e, NIS1,

SGT1

Deletion of NIS1 had little effect on the virulence of C. orbiculare against N. benthamiana,

NIS1

SGT1

This suppression activity was specific for NLP1-induced cell death, since these effectors did not suppress INF1-induced necrosis.

It is possible that the amount of translocated ChEC:mRFP fusion protein is below the detection limits of confocal microscopy and immunogold labelling.

suggests wave one or two effectors (or their activities) may be recognized by these resistance proteins

host-derived cell wall material is deposited beneath appressoria before any visible penetration or structural damage to the cuticle/cell wall,

strong basipetal polarity associated with switch from radial (isometric) expansion to focused tip growth of the emerging penetration hypha

this suggests that host-derived signals, rather than developmental cues, induce ChEC expression

ChEC3, ChEC3a or ChEC5 failed to suppress INF1-induced necrosis, whereas co-expression of Avr3aKI, a well-described suppressor of INF1-induced cell death [26], resulted in significant necrosis reduction in our assay

last wave of effector genes, exemplified by ChNLP1 and ChToxB, is induced only during the switch to necrotrophy, suggesting that their toxic products contribute to terminating the biotrophic phase for subsequent necrotrophic growth

In contrast, ChEC13, ChEC34, ChEC51, ChEC56, ChEC88 and ChEC89 are specifically induced during penetration and establishment of biotrophic hyphae (wave three)

unpenetrated appressoria in planta, exemplified by ChEC7 and ChEC9. Similarly, ChEC3, ChEC3a, ChEC4, ChEC6 and ChEC36

ChEC5 and ChEC91 were preferentially induced in saprotrophic mycelium. T

Scientists have sequenced the entire transcriptome of Colletotrichum higginsianum, a fungal species that infects Arabidopsis and causes necrotrophic growth.

Colletotrichum gloeosporioides is a notable pathogen associated with > 470 different host species and is commercially significant as the major causal agent of post-harvest disease in fruits such as avocado, banana, mango, coffee and strawberries

whereas the necrotrophic stage of growth is characterized by upregulation of sequences encoding degradative enzymes

secondary metabolite synthesis genes were upregulated during initial stages of host colonization

Many studies on Colletotrichum are restricted to strains affecting single crop species

anthracnose diseases

Brassicaceae

but tissue alkalinization was less pronounced in maize colonized by C. graminicola at this stage

dicot cell walls are enriched with pectin (35% in dicots compared to 10% in maize), whereas the cell walls of grasses contain more hemicellulose (60% in grasses compared to 30% in dicots) and phenolics

Transcripts encoding a vast array of lytic enzymes are induced at the transition to necrotrophy

ily to deliver protein effectors and secondary metabolites to the plant cell.

These specialized hyphae morphologically resemble the haustoria of obligate biotrophs

This suggests Colletotrichum requires a maximum capacity for host manipulation during intracellular colonization and that biotrophic hyphae provide a major interface for effector delivery to host cells.

Early during infection, the transcriptome of C. higginsianum was dominated by secondary metabolism genes, with 12 different secondary metabolism gene clusters being induced before penetration and during biotrophy

the majority (62%) of which are activated during necrotrophy

C. graminicola and C. higginsianum belong to sister clades within the genus

Necrotrophy in C. higginsianum is associated with local alkalinization of Arabidopsis tissue, probably resulting from fungal ammonia secretion

monocot and dicot plants