• ELISA / EIA / IF = different laboratory methods used to detect antibodies.
• IgM = appears early → suggests a recent/current infection.
• IgG = appears later → suggests past infection or longer-term immunity. Easy note: ELISA/EIA/IF → detect antiviral IgM & IgG; IgM appears early → helps diagnose recent infection.

RT-PCR: Detects RNA by first converting it to DNA (reverse transcription), then amplifying it with PCR.

Parotitis: Inflammation and swelling of the parotid salivary glands, often causing swollen cheeks/jaw; classically seen with mumps virus.

indicates recent/acute infection

Lymphadenopathy: Swollen/enlarged lymph nodes, usually due to infection or inflammation.

• As vectors = they act like a delivery vehicle for a gene.
• Vaccines: The virus can carry a gene from another pathogen → cells make that pathogen protein → immune system learns to recognize it.
• Gene therapy: The virus can deliver a therapeutic gene into cells to help treat a disease. Easy note:<br /> Vaccinia/canarypox = viral “delivery vehicles” used to deliver genes for vaccines or gene therapy.

Eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusions = the general description (pink-staining inclusions in the cytoplasm) Guarnieri bodies = the specific name for these inclusions in poxvirus-infected cells

Appearance: They look like small pink blobs when stained with eosin and viewed under a microscope. Function: They act as factories where the virus makes copies of itself. Location: They sit inside the main body of the host's epithelial (skin) cells, rather than inside the cell nucleus.