftotal); 38 completed Trial 4 (~7% of total); 34 completed Trial 5 (~6%of total); and 30 completed Trial 6 (5% of total). Of the 30 thatcompleted the experiment, the nine subjects that made at least onestimulus selection came to 16 total stimulus selections: the square waschosen on eight occasions; the Kanizsa was chosen o

The present study supplements the results of Bravo et al.’s (1988)experiment with the addition of an increased sample size and a moreinclusive sex and age range, in pet, rather than laboratory, cats. More-over, rather than using standard operant conditioning procedures, thecurrent study utilizes a more ecologically valid, real-world setting inwhich to evaluate spontaneous behavior. As cats transferred to novelenvironments can exhibit stress-related behaviors and thus not behavenaturally (Amat et al., 2015), this study also offers an at-home envi-ronment to explore domestic cats’ susceptibility to Kanizsa squarecontours in a natural settin

In 2017, cat fans took to Twitter to document their cats’ attraction totight spaces by taping complete shape outlines on their floors andobserving their cats sit inside, spurring over eighty-two-thousandretweets and trending hashtag #CatSquare (Fig. 1). Affectionatelytermed “if I fits I sits,” the urge to inhabit enclosed spaces is well-knownto cat owners and has been documented to decrease stress in laboratorycats (Carlstead et al., 1993) and shelter cats given boxes in which to hide(Hawkins, 2005; Kry and Casey, 2007; Vinke et al., 2014). In fact, catsdeprived of shelter resources like boxes will attempt to manufacturetheir own by hiding behind or underneath box-like objects like litterpans (Gourkow and Fraser, 2006

Previous research reveals that cats are, indeed, susceptible to certainvisual illusions. De Weerd et al. (1990) found that domestic cats coulddiscriminate illusory contour orientation via contour-inducing semi-circles. In 2019, Szenczi et al. revealed that cats are susceptible to thesize distorting Delboeuf illusion. Further, two studies found that bothlions (Panthera leo) (Regaiolli et al., 2019) and domestic cats (Bååthet al., 2014) are susceptible to the Rotating Snake illusion, comprising a“moving” image caused by peripheral drift eliciting hunting-relatedbehavior

1 final assignment worth 20 points

4 “learning checks”