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  1. Aug 2025
  2. drive.google.com drive.google.com
    1. W hen film studies turned toward semiotics and ideological criticism,the idea of the genre as a threshold or horizon for individual expressiongave way to an interest in the genres themselves as systems and structures. Thomas Schatz has referred to the semiotic interest in genre as"the language analogy." He says that genre can be studied as a formalizedsign system whose rules have been assimilated (often unconsciously)through cultural consensus. Following Claude Levi-Strauss, Schatz viewsgenres as cultural problem-solving operations. He distinguishes betweena deep structure that he calls film genre and a surface structure that hecalls the genre film. The genre film is the individual instance, the individual utterance or speech act (parole). The film genre is more like a grammar (langue), that is, a system for conventional usage.

      Genres are not simply artistic categories, but rather reflections of culture and current times. It fits into the analogy of language and how it fits in as a specific utterance in the much larger scheme of grammar, it allows a view into how it can be one thing but represent so much more.

    2. Genre offers a way for the film andTV industries to control the tension between similarity and differenceinherent in the production of any cultural product.

      Genres ensure a a balance of similarity and variation. They work hand in hand with the economics side of things to allow driving change while maintaining recognizability. Without change things get stagnant, but without similarity interest wains. The genres of TV and Film are a calculated formula to drive revenue growth.

    3. Genres are rhetorical and pragmatic constructions of an analyst, not acts of nature. The biological analogy is usefulhere also. Although those animals that we label "dogs" and "cats" existnaturally, to label them "mammals" is to construct a category that is notnatural but culturally constructed

      Genres serve as a formula of entertainment and economics. It balances both efficiency and predictability with novelty and perception. A genre allows for familiarity to be side by side with variations to maintain a cohesive understanding of what oneself is seeing or looking at. This works to shift the view of a genre from a collection of aesthetic decisions to an understanding of how they are utilized within a capitalist economy.

    4. We can see that the traditional literary view of genre would have only alimited application to film and television. The literary categories are verybroad ones. Such literary types as drama and lyric, tragedy, and comedyspan numerous diverse works and numerous cultures and centuries. Filmand television, however, are culturally specific and temporally limited

      There is a distinct difference between the overarching and timeless literary genres such as comedy and tragedy and the genres of media such as sitcoms and and screwball comedies. Television genres are created in the moment and to respond to public wants and feedback where as literary genres are fixed and survive as abstract categories without change overtime. Media as a whole requires more flexibility in how genres are created and defined.

    5. genre theory deals with the ways in which a work maybe considered to belong to a class of related works. In many respects theclosest analogy to this process would be taxonomy in the biological sciences

      Genre is not just an individual description. Instead, it leans towards categorization like in the biological sciences. Genres in essence are created due to the human need for perceived order, as a whole, humans look to create order and framework based on perceived similarities and differences. With this, divisions are artificial conceptions and not defined facts.

    1. elevision,one 1940 book argued, “requires concentrated aention and cannot serve asa baground for su activities as bridge playing or conversation. It is onthis difference that many broadcasters base their belief that television willnever replace sound broadcasting, but will supplement the present art with amore specialized service.”

      Hindsight is 20-20, TV currently serves as background noise and distraction in a variety of situations. Beyond this, early observers of TV also noted eyestrain and domestic disruption due to the need for a direct line of sight in viewing the works being broadcast. Early adoption was slow and cost prohibitive, signaling fears of failure before other broadcast techniques were developed and utilized for rapid adoption of the technology through commercial viability.

    2. ere existed a bier disputebetween groups aligned with NBCRCA who favoured immediatedevelopment on the VHF spectrum and those aligned with CBS, whiwanted a delay in order to establish colour TV service on the wider ultra-high frequency (UHF) band

      This dispute was harmful to the general public. Delaying a better service and experience in the name of profits and attempting to mitigate market share loss to a competitor with better technology.

    3. e direction of the American television industry in its first decade waslargely arted by leaders of the radio broadcasting and set manufacturebusinesses, in particular TV’s dominant firm, NBC-RCA.

      Radio giants began to steer early TV. A combination of manufacturing, patents, and broadcasting were already in effect and passed scrutiny. This allowed for additional advertising that was targeted at an existing customer basis and more or less served what they wanted to see.

    4. Broadcast regulation in the United States has been founded upon twoopposing principles: that the federal licence confers a privilege, not a right,to the broadcaster to operate in “the public interest” using public airwaves

      US policy was aimed at public service, despite this, effective property rights were given to public air ways. Due to minimal amount of oversight and limited channels, network giants formed and captured a disproportionate amount of revenue.

    5. e early regulatory decisions that established U.S. standards for sumaers as broadcast spectrum allocation, image quality, and colour versusmonorome service substantially govern American television today.

      Early on, FCC choices forced the dependence on certain paths such as VHF allocation and monochrome standards. As capital was invested in these, is became much harder to upgrade resolution and color due the both the politics surrounding it as well as the finances involved. Consequently, due to these decisions, an inferior image and color allowance shaped the American public's relationship with TV.