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  1. Feb 2023
    1. IV. CONCLUSION

      It was interesting to learn more about the roots of multiculturalism and secularism and the different debats and controversies they bring to different nation such as France and Britain. Eventually it seems that Frane and Britain are quite similar in the treatment given to expressions of multiculturalism, even if France is more severe in the end, for Laïcité is part on the nation's core values. It reassured my belief that laïcité is a touchy concept with cracks and underlying problematic ideas and visions of religions, especially towards muslims, and even more towards muslim women in the public sphere. This text made me question the true motivation of secularism nowadays, whether in France or Britain and the definition and necessity of the concept of norms and differences. In the end, this text made me eager to learn and discover more about the motivations behind secularism, and to hear more opinions regarding multiculturalism and the benefits (or drawbacks) of it.

    2. I argue that the concept of multiculturalism ispremised on a concept of `culture' that is very much related to religiousbelief. In the Begum and Azmi cases explored above, contestations over theacceptability of symbols of religious difference invoke anxiety about theconstitution of national British identity, values, and culture

      So this is what multiculturalism is about for some: losing british identity and refusing to move forward and adapt the identity to its changing people.

    3. within the imaginary of French secularism, repre-sented a specifically Muslim threat of contamination of the public spherewith religion, thereby undermining one of the fundamental principles ofFrench nationalism.

      This reminds me of, and makes as little sense as, the debate over whether or not children should see gay relationships on TV. Right-wings see representation as a threat and a means to endoctrinate and brainwash kids (hence the word "contamination"), even though this is not how gender and sexuality works. Here, it feels like it is the same debate; as if seeing muslim people will automatically convert non-muslims into muslims.

    4. Difference is fine, as long it exists as adifferentiated unity, with the unitary whole being disciplined into shape by asovereign juridical order which itself emerges out of a Christian politicalheritage

      This sentence is stricking. It highlights the hypocrisy many people have towards acceptance and differences.

    5. BMuslim extremism), that needs to beguarded against

      This is becoming confusing to me; there seems to be a parallel between wearing a veil and Muslim extremism. Also, I do not think I had even encountered the term 'muslim extremism' before reading this text and I am confused about its definition. It is supposed to refer to islamic extremism? is it the same thing?

    6. westernfeminists' who see the veil as a symbol of gender oppression

      I believe this statement is badly put in words. I do not think this is "western feminism", I do not think it is feminism at all to consider the veil as gender oppression for women.

    7. Respondent had a choice, either of returning to school wearing the schooluniform or of refusing to wear the school uniform knowing that if she did sorefuse the school was unlikely to allow her to attend.

      This feels like an ultimatum rather than a choice.

    8. However, in this case, Begum had the option of attending twoother schools in the area Balthough it was argued these were more distant thanDenbigh High School), and the school has gone to great lengths to informparents of its uniform policy,24 and thus, the majority found that nointerference had occurred

      This argument Begum was given does not sit right to me; it sounds like the women who want to wear forms of the veil - here jilbab - are more allowed in certain schools than others because of their religion. I am also dubitative when it comes to the efficiency and true purpose of uniform policies.

    9. he assertion of particular manifestations of Muslim, femininereligious difference have been rearticulated by the courts as an unreasonabledemand that oversteps the bounds of what is tolerable, acceptable, andpermissible in the educational context

      This is still very much up to date. Reading this now, knowing it is from 2009, feels like we have not made much more progress morally since.

    10. Based on the critiques rendered of both secularism and multi-culturalism we can surmise that they act in similar ways; as I explore below,they work to capture difference that is `other' to the dominant culture andreligion, and sublimate it within the larger whole, the dominant nationalidentity

      This is an interesting way to put it, i was suprise by the accuracy of this; Multiculturalism and secularism may seem contradictory at first, but through this sort of definition they become very similar concepts.

    11. multiculturalism as a danger to be avoided at any cost. Multi-culturalism in this context plays the role of secularism's opposing force

      In France therefore, the two concepts are seen as ennemies? And since we know secularism is a value of the french government's policies, we may then consider multiculturalism as the "evil ennemy" of the government? sounds controversial

    12. Multiculturalism, derived from Hegel's political philosophy ofrecognition, similarly remains tethered to a subject whose consciousness isformed in relation to a Universal Bor Spirit, for Hegel), one of the hallmarksof Christian belief.

      Not sure I caught that, can anyone try to explain with other words?

    13. The recentemphasis on Britishness and British values illustrates the desire to cement aunified, and unitary national subject, which is intended to supercede all otherdifferences in `identity'

      So, is "Britishness" a concept aiming at erasing multiculturalism?

    14. The relatively recent recognition in the UnitedKingdom of religion as a ground upon which discrimination claims can bemade, and the definition of Muslim communities as religious rather thanracial communities arguably sets them apart from other minority, racializedsubjects Bsuch as Jews or Sikhs), with regards to how they have been legallyinterpellated

      This is interesting; I did not expect the English and Welsh laws to not consider muslim as racialized. Aren't most muslism racialized in the UK? Why are muslim communities not considered to be a racial group? Do they not suffer from religious discrimination and racial discrimination?