128 Matching Annotations
  1. Jan 2024
    1. There are, in fact, two discourses in the historical novel: that of history and that offiction. Therefore, in order to read a historical novel as such, we need to be able to iden-tify both, but especially the historical elements. If we cannot see them, then we will readthe historical novel as a fictional work. We can still historicise it, and read the projects thatinform it, and so forth. In fact, many fine analyses of historical novels have taken thisroute.19 But we still need to account for the process through which the reader differentiateshistory and fiction. Jonathan Culler coined the term ‘literary competence’ to explain theknowledge of literary devices and conventions that a reader needs in order to make senseof a literary text.20 I suggest that the historical novel requires a reader to have ‘historicalcompetence’, the minimal knowledge necessary to identify history in the historical novel.In this context, ‘history’ is not the unproblematic record of the past, but rather what ismost commonly accepted during the reader’s time — the agreed-upon historical record.This ‘historical competence’ will allow a reader to understand the historical references ina historical novel — although not without some hesitation — and, at the same time,‘historical competence’ will make the reader aware that he is reading a historical novel. Ifthis is so, then we have two effects. The immediate is that the reading of the historicalnovel is a hermeneutic act. In other words, the historical novel depends on the activeparticipation of the reader to ‘be’ a historical novel, which explains why previous attemptsto define the historical novel without considering the reader were bound to be incomplete.The second effect is a new problem

      is this your experience when reading the texts? Can you recognise 'history' and 'fiction'?

    2. hree different categories: theories that deal with the ontological status ofthe historical novel, or what the historical novel is, such as Alonso’s; theories that deal withthe relationship between the historical novel and its own historical context, a category thatfor simplicity I will call ethical; and theories that deal with the aesthetic features of thehistorical nove

      the last two categories (i) the relationship of the historical novel with its own context - the ethical and (ii) the aesthetic features of the novel could be a useful way to think about the novels you are reading?

    3. one of the main features of a significant number of historical novels — the radicalhistoricisation of time and place, and, hence, of epistemological difference

      this is still a main tension - how do you hook audiences/readers in except by presenting something 'relatable' - ie. unchanging human nature .. but then you shock them with 'epistemological difference'?

    4. 2008

      This is quite an old article now - what has been published since? maybe look up the author and see if they have done anything more recently that might be useful?

      See in particular the author's account of recent history p152 which obviously 'finishes' in the early 2000s. Since then we've had the 'pink tide' in LatAm and its recession, now the growth of populism etc etc ..

    5. r ‘historical competency’

      what happens when this is very little? Diaz and the 'mandatory 3 seconds of Dominican history'?

  2. Mar 2023
    1. AndwhileM.LenormanddeMezyinhisnightcapcommentedwithhisdevout-wifeontheNegroes*lackoffeelingsatthetortureofoneoftheirown —drawingtlierefromanumberofphilosophicalTheGreatFlight53considerationsontheinequalityofthehumanraceswhichheplannedtodevelopmaspeechlardedwithLatinquotations—TiNoelgotoneofthekitchenwencheswithtwins,takingherthreetimesinamangerofthestables.

      comment on the contrast here of worlds and systems of meaning. Also: what do you make of the masculinities at stake here?

    2. Therewasnolongeranythingmore tosee.

      what is the effect of this line?

    3. Andthenoiseandscreamingand uproarweresuchthatveryfewsawthatMacandal,heldbytensoldiers,hadbeenthrustheadfirstintothefire,andthataflamefedbyhisburninghairhaddrownedhislastcry.

      how is the contrast built up here?

    4. Asinglecry-filledthesquare;“Macandalsaved!

      what voice(s) are here?

    5. Mandingue

    6. Withagesturerehearsedtheeveningbe­foreinfrontofamirror,theGovernorun­sheathedhisdressswordandgavetheorderforthesentencetobecarriedout

      what do you make of this?

    7. chrismed

      this is from a Xtian context - think about what is mentioned next -what do you make of this different references?

    8. Loas

      The primary spirits of Vodoo

    9. AndMacandal,transformedintoabuzzmgmosquito,wouldlightontheverytncorneofthecommanderofthetroopstolaughatthedismayofthewhites

      how does a sense of scale play out in the humour here?

    10. Themasters’eyesquestionedthefacesoftheslaves.ButtheNegroesshowedspitefulindifference.

      comment on the power dynamic here. Think also of the gaze and how it is important in the chapter.

    11. Below,moretightlypackedandsweatyevery minute,theNegroesawaitedtheperformancethat hadbeenpreparedforthem,a galafunction forNegroesonwhosesplendornoexpensehadbeenspared.Forthistimethelessonwastobedrivenhomewithfire,notblood,andcertainilluminations,lightedtoberemembered,were verycostly

      who is the narrator here? What is their position in the scene and how is it significant?

    12. orgea

      syrup made from almonds

    13. .

      what senses are being invoked in this opening description? What view of society is being constructed?

    14. quebracho

      A kind of hard wood tree - The name is actually derived from quiebrahacha, or quebrar hacha meaning "axe-breaker" or extremely hard to break

  3. Mar 2022
    1. Diríase que hasta para el tacto y la vista tiene el tabaco satisfacciones. ¿No pasa el fumador su mano, como en caricia, sobre las opulentas “brevas” o “regalías” de una recién abierta caja de habanos? ¿Acaso el cigarro y el cigarrillo no son para el fumador que los manosea y entretiene con delicadeza en sus dedos y labios, una catarsis de sus tensiones nerviosas? ¿Y qué se dirá del tabaco que se masca o del que se toma en polvo? ¿No producen placeres táctiles a sus gustadores? Y para la vista, ¿no es a veces el cigarro que se fuma por el mozalbete un símbolo gozado de su anticipada hombría?

      what images do you have here of tobacco and its consumption? What's the predominant mode of description?

    2. El tabaco es oscuro, de negro a mulato; el azúcar es clara, de mulata a blanca. El tabaco no cambia de color, nace moreno y muere con el color de su raza. El azúcar cambia de coloración, nace parda y se blan­quea; es almibarada mulata que siendo prieta se abandona a la sabro­sura popular y luego se encascarilla y refina para pasar por blanca, correr por todo el mundo, llegar a todas las bocas y ser pagada mejor, subiendo a las categorías dominantes de la escala social.

      comment on the use of gender identity and racial identity in this characterisation of the plants

    3. El tabaco nace, el azúcar se hace

      what does the rhyme do here?

    4. Viciosas para disfrute del hombre, pero sin entregarle, como hacen otras plantas subyugadas, la potencia de su reproducción.

      Ortiz explains what he means by this in the paragraph below. Both sugar and tobacco as plants are inherently reproductive; they grow/reproduce without needing human effort. This effortless reproduction/exhuberant and generous nature are a staple idea of 'caribbeanness' - can you think of other examples?

    5. El clima cañero es el determinado por las líneas isotérmicas de los 6 0 ° más que por la simple referencia intertropical. Puede decirse, en términos generales, que la amplia zona azucarera del mundo se da entre los 2 2 ° de latitud Norte, como a la altura de La Habana y los 2 2 ° de latitud Sur, por la de Río Janeiro. Todas las Antillas están en esa faja geográfica;

      This is the Caribbean - but he argues Cuba has an even more special place as a site for sugar cultivation because of its peculiar climate.

    6. .

      what do you learn about Cuban history from this final paragraph?

    7. El azúcar llega a su destino humano por el agua que lo derrite, hecho un jarabe; el tabaco llega a él por el fuego que lo volatiliza, convertido en humo. Blanca es la una, moreno es el otro. Dulce y sin olor es el azúcar; amargo y con aroma es el tabaco. ¡Con­traste siempre! Alimento y veneno, despertar y adormecer, energía y ensueño, placer de la carne y deleite del espíritu, sensualidad e idea­ción, apetito que se satisface e ilusión que se esfuma, calorías de vida y humaredas de fantasía, indistinción vulgarota y anónima desde la cuna e individualidad aristocrática y de marca en todo el mundo, medicina y magia, realidad y engaño, virtud y vicio. El azúcar es ella;el tabaco es é l. . . La caña fue obra de los dioses, el tabaco lo fue de los demonios; ella es hija de Apolo, él es engendro de Proserpina. . .

      what do you make of this last section of the paragraph? Look at the ellipses ... Why does Ortiz move between these registers - what's the effect on you as a reader?

    8. Y las sorprendentes diferencias entre ambas producciones se reflejan en la historia del pueblo cubano desde su misma formación étnica hasta su contextura social, sus peripecias políticas y sus relaciones inter­nacionales.

      This is Ortiz's thesis. Can you put it in your own words?

    9. los mercaderes extranjeros habrían de torcer y trenzar durante siglos en nuestra patria para ser hilos de su historia, motivos de sus personajes y a la vez sostenes y ataduras de su pueblo.

      what image is being used for history here? and what's the contradiction between 'sosten' and 'atadura'? How can something be both?

    10. y como peligrosa ten­tación de los diablos, quienes por tan inaudita yerba les excitaban sus sentidos como un nuevo alcohol, su inteligencia como un nuevo misterio y su voluntad como un nuevo pecado.

      what are the effects attributed to tobacco?

    11. Al fin, siempre fue muy propio de las ingenuas musas del pueblo, en poesía, música, danza, canción y teatro, ese género dialogístico que lleva hasta el arte la dramática dialéctica de la vida. Recordemos en Cuba sus mani­festaciones más floridas en las preces antifonarias de las liturgias, así de blancos como de negros, en la controversia erótica y danzaría de la rumba y en los contrapunteos versificados de la guajirada montuna y de la currería afro-cubana.

      Ortiz identifies some other Cuban cultural forms that rely on 'dialogue'. See if you can identify what they are: antifonarias de liturgies, rumba, guajira montuna, currería.

    12. mirando con iracundia al uno y con benevolencia a la otra.

      which crop makes commentators angry and which do they show benevolence towards? Why?

  4. Jan 2022
    1. .

      Both Díaz and Rivera Garza write about women's bodies and the nation - useful to compare with the approach described here.

    2. Thus, we see historical novels written in the form of journals, memoirs, faux history books, or even as chronicles of historical investigations, in which the structure resembles that of a detective novel.

      which of our texts share these kinds of strategies?

    3. we are placed in a position of questioning the accepted historical record. This moment, being a moment of ambiguity, becomes an opening that produces several effects.

      I think it will be interesting for you to think about what moments of ambiguity are most resonant in the novels.

    4. 1942’,

      ! A typo or a joke?

    5. This allows me to propose a working defi nition. The historical novel is not a genre, as it was previously believed, but a ‘mode of writing’ that creates and sustains an unresolved tension between history and fi ction.2

      This is key and obviously resolves the problems about coming up with definitions that fit everything.

    6. In other words, the historical novel depends on the active participation of the reader to ‘be’ a historical novel, which explains why previous attempts to defi ne the historical novel without considering the reader were bound to be incomplete.

      So: if you were a martian reading these novels they wouldn't be historical novels?

    7. Jonathan Culler coined the term ‘literary competence’ to explain the knowledge of literary devices and conventions that a reader needs in order to make sense of a literary text.20

      this is important - it's why it's useful to know the historical context of the texts we are reading! Díaz makes fun of the ignorance of readers and plays with that in relation to the DR

    8. Metaphors sometimes straitjacket concepts. In this case, how-ever, the metaphor provides a much-needed opening to understand the historical novel

      what do you think? Is the metaphor of bronze helpful?

    9. Hayden White

      chief exponent of what you will see called 'the narrative turn' in other critics - an understanding of the 'fictional' character of other 'scientific' discourses (like history itself).

    10. György Lukács

      Lukács is a key rerference. Many critics that think about the didactic or political impact/meaning of the texts we will read, fundamentally rely on his insights for their readings.

    11. While history delivers ‘positive truth’, fi ction deliv-ers ‘poetic truth’.12

      is this a distinction that you can see 'our' authors using?

    12. n the realm of the historical novel ‘facts’ can be understood in a more restrictive way, as those belonging to the accepted historical record, however transitory the latter might be

      Perhaps one of the things to do as you read the texts is to try to identify what elements are from 'the accepted historical record' and see if you agree with Piérola

    13. This article is from 2008. Díaz published his novel in 2007 and Trabucco's came out in 2018. Think about how its arguments might change or be confirmed by these these two works. You should always be aware of the context in which secondary scholarship emerges: it has a history too!

    1. he associates the development of the historical noveldirectly with the first generalized (i.e. modern) European war.

      So: a very specific experience of 'History': the idea is that history becomes global/democratised with the Napoleonic wars. Suddenly it's not about King's and nobles but about everyone and touches them all?

    2. So I begin by recalling that the rise of the novel coincided with theimpact of the idea of history upon modern consciousness.

      So: novels and 'History' happen at the same time? The chronicles of conquest of the New World have been thought of as 'early' novels. What about how history is thought of in the medieval ballads - if you did them in Global Iberias?

    3. Zamora ranges very widely in this introduction and assumes a lot of knowledge. Don't be put off! Read 'diagonally' for what is immediately useful to you at this moment in the module: general, introductory ideas. You will probably come back to this article and read it differently at the end of the module

  5. Nov 2021
    1. I also decided to correct thegender mistakes which inevitably occur when someone has just learned to speak a foreignlanguage. It would have been artificial to leave them uncorrected and it would have madeRigoberta look ‘picturesque’, which is the last thing I wanted.

      Comment on this 'effect of the real' - why does Burgos feel she has to intervene to make things more authentic?

    2. more accessible to the reader

      Describe the process of editing? How do you understand what Burgos did to the tapes/transcript? What effects would these decisions have?

    3. I must first warn the reader that, although I did train as an ethnographer, I have neverstudied Maya-Quiché culture and have never done fieldwork in Guatemala. Initially, I thoughtthat knowing nothing about Rigoberta’s culture would be a handicap, but it soon proved to be apositive advantage. I was able to adopt the position of someone who is learning. Rigobertasoon realized this: that is why her descriptions of ceremonies and rituals are so detailed.Similarly, if we had been in her home in El Quiché, her descriptions of the landscape wouldnot have been so realistic.

      Comment on this role reversal of authority

    4. The ladinos have adoptedmany features of the indigenous culture and those features have become what George Devereuxcalls the ‘ethnic unconscious’. The ladinos of Latin America make a point of exaggerating suchfeatures in order to set themselves apart from their original European culture

      Comment on how Burgos moves from anecdote to scholarship here – how does her authorial voice change and what happens to Menchú in the process?

    5. . The first thing Rigoberta didwhen she got up in the morning was make dough and cook tortillas for breakfast; it was areflex that was thousands of years old.

      Reflect on this anecdote about the arepas. How is Menchú’s cooking described by Burgos. Why is it important?

    6. We practically cut ourselves offfrom the outside world.

      What is the effect of stating this?

    7. damaged

      Comment on how the social graces Menchú displays are related to her labour in the coffee plantations.

    8. helooked astonishingly young

      Menchú was very young. What is the importance of stressing this?

    9. She came to my home one evening in January 1982. She was wearing traditional costume,including a multicoloured huipil with rich and varied embroidery; the patterns were notsymmetrical and one could have been forgiven for assuming that they were random. She wasalso wearing an ankle-length skirt; this too was multicoloured and the thick material wasobviously hand-woven. I later learned that it was called a corte. She had a broad, brightlycoloured sash around her waist.

      What do you make of this description? What is its function?

    10. situations

      Comment on Burgos’s concern about PTSD –do you think the representation of trauma is thought about in the book as presented?

    11. he is in no sense advocating a racial struggle, muchless refusing to accept the irreversible fact of the existence of the ladinos.

      Why would it be important to disavow this? What do you know about racial conflict in the region historically?

    12. a world in which thesacred and the profane constantly mingle, in which worship and domestic life are one and thesame, in which every gesture has a pre-established purpose and in which everything has ameaning. Within that culture, everything is determined in advance; everything that occurs in thepresent can be explained in terms of the past and has to be ritualized so as to be integrated intoeveryday life, which is itself a ritual. As we listen to her voice, we have to look deep into ourown souls for it awakens sensations and feelings which we, caught up as we are in an inhumanand artificial world, thought were lost for ever.

      How is indigenous culture characterized here? Think particularly in terms of temporality

    13. That is why we have to listen to Rigoberta Menchú’s appeal andallow ourselves to be guided by a voice whose inner cadences are so pregnant with meaning

      Comment on the language here – what is at stake in embodying Menchú’s voice in this way?

    14. We Latin Americans

      Reflect on the positionality here. Who is the author?

    15. culture.

      Can you think of other parallels to this idea of learning the language of your oppressors in a colonial context

    16. conquest.

      How can you relate this to the quincentenary which was the context of Menchú’s Nobel prize?

    17. Her life story is an account of contemporary historyrather than of Guatemala itself

      What’s the opposition here? National vs. global? Contemporary vs. a longer historical timeline? The next sentence clarifies – this is being presented as a document about indigeneity. What do you think?

    18. INTRODUCTION

      Think about the politics of naming throughout this introduction. Who gets a surname, who doesn’t and why?

    1. Miro bajar la nieve como el polvo en la huesa;miro crecer la niebla como el agonizante,

      images of death here - this dust if from a tomb

    2. Y la interrogación que sube a mi gargantaal mirarlos pasar, me desciende, vencida:hablan extrañas lenguas y no la conmovidalengua que en tierras de oro mi pobre madre

      This reminds me of the quote about 'garganta prestada'. there is so much in Mistral about voicing and being heard/listened to.

    3. A quién podrá llamar la que hasta aquí ha venidosi más lejos que ella solo fueron los muertos

      This really gives me a sense of the distance that 'desolation' has imposed on the woman - only the dead have come further ..

    4. y de alarido, y quiebra, como un cristal, mi grito

      they syntax is so complex here. Le Guin has 'cracks my cry like window-glass' - do you like this translation?

    5. alianza!

      I find it interesting to think about how much Mistral's view of the Andes owes to European thought and primarily to that of Alexander Von Humboldt (C19th century German explorer who literally put Andes on the map). There's a very famous painting by US artist Frederic Church inspired by Humboldt's extensive writing on the Andes. Have a look at this great video that talks through the painting - see how much Mistral's vision shares common ideas with this and comment!

    6. ¡Suelde el caldo de tus metaleslos pueblos rotos de tus abras;cose tus ríos vagabundos,tus vertientes acainadas;purifícanos y condúcenos;a hielo y fuego purifícanos!

      A prayer to the Andes for unity? Note the verbs. soldar (to solder, join metal together) coser (to sew). Purificar, conducir. This is what the Andes are being asked to 'do'

    7. Anduvimos como los hijosque perdieron signo y palabra,como beduino o ismaelita,como las peñas hondeadas,aventados o envilecidos,gajos pisados de vid santa,hasta el día de recobrarnoscomo amantes que se encontraran!

      this sounds political? Who has been exiled and lost (like Bedouins and Ishmaelites) and has now recovered the land (and an identity)?

    8. Silbaste el silbo subterráneoa la gente color del ámbar

      Who are these people? Is she talking about the indigenous?

    9. sueño de piedra que soñamos

      Who is the 'we' here?

    10. En los umbrales de mis casas,tengo tu sombra amoratada

      Who is speaking now? This voice is different? and it seems authoritative - owns houses, but also a traveller?

    11. alto ciervo que vio San Jorgede cornamenta aureoladay el fantasma del Viracocha,

      The stories the mountains generate are from both the Western tradition (St George) and the indigenous one (Viracocha)

    12. alucinada

      Think about the mother's journey too - the verbs are extraordinary - she is walking/crawling (sin rodillas?) but determined, interminably up and down the mountains, damaging the plants, crossing circles of fire and rivers, descending from the heights 'alucinada'. All this makes me think of Catherine's quote about the poetic universe of Mistral and her 'borrowed throat' - and Fiol Matta on the surreal quality of this world

    13. Aconcagua.

      Mountain (in Argentina) sacred for the Incas

    14. Atalanta

      The mountains are also feminine - Atalante Greek mythological figure - powerful huntress: https://www.britannica.com/topic/Atalanta

    15. Mazzepa

      https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_legacy_of_Mazeppa

      Mazzepa (spellings differ) - a Ukrainian national hero, subject of a poem by Byron - a symbol of fortitude and masculinity. Some famous paintings of him. Mistral clearly widely read.

  6. Nov 2020
    1. ¡Oh Luna! Siempre estuviste a mi lado, alumbrándome en los momentos más terribles; desde miinfancia fuiste el misterio que velaste por mi terror, fuiste el consuelo en las noches más desesperadas,fuiste mi propia madre, bañándome en un calor que ella tal vez nunca supo brindarme; en medio delbosque, en los lugares más tenebrosos, en el mar; allí estabas tú acompañándome; eras mi consuelo;siempre fuiste la que me orientaste en los momentos más difíciles. Mi gran diosa, mi verdadera diosa,que me has protegido de tantas calamidades; hacia ti en medio del mar; hacia ti junto a la costa; hacia tientre las rocas de mi isla desolada, elevaba la mirada y te miraba; siempre la misma; en tu rostro veíauna expresión de dolor, de amargura, de compasión hacia mí; tu hijo. Y ahora, súbitamente, Luna, estallasen pedazos delante de mi cama. Ya estoy solo. Es de noche.

      Comment on the personification of the moon as a maternal figure here

    2. Al cabo de una semana comprendí que aquello era un aviso, una premonición, un mensajede los dioses infernales, una nueva noticia terrible que me anunciaba que algo realmente novedoso estabapor ocurrirme; que ya en ese momento me estaba ocurriendo. El vaso lleno de agua era quizás unaespecie de ángel guardián, de talismán, algo había encamado en aquel vaso que durante años me habíaprotegido y me había librado de todos los peligros: enfermedades terribles, caídas de árboles,persecuciones, prisiones, disparos en medio de la noche, pérdida en medio del mar, ataques por pandillasde delincuentes armados en Nueva York en varias ocasiones. Una vez fui asaltado en medio del CentralPark; unos jóvenes me registraron, con una pistola apuntándome la cabeza, para sólo encontrar cincodólares; me manosearon tanto mientras me registraban, que terminamos haciendo el amor y, al final, yoles pedí por favor que me dieran un dólar para regresar a mi casa y me lo dieron. Ahora, toda aquellagracia que me había salvado de tantas calamidades parecía terminar.

      comment on how the significance of the glass is elaborated by Arenas; note the punctuation in this paragraph

    3. Las mil y una noches.

      comment on the significance of this book at this moment

    4. Pasé varias noches en Miami con la misma pesadillay me despertaba bañado en sudo

      what do you make of this final nightmare?

    5. aires.

      the dream time mixes chronology and places too - what effect does this have on the reader?

    6. .

      Comment on the language of this nightmare of being trapped in Cuba again and that in the following paragraph where he dreams of his mother.

    7. Mira, qué bien está, qué bien está»

      what do you think the meaning of the dream about Lezama Lima is?

    8. .

      describe the two nightmares of this opening paragraph

    9. antes de que llegara la plaga, antes de que la maldición cayesetambién sobre la ciudad, como siempre cae sobre todas las cosas realmente extraordinarias.

      What is it that ends the euphoric moment in NY?

    10. Pero a veces las brujas adquirían una forma casi semimasculina y entonces podían ser aún mássiniestras. Dentro de esas brujas que me acompañaron durante tanto tiempo en mi vida, cómo olvidar aCortés, bruja temible, de figura perfectamente brujil, gracias a quien tuve que escribir tantas veces minovela Otra vez el mar y que marcó mi vida con el horror durante toda la década del setenta; comoolvidar a Coco Salá, bruja también perfecta, que parecía estar siempre en constante levitación, de figurarealmente retorcida y siniestra, de cuerpo encorvado, gracias a quien fui a parar a la cárcel, a uno de loscírculos más dantescos del Infierno. Y cómo olvidar a la bruja clásica, la bruja cerrada de negro, conguantes y capa negra, con ojos saltones y pelo ralo; la bruja de la enorme quijada y sonrisa siniestra,Samuel Echerre; bruja temible que me hizo conocer lo que significaba la verdadera traición y que, comobruja al fin, volvía a aparecer dondequiera que yo me encontraba; ahora, montado en el mismo coche enque yo atravesaba las calles de Nueva York.

      These 'brujas' appear to be (homosexual) men. So: what is a bruja and how is femininity represented in them?

    11. Bruja fue mi tía Orfelina, perfecta en su maldad; con ella viví durante más de quince años bajo elterror y la amenaza de ser denunciado a la policía, pero no puedo negar que ejercía sobre mí una extrañaatracción; tal vez la atracción del mal, del peligro. Bruja memorable fue también en mi vida ClaraRomero quien, precisamente, transformó a La Habana Vieja en una fábrica de zuecos y renunció a laprostitución con la caída de sus tetas, convirtiéndose en una extraordinaria pintora, a la vez quedenunciaba a sus admiradores a la Seguridad del Estado.Las brujas han conminado mi vida. Aquellas brujas nunca abandonaron la escoba, no porque pudieranvolar, sino porque todas sus ansias y todas sus frustraciones y deseos se redimían barriendo y barriendoel corredor de mi casa, los patios, las salas, como si quisiesen barrer de esa forma sus propias vidas.Así, junto a todas estas brujas, se destaca la imagen de la bruja mayor; la bruja noble, la brujasufrida, la bruja llena de nostalgia y de tristeza, la bruja más amada del mundo: mi madre; también con suescoba, barriendo siempre como si lo que importara fuera el valor simbólico de esa acción.

      comment on these other brujas (i) tía Orfelina (remember her from other passages) (ii) Clara Romero (iii) his mother (remember image of her sweeping previously?

    12. al poder misterioso,maléfico y sublime de las bruja

      What about Ana Costa is 'misterioso, maléfico, sublime'?

    13. .

      List some qualities that witches have in this paragraph, according to Arenas

    14. .

      What does Arenas mean by being able to 'shout' under capitalism?

    15. no me sentí extranjero al llegar a Nueva York

      What qualities of NY make Arenas feel he is at home?

    16. Comprendí que la guerra comenzaba de nuevo, pero ahora bajo una forma mucho más solapada; menosterrible que la que Fidel sostenía con los intelectuales en Cuba, aunque no por ello menos siniestra

      What is this new war Arenas says he has fight? Who is on what side - who is against him now?

    17. A nuestro paso por lascalles de La Habana, veía a la gente caminando normalmente, libres de poder tomarse un helado o de iral cine a ver alguna película rusa, y yo sentía una profunda envidia por ellos. Yo era el prófugo y ahora elarrestado; el preso que iba a cumplir su condena.

      What do you make of Arenas's tone here? Is it easy to judge?

    18. Allí estaba todo aquel pueblo pidiendoparedón, como lo pedían también desaforadamente para muchos a principios de la Revolución

      What do you make of the revolutionary crowd? What is Arenas supposedly guilty of?

    19. La Ilíada; iba justamente por el momento en que Aquiles logra ser conmovido y entrega el cadáverde Héctor a Príamo, un momento único en toda la literatura, cuando sin darme cuenta por lo emocionadoque estaba en mi lectura, un hombre se acercó a mi lado y me puso una pistola en la cabeza. «¿Cómo tellamas?»

      What's the significance of Arenas reading the Iliad at the moment he is captured?

    20. Look up 'el caso Padilla' Arenas says he will kidnap another writer in exchange for Padilla's release. He is deeply politically committed to fighting the regime - does he seem to be a 'serious' political figure to you?

    21. Finalmente, aunque no me devolvió la carta, dijo que prefería nometerse en aquel chanchullo.

      chanchullo: pigsty of gossip. Why is this more than loose talk though?

    22. Sus

      Arenas asserts that many people are homosexual in this passage. Why does he do this? How does he know? What is the effect of saying this?

    23. Mientras mi tía realizaba el amorcon aquellos hombres en el cuarto, mi tío Chucho fregaba los platos en la cocina

      repression. What does Arenas think of it?

    24. What do you make of Arenas's description of his aunt in the final passage? How is his critique of the regime coded into the description - or is it simply the description of his horrible relative?

    25. Antes de llegar a la casa donde vivía mi madre, siempre la veía a ella en el portal o en la calle mismabarriendo el piso. Ella tenía esa cualidad de barrer tan levemente como si lo que le importase no fueserecoger la basura sino pasar la escoba. Su forma de barrer era como un símbolo; tan etérea, tan frágil,con aquella escoba que nada barría, pero que por una costumbre ancestral tenía que seguir manejando.Quizá trataba de barrer con aquella escoba la vida, tanta soledad, tanta miseria y yo, su único hijo,convertido en un homosexual en desgracia, en un escritor perseguido.

      what is the effect of this image of the mother sweeping?

    26. .

      critique of government? Description of facts? Both?

    27. The final excerpt is from later in Arenas's life - he is already part of the Revolution and living in Havana. How does his voice change in this passage compared to the earlier sections?

    28. El

      What does the sea mean to Arenas?

    29. .

      Think about how the text moves from personal anecdote to general statement. How effective do you think this final paragraph is?

    30. Regar la tierra y ver cómo absorbe el agua que le ofrendamoses también un acto único; caminar por la tierra, después de un aguacero, es ponemos en contacto con laplenitud absoluta; la tierra, satisfecha, nos impregna con su alegría, mientras todos sus olores llenan elaire y nos colman de una ansiedad germinativa

      How does Arenas describe peasant life and the line to the earth?

    31. al vez nuestras manos fueron instrumento de algún espíritu profético y burlón.

      explain what happens at the séance. What is Arenas's tone?

    32. La

      How is religion/spirituality represented by Arenas?

    33. How does Arenas describe himself as different to his family in these passages?

    34. Cuántas cosas pudieron haberse evitadosi lo hubiera hecho! E

      Arenas's mother (according to him) also considered suicide as an escape. How does Arenas look back and imagine his own possible suicide here?

    35. Llegaba hasta el río que bramaba poseído del hechizo incontrolable de la violencia.La fuerza de aquella corriente desbordándose lo arrastraba casi todo, llevándose árboles, piedras,animales, casas, era el misterio de la ley de la destrucción y también de la vida

      How is the force of the river characterised? Is the narrator frightened of it? What is their attitude?

    36. uerequeteses

      An antillean bird

    37. Y, al momento, llegaba la lluvia como un inmenso ejército que caminarasobre los árboles. En el corredor cubierto de zinc, el agua retumbaba como una balacera; sobre el techode guano de la sala eran como pisadas de mucha gente que marchasen sobre mi cabeza; en las canales elagua corría con rumor de arroyos desbordados y caía sobre los barriles con un estruendo de cascada; enlos árboles del patio, desde las hojas más altas hasta el suelo, el agua se convertía en un concierto detambores de diferentes tonos e insólitos repiqueteos; era una sonoridad fragante

      think about sound?

    38. Tal vez el acontecimiento más extraordinario que yo haya disfrutado durante mi infancia fue el quevenía del cielo. No era un aguacero común; era un aguacero de primavera tropical que se anunciaba congran estruendo, con golpes orquestales cósmicos, truenos que repercuten por todo el campo, relámpagosque trazan rayas enloquecidas, palmas que de pronto eran fulminadas por el rayo y se encendían yachicharraban como fósforos. Y, al momento, llegaba la lluvia como un inmenso ejército que caminarasobre los árboles.

      How does Arenas convey the power of the storm?

    39. Mi abuelo tenía sus rachas de furia; entonces, dejaba de hablar y se volvía mudo, desaparecía de lacasa y se iba para el monte, pasando semanas enteras durmiendo debajo de los árboles. Decía ser ateo y,a la vez, se pasaba la vida cagándose en la madre de Dios; quizás hacía todo eso para mortificar a miabuela, quien siempre estaba cayendo de rodillas en medio del campo y pidiéndole alguna gracia alcielo; gracia que, generalmente, no se le concedía.

      What effect does the description of the grandfather have at the end of the passage?

    40. El mundo de mi infancia fue unmundo poblado de mujeres abandonadas

      Comment on the matriarchal household Arenas grows up in. What details are we told? How are they significant?

    41. El muchacho creció y se hizo un hombrey a la guerra se fue a peleary en venganza mató a su padre.Así hacen los hijos que saben amar.

      What do you make of the song Arena's family teaches him to sing as a child?

    42. Eranmujeres atractivas pero, por alguna razón fatal, no podían retener a ningún hombre

      is 'fatal' ironic here?

    43. Creo que mi madre fue siempre fiel ala infidelidad de mi padre y eligió la castidad; una castidad amarga y, desde luego, antinatural y cruel,pues en aquellos momentos tenía solamente veinte años

      Why does the mother stay single? What does Arenas make of her choice?

    44. .

      What do you make of the detail that Arenas' father gives him money? What happens to the money?

    45. .

      What kind of context does Arenas grow up in? What's his tone towards this?

    46. el fruto de su fracaso

      Whose voice is this? How would you translate this and why?

    47. How is the child's imaginative power represented?

    48. Yo tenía dos años

      Tense - imperfect - a memory from the past but enduring