presence can actually help neutralize carbon and runoff.

even as wild copses recede, a group of forward-thinking algae advocates is developing strategies to jumpstart a commercial kelp and seaweed industry in the region

seaweeds and kelp (a subset of seaweed) are technically macroalgae

The lowest tier is now €16,000 a year (about $19,400), which is higher than Spain’s minimum wage

The Erreka factory in Spain’s Basque region. Cooperatives emphasize one defining purpose: protecting workers.

demand for specialty coffee is at an all-time high. In order to make coffee production sustainable, attention should be paid to improving the quality of coffee by engaging in sustainable, environmentally friendly cultivation practices, which ultimately can claim higher net returns.

Coffee genetic resources are being lost at a rapid pace due to varied threats, such as human population pressures, leading to conversion of land to agriculture, deforestation, and land degradation; low coffee prices, leading to abandoning of coffee trees in forests and gardens and shifting of cultivation to other more remunerative crops; and climate change, leading to increased incidence of pests and diseases, higher incidence of drought, and unpredictable rainfall patterns. All these factors threaten livelihoods in many coffee-growing countries.

better tasting

You want to ramp up the temperature to get at the moisture that’s bound up deeper inside the seed.

On brew day when you mash in, the enzymes will resume their work, continuing the exact same biological processes, and will be fully stopped when you mash out and denature the enzymes.

The maltster’s job during germination is to mix/turn the grain

Rootlets will push out of the husk and lengthen.

the less ideal source is feed barley from a farm store

like the flavors of heritage grain varieties grown by a local farmer, new malt styles unavailable commercially, or historical, undermodified malts.

We brew beer because it brings us joy, not for the cost savings. We make our own malt for the same reason.

we are always up against rain and other climatic factors that can really cause problems.”

If you’re growing winter barley for malting, it really needs be treated like a certified seed crop. It can’t be planted and ignored like many small grains used as winter cover,

pays a premium but demands a lot more care

Protein

When considering growing barley for malting, producers should contact the intended maltster and determine what varieties the maltster is interested in receiving.

Any barley can be malted, but the malting and subsequent brewing processes are most efficient and productive when the barley meets a set of specific quality parameters (

study supply chain issues

Malting barley production in the Willamette Valley could provide a local source of malt to brewers and a useful dryland rotation to growers.

It is recommended to let the grain go dormant for a month or two after harvest and before malting.

aerate the soil and decompact it.

Seed Savers hosts an exchange where anyone can offer seed, which is great for common vegetables and a bit of a crapshoot for grains, to be honest.

the seed system is primarily set up to sell large quantities of a small number of varieties

To prevent stunting of succeeding crops, apply 1 cup of nitrogen fertilizer per 100 square feet before tilling under grain, and do not plant vegetables or flowers within 2 weeks after tilling under grain to allow allelopathic compounds to dissipate.

Grain planted between narrower beds or between individual rows may suppress the growth of vegetables or flowers.

can be mowed like a lawn

spring-planted fall grains ideal for situations where a temporary, non-reseeding cover crop is wanted

even grain plants that don’t survive the winter still hold the soil in place and provide organic matter to till under.

Rye is the most winter-hardy grain, followed in order of hardiness by triticale, wheat, barley and oats.

add valuable organic matter when tilled under