-require baccalaureate degree and award the masters degree -offer most of the basic care provided by physicians

-masters degree from an accredited nurse anesthesiology program who have passed a national certification exam. -required to enroll in a doctoral program -frequently work as licensed independent practitioners

-additional naturally accredited training -passed a national certification exam -typically masters level CNM degree -take histories, perform physical exams, and monitor care relating to childbirth and pregnancy

-graduate degree in advanced practice nursing -masters degree -conduct physical exams, order and interpret tests, diagnose and treat acute and chronic conditions, and provide patient counseling as well as health education

Response to high health care costs and primary care physician shortage. They provide many direct care services to patients, enable physicians to see more patients, cost efficient, offer high quality services.

1. Caring individuals who interact with patients
2. Professionals that require special competence and deserve respect
3. Under the direction of physicians

Caregiver: Meet patients needs- dependency, comfort, therapy, monitoring, and education. Integrator: uses separate medical units in hospital to provide total patient treatment and care

1. Licensed practical or licensed vocational nurses
2. Registered nurses
3. Advanced practice registered nurses

During the war, nurses spent most of their time distributing medications, coordinating other staff, making notes on charts, and keeping records

• Proper moral, environmental, and physical order necessary for health restoration.
• Founder of modern nursing.
• women’s characteristics made them naturally suited to caring for the ill

Grueling schedule, Worries about medical school debts, sexual harassment in medical schools

This is a topic that I have seen come up a lot in medical related discussions as it is a big issue. In order to truly cure or help someone, you need to care about them and what they are going through.

Repetition to make them less awkward and more comfortable. Increasing exposure to normalize things

Three kinda of uncertainty: 1) not doing all the work in college just to get by doesn’t translate well when actually treating people 2)becoming aware that the knowledge base of medicine is not funny understood 3)questioning whether its a limit in their knowledge or something not known yet in medicine

Professional identity formation, learning to do critical work, and learning to act in professional ways

Rigorous standards, significant autonomy, considerable prestige and identification with the profession

Stop for Monday

Prevention, detection, health promotion, and health protection

1-assumes the presence of disease and its diagnosis and treatment are objective phenomena. 2-assumes that only medical professionals are capable of defining health and illness. 3-presumes that physiological malfunction alone defines health and illness. 4-defines healths as the absence of disease.

Stop for monday

These orientations define health and include: physical functioning, mental health, social wellbeing, role functioning, general health perceptions, and symptoms.

I wonder if this is more due to biological differences or social differences

I’ve always thought that this was strange as it doesn’t really tell them much about the person. There should always be more options than just Hispanic or not Hispanic.

End for friday

This fact is absolutely devastating to me and is completely unfair. This is something that should not be a reality.

This relates a lot to the part above it talking about social hierarchies. These hierarchies can have a big impact on where someone lives, which in turn affects what resources they have access to.

Stop for Wednesday; start for friday

I feel like there is no way to have a definition of disability that everyone will agree with. Especially when there are so many different types and spectrums of disability, it is hard to have a concrete meaning.

I wonder why there is such a big difference in the number of infant deaths based on country. Also why are the highest 10 so much higher than the lowest 10, and so high in general.

I think it’s extremely sad how big of a difference there is between Life expectancy in high income countries vs. low income countries. When people are born, they don’t get to chose where they live, so being born into a low income country is so unfair; especially due to the lower life expectancy.

I feel like this isn’t usually stressed enough. People always say nature vs. nurture, but the combination of the two is so important.

Close influences directly affecting health

Shift in the age with the most risk of dying from chronic degenerative diseases due to reductions in behavioral risk factors.

Mortality rates dropped and life expectancy increased (70 years).

A transition stage caused by advances in medical knowledge and public health. Life expectancy was older than before (50 years)

More prevalent in low income countries today since it is usually due to improper nutrition, sanitation, and unclean water.

I feel like this was definitely an important shift that was made since it makes sure to look at not only the biological causes, but also the social patterns. The biology of it all doesn’t always give the full picture and sometimes the social characteristics can really help.

Natural environment observations

Identifies cause and effect effect relationships between variables

Helpful in studying attitudes of values

Researched forms a hypothesis, designs a study, draws conclusions from data

Confused on this one?

Society is dominated by social inequality and conflict

Society is a system with interdependent parts working together to produce stability

Unify all observed patterns in social behavior

As healthcare becomes more expensive, adequate healthcare is harder to maintain

Key mechanism for sharing research

Brought recognition to the field

Sponsored sociological research in medicine

Symbolized an increase of recognition of sociology’s contribution for understanding illness

Health insurance became increasingly complex

Increased interest in psychosociological basis

Shifted focus from immunology to social conditions

Necessity for sociological contributions became more apparent

Physician who identified social and economic conditions as primary causes for an epidemic.

Someone’s opinions and experiences with covid are highly based on where they live, work, and who they are surrounded by.

Looking closer at peoples experiences and personalities can help to understand their opinions. Not looking at those can cause false judgements and misunderstandings.

Sociology definition

Deaths from covid were not very widespread and were more prevalent in specific age and race groups.