In the United States, women have a longer LE than men.
I wonder if this is more due to biological differences or social differences
In the United States, women have a longer LE than men.
I wonder if this is more due to biological differences or social differences
The Census Bureau uses just two categories for ethnicity—Hispanic or non-Hispanic.
I’ve always thought that this was strange as it doesn’t really tell them much about the person. There should always be more options than just Hispanic or not Hispanic.
Health on the Internet
End for friday
people with low incomes live approximately seven years less than the more affluent
This fact is absolutely devastating to me and is completely unfair. This is something that should not be a reality.
Additionally, where one lives, and the kinds and quality of social relationships and community ties impact health in important ways.
This relates a lot to the part above it talking about social hierarchies. These hierarchies can have a big impact on where someone lives, which in turn affects what resources they have access to.
Social Disparities in Population Health in the United States
Stop for Wednesday; start for friday
Measurement of disability varies from one study to another—that is, the identification of who is and is not disabled or what is and is not a disability is not always consistent
I feel like there is no way to have a definition of disability that everyone will agree with. Especially when there are so many different types and spectrums of disability, it is hard to have a concrete meaning.
Infant Mortality Rates, 2022 in Countries with a Population of More Than 5 Million
I wonder why there is such a big difference in the number of infant deaths based on country. Also why are the highest 10 so much higher than the lowest 10, and so high in general.
LE is 80.9 years in high-income countries, but only 65.1 years in low-income countries
I think it’s extremely sad how big of a difference there is between Life expectancy in high income countries vs. low income countries. When people are born, they don’t get to chose where they live, so being born into a low income country is so unfair; especially due to the lower life expectancy.
Consideration of both genetic and social influences provides the most complete understanding, and efforts to integrate the two should continue.
I feel like this isn’t usually stressed enough. People always say nature vs. nurture, but the combination of the two is so important.
Proximate risk factors
Close influences directly affecting health
the Age of Delayed Degenerative Diseases
Shift in the age with the most risk of dying from chronic degenerative diseases due to reductions in behavioral risk factors.
The Age of Degenerative and Human-Made Diseases
Mortality rates dropped and life expectancy increased (70 years).
the Age of Receding Pandemics
A transition stage caused by advances in medical knowledge and public health. Life expectancy was older than before (50 years)
he Age of Pestilence and Famine
More prevalent in low income countries today since it is usually due to improper nutrition, sanitation, and unclean water.
This shift emphasized the importance of social characteristics
I feel like this was definitely an important shift that was made since it makes sure to look at not only the biological causes, but also the social patterns. The biology of it all doesn’t always give the full picture and sometimes the social characteristics can really help.
Observational research
Natural environment observations
Experimental research
Identifies cause and effect effect relationships between variables
Survey research
Helpful in studying attitudes of values
The Scientific Process.
Researched forms a hypothesis, designs a study, draws conclusions from data
interactionism
Confused on this one?
Conflict theory
Society is dominated by social inequality and conflict
Functionalism
Society is a system with interdependent parts working together to produce stability
grand theoretical orientations
Unify all observed patterns in social behavior
For example, climate change is affecting conditions that relate to health and disease all over the world.
As healthcare becomes more expensive, adequate healthcare is harder to maintain
ASA assumed control of an existing journal in medical sociology and renamed it
Key mechanism for sharing research
medical sociology was accepted as a formal section of the AS
Brought recognition to the field
government agencies and private foundations initiated significant financial funding for medical sociology
Sponsored sociological research in medicine
medical schools began to hire more sociologists
Symbolized an increase of recognition of sociology’s contribution for understanding illness
The impact of administrative medicine.
Health insurance became increasingly complex
The impact of modern psychiatry
Increased interest in psychosociological basis
The impact of preventive medicine and public health.
Shifted focus from immunology to social conditions
Changing patterns of disease and illness
Necessity for sociological contributions became more apparent
Rudolf Virchow
Physician who identified social and economic conditions as primary causes for an epidemic.
sociologists attempt to understand how larger structural features of society affect individuals’ beliefs and behaviors regarding COVID-19 vaccination, as well as the likelihood of dying from COVID-19
Someone’s opinions and experiences with covid are highly based on where they live, work, and who they are surrounded by.
Mary’s beliefs and Martin’s pre-existing condition are both important for understanding their experiences
Looking closer at peoples experiences and personalities can help to understand their opinions. Not looking at those can cause false judgements and misunderstandings.
Sociology is “the scientific study of social life, social change, and the social causes and consequences of human behavior”
Sociology definition
For example, US excess mortality in 2020 (the first full year of the pandemic) was highest among persons aged 65 and over, and within that age group, Blacks and American Indian/Alaskan Natives had the highest excess mortality
Deaths from covid were not very widespread and were more prevalent in specific age and race groups.