Kurt Wagner. This is how Facebook collects data on you even if you don’t have an account. Vox, April 2018. URL: https://www.vox.com/2018/4/20/17254312/facebook-shadow-profiles-data-collection-non-users-mark-zuckerberg (visited on 2023-12-05).
I recall reading this piece years ago and being appalled. That Facebook can create shadow profiles of individuals who have never signed up was a real shift for me in terms of how I think about digital privacy. I think companies should be more transparent about this sort of data collection and give users more control over it, even if they’re not technically part of the platform.