This article tells us the reason why Facebook spent $19B to buy WhatsApp. In some large developing countries like India and Mexico, WhatsApp is so much more popular than Facebook, and WhatsApp users would become more and more so that Facebook would lose mobile social networking competitiveness in foreign countries. So the goal that Facebook dropped $19B on WhatsApp was not making profits, but to keep the linchpin of Facebook in the mobile social networking.

I'm from China. Even China is known as a socialist country, capitalism also plays a very important role in its economy. I think China is a socialist country because the government has the fully control over state-owned enterprises, and if the government wants, they can also control private enterprises. However, there are also ways that we can see capitalism in China. There are so many private sectors in China, and private sector is a major contributor to GDP. Normally, business owners have the right to decide what to produce and what's the price.

This article talks about the harm that Jimmy Kimmel's Halloween Candy Prank brings to children. It states that children's abilities to understand humor based on their ages, so when these pranks happen to children who are younger than 10 years old, it might be traumatic experiences for children because we can see the painful reactions from children. I think the Candy prank is definitely harmful to children, but parents can tell children that it is a prank and show them the candies right after the prank, so calling it a traumatic experience is way too exaggerated. It could be harmful, but it can also be the lesson of teaching children the sense of humor. I think parents decide if they should play the prank based on children's personalities and their ages.

Personally, I think the most important factor is abusiveness. Just like the enforcing norms say, "public shaming must aim at reintegration of the norm violator back into the community." When celebrities make mistakes, public shaming can work as the punishments to them, but the goal should be let them realize their mistakes and feel guilty. When public shaming becomes abusive and aims to permanently stigmatize these people, it would be an instance of bad public shaming.

This article reveals that there is a forum called 4chan, where people talk about illegal contents and offensive opinions that are not allowed on mainstream social media on. As these illegal contents become more and more on 4chan, they appear on other social media such as YouTube, and people use large tech companies name to replace some illegal words, which brings these contents to mainstream. But as more people realize the existence of 4chan, more control is put on this platform, and the illegal contents on 4chan are getting less.

Personally, I never experienced harassment on social media, but based on my observation, harassment happens a lot to influencers on social media, especially for females. Influencers usually get bullied when they do something wrong( or there are some people telling rumors about bad things influencers did), as some people start doing this, others might trust them and follow up bullying influencers. And for females influencers, revenge porn and deep-fake porn happen to them, and people tend to believe these porns to be real because that's what they want to see. These harassments will bring very huge damage to the influencers and their families.

This article tells us that about 75% of Wikipedia is written by around 1% of its editors. This is a very typical example of crowdsourcing, however, the truth that most of people called "editors" actually did nothing. I used Wikipedia, and I knew there is so much knowledge on it. When I saw the data that only about 1300 editors wrote 75% of Wikipedia, I was shocked because all the editors volunteered to do these and they actually did a lot. And I think it's very important in every fields to have such leaders.

I think crowdsourcing happens a lot on the internet, and sometimes people participate in crowdsourcing without realizing it. I've never participated in crowdsourcing that is mentioned in this chapter, but when I shop or order food online, I usually write comments and rate the stuffs.I think this is also a kind of crowdsourcing because many people write comments, and their rates and comments can be seen by others so others can get information about the merchandise.

This article talks about the problem that Facebook has about the languages on the platform. Facebook allows over 100 languages to be used, but the content moderation workers are only able to moderate about 50 languages, and the automated moderators can only moderate 30 languages. This caused the problem that some users posts information about racism, spam, and other dangerous messages in languages that the moderators can't read, which brings rick to users. The article says Facebook is working on solving this problem, and I hope all languages that are allowed on Facebook can be used in a safe way even there are difficulties.

Even there are automated moderators and people who are content moderators, the risk of languages that have no content moderation is very high. People might spread illegal information by using these languages with translation. Platforms like Facebook have users from all over the world, and just like it says in 15.2, Facebook has a menus and prompts in 111 different languages. However, content moderators only know 50 languages even people who are content moderators are already very limited. This brings huge danger such as spam and threat to users of Facebook.

This article reveals the mistakes that AI made about content moderation. There are over 2.2 millions of incorrect copyright claims in six months, which caused economic losses to video creators on Youtube. And the Youtube workers would work on reducing the rate of making this mistake. I think we should understand that sometimes automated content moderation makes mistakes. And actually, we do need content moderation to provide us a better online environment. And I hope content moderation will be better as soon as possible.

A few weeks ago, I watched one of my favorite movie in a US theater. And I posted some videos about that movie on Chinese TikTok since the movie was not available in China. But as more and more people watched my video, it was suddenly deleted by the platform. At that moment, I realized that I violated the copyright of the movie company. This incident made me feel the existence of content moderation and how capable algorithms are. And I think content moderation is needed to protect the rights of users and companies.

This article discussed if social media like Facebook and instagram are conclusive to teenagers' mental health. Even the survey of teenagers shows that most teenagers think social media is harmful and make them addicted to it, the research makes it clear that more teenagers think social media brings more benefits. And the outcome from the survey is not objective because that's not what these teenagers really think about. Personally, I also think teenagers mental health is more about the environment in real life, such as families and school life. They choose to use social media because it can bring good emotions to them. And the end of this article, the researchers said: we should elevate the positive and diminish the negative aspects of their platform, and I totally agree with this. And I think this is the best way to solve the problem.

Like chapter 13.2 says, social media is bbad for people's mental health when trauma dumping happens. People express negative emotions on the internet as a way to vent, but this behavior would bring negative emotions to others. And there are also some negative communities that are bad for people's mental health. These two are what I can truly feel on the internet. There are also good communities on the internet. These communities can encourage people and brings positive emotions. When I use social media, some information also make me relaxed.

This article is trying to find out who said "A Lie is Halfway Round the World Before the Truth Has Got Its Boots On". Many people think Winston Churchill first said this, but a different version of this sentence appeared earlier. So ironically, the origin of this sentence itself is also a lie. The spreading of this sentence is just like the way that information on internet spreads. We receive some information and build our own understanding of it then tell the edited information to others, leading the fake information to spread in a speed that we cannot imagine.

I think this kind of video is very funny and can brings people happiness. And when these videos go viral, it brings the creators and re-creators a lot of exposure, which can be used to make money. However, when people are re-creating videos from others, they should be ethical and be clear about what kind of videos they should re-create. Also, they should do it with the original creator's permission.

This article shows a possible violation of privacy right that Facebook made. Facebook makes 'allowing others to look up users' profile by phone number ' by default in order to recommend friends. However, these recommended friends might be ex or abuser, as this chapter says earlier. Also, the users cannot cancel this setting. But based on this article, this is currently changed. But users are still worrying about if their phone numbers can really be hidden completely.

I think social media platforms have the responsibility to recommend positive and correct content to people instead of just recommending content that people are interested in. One strategy is making another algorithm that verifies a post's authenticity and estimate its influence before it gets posted, avoiding too much fake and negative information is posted on the platforms. Another way is to allow users to report posts and get feedback about the recommendations from users.

This article introduces a female who is working on using AI technology to help people with disabilities. It first introduces this female's diploma and working experiences, and then tells us the main working focus of this female. She's trying to cultivate accessible computing research lab and design studio to help people understand the world of disabilities and help disabilities to live a normal life. From this article, I can see the importance of accessible designs.

This paragraph describes a situation that I can feel in person in real life. Nowadays, some platforms provide personalized mode for the way that the platforms work, which ensure to a very great extent that people do not feel like they are "disabled" when using internet. I saw a video of a blind computer programmer before, and this paragraph recalled my memory about that programmer. She uses Alt-text and listen to all the code she types to make a program run successfully, which made me feel the help that accessible design brings to us.

This article reports the situation that Facebook stores users' passwords in plain text instead of encrypted password, meaning stuffs with enough access can directly see the passwords of all the users. Even though they said no one leaked or illegally used the passwords, I still have doubts about this since we don't know what they actually do. When using social media, we give up some of our privacy, so I think if there are some things that we really don't want others to know, we should try to not talk about them on social media.

I think whether violating privacy of users is good or bad depends on the purpose of doing that. Some social media companies violate users' privacy because they want to make sure the users' actions on the platform are legal. There are so many fake accounts and scams on the social media, so some companies might violate these users' privacy in order to protect other users from being victimized. But like we learned from last chapter, one of the main goal of social medias is to increase the time users spend on their platforms. And I think they also want users on their platforms to be as more as possible. So they might collect users and non-users' data and analyze these data without getting permission.

This article is about if Facebook really collects non-users' data, how does Facebook collect these data, and how does Facebook use these data. After reading this article, I knew that Facebook does collect non-users' data, but it doesn't create shadow profiles for non-users. The purpose Facebook uses these data is to connect two Facebook user through a non-user since they might know each other, and these data will be deleted in 10 days. But the thing is, they are collecting data all the time, so these data about non-users will not be deleted completely. When I use Instagram and TikTok, the app recommended friends to me. And sometimes I was very confused about how the apps know that I knew these people even it showed that we don't have any common friends on the apps. After reading this article, I guess sometimes they recommend friends through non-users.

This paragraph illuminated the fact behind some social media such as TikTok. As a TikTok user, I spend so much time on scrolling everyday, but I didn't know why only videos on TikTok are so attracting me so much until I read this chapter. The platform collects the data about what kind of videos I watch the most and uses algorithm to recommend videos to me. For instance, I really like playing pool and watching pool games on TikTok, so when I scroll, some ads about pool products such as pool cues, tips, and gloves show up. And the way that TikTok increase the time users spend on scrolling is also about this. We don't know what video will show up before we scroll, but when we scroll to the next video and get the video that we are interested in, we just keep scrolling.

This article tells us the joke that Jaboukie Young-White made about FBI and MLK. I think it is offensive because MLK is such a great figure in the US. There are people admiring him and respecting him. Making jokes about MLK's assassination by impersonating FBI offended the real FBI, and it also insulted MLK.

Nowadays, trolls are very common on the internet, and this paragraph really made me worried about the situation. There are so many ways people can express themselves on social media, such as posts and comments. Vicious words on the internet can really hurt people in real life. And I agree with the point that some trolls would be more dangerous when they are ignored, so instead of ignoring them, I think some rules and policies are needed to prevent them from acting that way, such as kicking them out of the platforms and arresting them when it's necessary.

This article tells us Donald Trump's Twitter posts are not just written by himself, these posts are posted by iPhone and Android phone. And data shows that the posts published by Android phone are written with angrier and more negative tone, which are written by Donald Trump himself. The other half posts are published by staff who are trying to imitate Donald Trump's tone and publish positive views. The article tells us the authenticity and inauthenticity on social media. So we should be able to distinguish what we can trust and what we cannot trust.

Just like this chapter says, parasocial relationship is very common on social media. Such as influencers and their followers. In Chinese TikTok, the most common way that influencers call their followers is families and brothers no matter they are male or female. This kind of call builds a parasocial relationship between the influencers and their followers by giving followers a illusion that they have a very close relationship with the influencers, so they would be willing to buy the merchandises the influencers are selling. I also followed some influencers such as fitness bloggers and they replied my messages sometimes, but when I asked them work out together face to face, they would reject me. So parasocial relationship is authentic in the way of giving the followers emotional value and support, but it is also inauthentic because influencers are not friends with most of their followers in real life, but they still act that way.

This article shows the history of how black people were looking for a platform to express themselves, communicating with other black people, and spreading their culture to the society. They tried Facebook and some other platforms and finally realized that twitter is a platform that had more freedom and fun. From this article, I felt the power of social media. It brings people together and pushes the development of society and culture.

With the internet and social media development, various kinds of platforms and apps start to emerge. By reading through this unit, I'm so glad to see and feel the development of social media, which made the communication between people so easy and convenient. Meanwhile, So many bad information starts to appear on the internet. This is an uncontrollable thing. So all we can do is filtrate the information from the internet and choose what is beneficial for us.

This article is about Elon's query of the percentage of fake accounts and his plan of buying Twitter. Currently, twitter is already under the name of Elon Musk, but the question about the fake accounts on social media is still a worth-considering question. Data on the internet is simplified and it comes with some bad impacts, so when using internet, we should be able to realize what is real and what is fake. And when we post data on the internet, we should try to use the most helpful way to represent the reality we want to show to others.

I totally agree with this. All data is a simplification of reality, but in the process of simplification, some information is lost. So when we are choosing the way of simplification, we should consider the pros and cons, then decide which simplification would be the best to satisfy the need of different users.

This is a really common thing happened on the internet. Even though some information are not true, people use bots to send so many likes to these information, in order to lead others to trust these information because they are being accepted to so many people. Bots can also bring many fake followers to accounts to make them look like authorized.

This article is about how people use clicking farms to bring flows to a post or news on social media. It makes posts and news look like being more popular so people will follow the "fake" popularity. So nowadays, there are so many informations on the internet that are being popular artificially. It feels like we can only know things that others want us to know.

I don't really agree with this point. Parents get the right to be treated or not, but as a sad thing, instead of completely ignoring the illness, we should at least try to convince them to do so.

I really like this sentence. No matter what thing are you focusing on, all you need to do is try your best. Don't be worried because of anything that you cannot decide.