Where is the discussion section, and what are the next steps with this research?

Do we know what the outcomes of singing and lyrical music is, it seemed to mainly talk about instrumental

What causes neuroplasticity and neurogenesis? Because even though music stimulates those areas, if it's not over a prolonged period, what would cause that?

What are the long term effects of this? Do they have to keep up with the therapy to keep the results, or are the impacts long lasting.

I saw there was a couple studies that said the effects lasted into a 1 month checkup, but I didn't know if that was the behavioral impact, or also physiological?

HPA axis = hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis

CRF = corticotropin releasing factor -- stimulates ACTH -- then stimulates cortisol release

cortisol prevents HPA axis activity, PTSD has overreacted HPA that doesn't return to baseline

This changes the structure and function of the amygdala, hippocampus, and PFC

BOLD = Blood-oxygen level dependent

PTSD shows hyperactivity in the amygdala, so how does music stimulation help if it's already hyper stimulated?

This study specifically mentions Chinese and Western music as being effective, do you know if they tried other types of music to prove they weren't as effective, or are these the only they tried?

Most studies use music that "contains simple repetitive rhythms, low pitch, slow tempos, harmony, and lack percussive instruments and vocals"

Story and Beck (2017) reported classical music as a coping tool that helped regulate emotions, but only used percussive instruments (xylophones, maracas, indian bells, tone bars, etc.)

Are differences in effect tied to the instrumental medium?

Paper mentions the difference that different styles and genres of music have on individuals: ex: western and country are sedative, while chinese classical reduced anxiety and postoperative pain

Is your research taking genres into consideration when looking at your results?

PTSD shows: * hyperactive amygdala * hypoactive hippocampus * hypoactive PFC

The standard deviation for age is only 0.27, with an N=69. There are only 5 people equal to or less than the poverty line, and 6 people who have 10x the poverty line. How are they able to make this correlation, or any correlation at all lol

In some cases, accuracy has a slight negative correlation with P3b amplification, giving the impression that the higher amplification, there is lower accuracy. Confusing

I know this paper says longitudinal studies should be done, but are there any papers that show ERP data for now adults who grew up with low SES?

Accuracy is positively associated with P3b, so higher the P3b, the higher the accuracy

ITN = income relative to poverty line, so high ITN is high above the poverty line

Table 4, the correlational table shows almost no significant results for accuracy besides age. Higher accuracy corresponds greatly with higher age. So why do we care?

Paper never mentions compensating participants for their time? seems sus when trying to get low SES participants

I was thinking about how the Tempest compares to other Shakespeare works and I found a rather stark contrast in who the common enemy is throughout the story. This quote in particular, achieves this, but so do any quotes where Caliban is dehumanized. Often in Othello, King Lear, Henry V, and parts of other works shared a common enemy of someone in power or economically superior/educated. While we can certainly tell that Prospero is no saint, a lot of the misfortune in the Tempest is targeted towards Caliban, who is much poorer and in less control than those who came to his island. It is also interesting because Caliban is not the sole "villain" of the Tempest, but he is put in a position in which many of his actions can be seen as villainous, such as attempting to rape Miranda. Despite this, Prospero teaching him how to speak has little to do with Caliban's actions, but rather Prospero's self-driven superiority. These evident flaws in their characters make it hard to decide which is more in the wrong, which is an dilemma we don't see as much in Shakespeare's plays.

I think in these quotes we can see a little bit of background to Caliban's behavior. No matter what, attempting to rape Miranda is not justified, but to him it does not seem like a big deal or problem. In this quote he reminds us that the island originally belongs to him and his mother, suggesting that he is the one that shall pass judgment on its grounds. We also know from other parts of the book, they were cruel to the spirits that also inhabited the island with them, which may also impact why he is okay with cruelly treating others. These quotes also give the impression that even after death, Syncorax is able to influence and control Caliban, as he is unable to think of the island without mentioning her. He thinks ruling the island is his birthright and the constant reminder of his mother could be a large factor in his complex of not seeing himself in the wrong.

In this dialogue we have Prospero beginning to give up on his magic, as he realizes that despite his attempts to use it to avoid reality, he is unable to. This is seen through him having to call off Miranda and Ferdinand's wedding due to Caliban's plot. I also know someone made the comparison of Shakespeare and Prospero at the end of the book, suggesting Shakespeare could be speaking through Prospero in saying goodbye to his work. I think the same idea is present here, as Shakespeare could be giving up on his work/magic. I also think the "great globe" could be referring to the Globe Theater in which Shakespeare performed, further emphasizing the possibilities of this being part of Shakespeare's farewell spoken through Prospero. The wording he chooses, such as "actors" and "pageant," as well the imagery, give it a description that could be seen as the ending of a play, which i think fits both Prospero's and Shakespeare's narroration.

I think this quote goes well with what we discussed today in class regarding Caliban, as well as the whole colonization aspect behind how he is described. In this quote Caliban tells Prospero and Miranda that he has only been cursed by learning their language and he despises it. Prospero responds saying that Caliban is ungrateful and has no reason to show aggression towards their language. This strongly resembles the imperialization process, when languages and customs are often forced onto natives of a region and those who are imperializing the country feel as though they are helping or saving the people who already live there, just because they cannot understand their way of life. The treatment of Caliban throughout the book strongly emphasizes how they treat him as a foreigner, even though they are foreigners to his island.

(I am only highlighting his name because I don't want to highlight the ENTIRE quote) As a character that is often drunk or has a harsh tone, as well as dark desires regarding Miranda, this is a drastic change from what we are used to. As he maintains the role of a servant he has constantly tried to defy authoritative figures on the island and thinks of himself as more worthy than his current role. This sensory imagery and tone of a dreamy island, one filled with songs and instruments is almost rebalances his character. Given his unfavorable situation, yet his unwavering love of the island, we are able to see that Caliban is not all bad, and the emotions he constantly expresses to others, especially Prospero, are not all that there is to his character.

Here she is declaring her love for Ferdinand, but it shows a contrast to most of her actions throughout the play. Prior, she has been isolated on this island and under the direct supervision of her father. This has left very little room for her to be her own individual, as even this proposed marriage must go through her fathers approval. The difference in this Miranda in comparison to Miranda throughout the rest of the play, is her independent feelings, which were not decided for her. She still remains to be influenced in her decisions, but this time it is by her own emotions. Since she has always remained under influence by her father there is this young daughterly tone surrounding her, but in her speech she specifically uses words like "wife" "maid" "your fellow" which gives her this older identity, as well as transfers her loyalty to Ferdinand rather than all to her father.

I think while this line is pretty shallow, it has an emphasis on what type of love Hero and Claudio have. In this statement Claudio seems to be saying that now that Hero's name is cleared, he all of a sudden finds her as beautiful as before he called off their marriage. This puts a big emphasis on marriage being a societal standard rather than about love and how its beauty is often seen in the action of marriage rather than their relationship. This is also easy to compare to Beatrice and Benedick who don't throw around words like "love" and beauty when talking about their relationship, yet seem to be better of in terms of mutual love and respect. It shows that words, while sometimes loving, definitely do not speak as loud as actions; as demonstrated by him turning her down at their first wedding, as well as the relationship between Beatrice and Benedick as a whole.

Claudio, despite clearly being in the wrong for making a false accusation would rather keep is pride than admit he is wrong. The quote "yet sinn'd I not / But in mistaking" demonstrates this and shows his willingnes to take punishment for his "wrongs," rather than admitting to his faults. He pins his errors on being misled, and therefore does not hold himself responsible. I also think this demonstrates how superficial his relationship is with hero, because rather than mourning her "death" he is concerned about his pride/reputation. He demonstrates a fondness of social hierarchies more than his own wife.

I know people have already talked about how this is an insult against men, which I agree with, but I also think there is a lot about equality in these quotes. When talking about dust and the earth, I assume she is talking about how we all die and turn to ash. We are all made of the same earth. Because of this, it doesn't make sense that someone with the same fate and origins (men) would get to overpower women. We are all the same and made of the same earth. It is fitting that this quote would come from Beatrice, as she is quite unconventional in her outspokenness and strong opinions; both traits you wouldn't normally see from a woman at this time.

This whole play utilizes and alters this idea of a dream state. This is achieved through the concept of midsummer, the love potions, as well as the occurrence of sleep. I feel as though all of Theseus's lines in this section almost breaks away from all of that and explains how different people imagine different things, and that many occurrences are a matter of perspective. He gives the examples of a poet, madman, and a lover; all who he states have vast imaginations. The quote I highlighted I liked due to the emphasis of the range in which people view the world. Comparing heaven and earth, as well as earlier mentioning "vast hell" demonstrates that depending on who people are and their backgrounds, the same reality can be seen as heavenly or hellish. This could be tied to social class and how someone like Bottom is treated, but I also think it could apply to desires and how those could cloud judgment or alter reality.

There is a lot of jokes that go into his name being "Bottom" as well as having the head of an ass. Not only is he the butt of many of Shakespeare's jokes, but he is blatantly unaware of the irony or humor in his own jokes. In this quote he is observing that his friends are running away from him after observing that he now has the head of an ass. He comments, suggesting that they are only doing so to "make an ass" out of him/making fun of him, while he doesn't notice his own transformation and their fear. This naïve mentality is maintained for his entirety of having the head of an ass, especially when he believes Titania is truly in love with him.

This "form in wax" idea reminds me of John Locke theory about people being born a blank slate. While Locke was after both Shakespeare and midsummer's time, I think the concept is similarly implied in this sentence. The quote before stating "your father should be as a god" gives this man vs. woman power binary, putting men at a significantly higher, even godly level. In context of the story, it seems Theseus is implying that Hermia's father made her who she is, and that he can also "leave the figure or disfigure it," giving power to Egeus, even when Hermia is no longer a child. I think these words in the moment are very misogynistic, but contrast well with her later character development, emphasizing how strongly independent she is, overcoming her wax fate.

An example of a divide between the social standards for men and women. Helena talks about how women cannot "fight for love" which illustrates them not being able to peruse the ones they truly love, but I also think this comparison works to demonstrate the quite literal fight for "love" that Theseus peruses through taking Hippolyta in the midst of a battle. This quote describes a passive love that women are supposed to partake in, just allowing things to happen, while men are the ones who chose who and how they love. The words "scandal on my sex" demonstrates how not abiding by these terms is in no way acceptable and is a social disgrace.

The quote "Is there any cause in nature that makes these hard hearts?" gives off an ignorant and oblivious vibe, suggesting that Lear has little to no idea why his daughter dislikes him. The language used in this quote like "anatomize" and "breeds" suggest animalistic traits are being applied to Regan. Anatomize almost makes Regan sound disposable and that finding the source of their hatred is more important than his own daughters life. Asking if there is any cause in "nature that makes these hard hearts" seems to be another animalistic application, suggesting that her emotions or thought process cannot be the reason. It is simply a fault of nature, or up to chance. This could further be seen as Lear dismissing that he's done anything wrong as a father or a ruler.

Through these quotes we see King Lear start to associate humans with animals. Saying that "the worm no silk, the beast no hide, the sheep no wool, the cat no perfume." is emphasizing how poorly he thinks of this man due his lack of clothing; suggesting that even animals have things to keep them covered. Those who don't have status, riches, or any wealth to speak of are sub human in Lear's eyes, and demonstrate how blind he is to life outside of his own. I think this also fits our past discussion of power binaries, despite the poor man not actually being an animal, the man vs. animal binary is there, further emphasizing both the greatness Lear sees in himself, and the lack of worth he sees in the poor.

Nice break from the previous sonnets. This quote can go along with the idea that the body is a temple, but instead of feeding/focusing on what is inside the temple (the soul), people are often focused on what is on the outside, such as physical appearance, clothing, looking higher class. Using your energy to focus on those things starves the soul, which is everlasting, rather than "having so short a lease" like the physical body. A soul when neglected is represented in the quote "Then soul, live thou upon thy servant's loss," illustrating that living for your physical status is detrimental to the status of your soul.

After tormenting him for so long, she finally realized that she did pity him. There seems to be a rather toxic relationship going on here in the fact that her mouth and words are what seemed to cause him the most pain, yet from his perspective, they were crafted by a god of love (Eros, Cupid, Aphrodite, etc.). He also describes her abusive tongue as "ever sweet," further emphasizing this blind abuse he seems to have been part of. His desperation for her pity is shown in an exaggerated magnitude by saying she saved his "life" by choosing no stop further torments.

He is basically asking her to pretend that he is Will (her lover), and since Will is her lover, and he is now Will, he should be allowed to act on his sexual desires, just as Will would be. There is the same idea in the last line of the sonnet with the quote "And then thou lov'st me for my name is 'Will'." These quotes seem to be a way of validating his sexual desires, by claiming he is no different than her lover, and if she can have sex with one man, she can have sex with many. Very.. interesting mentality

See seems to be going for a woman who has eyes for other men (and is apparently known for it). The statement "The sea, all water, yet receives rain, still," suggests that he is frustrated that she will not accept him, despite already having accepted other people. It also seems to be very much in that women are property mentality. Maybe not physically, but in a sexual way, it is expected for them to give in to men's desires

This is a continuation of 133 which is referring to his other half/friend. It seems that the half of him which he is missing, is the half of him that she wants. Because of this, he gives the rest of himself to her. In the lines "...so that other mine / Thou wilt restore to be my comfort still" suggests that the decision to give all of himself to her, is in the hopes that he will once again be whole and "comfort[ed]" by not being just part of himself.

Sonnets where he is referring to his "friend" kind of confuse me, but from the way he is talking, his "friend" seems to be another part of himself. The line "me from myself, thy cruel eye hath taken" seems to infer that she has taken part of him from himself. This would make more sense in the context that she is keeping parts of him metaphorically imprisoned, yet since those parts are imprisoned separately, he cannot feel whole. The lines "Of him, myself, and thee I am forsaken" show a sense of abandonment, that he feels betrayed by himself, his friend (another part of himself), and the dark lady

Using the homophones of "morning" and "mourning" shows a difference in conventional beauty. Morning, is something which signifies a light being cast, the sun rising, bringing life and the start of a new day. Mourning on the other hand can often be illustrated as a dark cloud, dismay, often the loss of life, and overall darkness. While she does not fit the standard of "morning," morning is not what he is looking for, he is looking for the eyes that pity him, a standard in which her "mourning" eyes do fit.

I think this sonnet fits in well with sonnet CXXI, where he talks about how his opinions differ from the rest of society, specifically those who are in power. In this quote he seems to be saying that many will say that she is not pretty enough to find love, demonstrating societies view. His view is stated both previously with "Thou art the fairest and most precious jewel," as well as afterwards with "Thy black is fairest in my judgement's place" which are both examples of him rejecting societies view, as he finds them attractive.

I also really like the juxtaposition between the uses of the word "black" and "fair." While fair may sometimes mean things like honest and true, it also means light. So comparing her beauty, which is dark, to a beauty that is fair almost shows like an inner light that he is able to see, yet the rest of society is not.

In an earlier sonnet (LV) he had described this beautiful person as someone who was almost more than a godly figure, someone who could outlive the destruction of the god of war (in his poems). He treated her as a divine being instead of a normal person, so hearing the quote "My mistress, when she walks, treads on the ground" is very humbling, but it also shows a very different type of love. He's treating her as human.

This quote gives a conflicted feeling of admiration for the darker beauty, and a sense of rejection, hinting it isn't true "beauty." In earlier sonnets Shakespeare compares beauty to nature quite a bit, and in this quote nature is represented through the word "creation." It seems as though this "black beauty" is something that is not normally part of nature, as all things naturally beautiful are "fair," yet despite this, he still finds the black beauty enchanting, despite its unconventional nature.

He seems to be standing up for himself, as people think of him as strange or not as he should be. I also don't think he is claiming all people to be evil, but that it is the weak minded (frail, as they are described) who end up accusing him of being "vile." The line "I am that I am" is another strong line that shows his confidence in individuality and that people aren't made to blend in. I feel as though this sonnet is a stand against societal beliefs, rather than the people themselves.

i think this line is really significant, considering for the past few sonnets all Shakespeare has talked about is how beauty is powerful, fleeting, and must be preserved for as long as possible, yet he thinks of his own body as worthless. I think it also shows that beauty isn't always a physical thing, because Shakespeare is for better or for worse, very fond and proud of his poems, and in a way I think that is his expression of beauty. These lines just show that, like a woman having a child to pass on her beauty, he is passing down his poems, to show the beauty of their love.

Shakespeare employs the usage of scenery and seasons to emphasize a growing love over time. The leaves turning yellow, the lack of bird songs, sunsets, twilight, darkness, a fire slowly burning, etc. All things that come and go, yet their love remains. In the quote "This thou perceiv'st, which makes thy love more strong" suggests that as time goes on, and they are there to witness it, their love grows stronger because they know the end only gets closer

twilight ;)

Throughout this sonnet, which I agree is a continuation of the last one, he seems to be encouraging her to forget him, for the sake of their name. In saying "And hang more praise upon deceased I / Than niggard truth would willingly impart" which gives the idea that he believes she can bring him more glory than hes worth. In the quote I highlighted, there is a similar message where he is expressing shame for what his life has produced (kinda sad).

The intention of his words are to ensure that this woman doesn't allow his passing to effect her negatively. He seems very concerned about her well-being after he dies, and is putting her first. He does not want to be responsible for her sadness, and would rather be completely forgotten than have her sad. Very different from his past sonnets where he would refer to the timeless power of undying love.

He seems to be describing this woman as a more than Godly figure. He arrogantly states that his poems will preserve her and her beauty through time, even after statues of prices fall and war washes over the world. Not even the god of war himself can rid the world of his poems. And one day, while the world is in shambles, she will be chosen to join God in heaven. It's a very bold, as well as heavy statement that paints her beauty as above us

"both find each other" sounds like it is referring to two people he loves, both loving each other instead of him. it may not be romantic love, it could be just a friend, but either way it causes him pain. "for my sake lay on me this cross" shows the agony it causes. What really changes the meaning of this poem is the couplet at the end. It seems that he is exclaiming that it is a good thing this would never happen, as he is the "friend." He is almost mocking the fact that she would love no one else but him.

These lines seem to suggest that everywhere this woman goes, her beauty causes trouble. She attracts temptation and is a prize to be won. She also attracts am aggressive pursuit, suggesting that she is cannot be refused. This poem displays beauty in a a powerful light, emphasizing not only how superficial Shakespeare apparently was with the ladies, but also how much of an advantage it provides

In the first two lines he is suggesting that if the one he loves should ever outlive him, he wants them to read his poems in order to remember his love. He also seems to be concerned that other poets will go on to be better than he was, as shown in the lines "And though they outstripp'd by every pen" along with "But since he died and poets better prove." I agree with those who have annotated that this is an R type of Romance because there doesn't seem to be any of that disgusting twilight type love, and it is rather distinguished.

This specific quote gives the impression that all past people he as loved, even those he thought were gone, can be seen in this woman. The love he has for her encapsulates all he has to give and their memories live in her.

I feel like this sonnet was just a really exaggerated way of saying "all my love belongs to you." One thing that caught my eye in this sonnet is the rhyme scheme which seemed a little bit off. The words "dead" and "buried" don't rhyme, yet the rhyme scheme continues around it. Despite the words not phonologically rhyming, their definitions seem to give it the rhyme, as dead and buried are nearly synonymous. The weird rhyme scheme continues with an eye rhyme. using the words "gone" and "alone."

The word "And" is used as an anaphora, as well as the start to many of his lines. This gives an elongated effect, similar to run-on sentence, making the sonnet seem tedious and emphasize a feeling of melancholy. This seems to fit the theme of some of his previous sonnets we read, where time is a tyrant that only takes and causes dismay. The couplet at the end gives a similar impression to the sonnet before, where love (while this one seems to be a different type of love), does not abide by the constraints of time.

There also seems to be this harsh masculine tone in the first half of the sonnet. This can be represented in the usage of terms such as "man" and "him," but it also contains harsh wording such as "disgrace," "outcast" and "curse." After the volta, the tone completely changes, using delicate lines such as "like to the lark at break of day arising" and the singing of hymns at heaven's gate. Both of these tones emphasize the impact of love over dismay

This line is a volta, separating Shakespeare sad boy hours, where he talks about being an outcast and unsatisfied with ones life or status, to the memories of love that fills the void of dissatisfaction. Love that is greater than power or wealth

The earlier lines stating "the earth devour her own sweet brood," seems to be intended to emphasize how cruel time is. Especially using animals that are seen as strong and ferocious like the lion and the tiger. Comparing their demise to that hopeful everlasting of his love signifies how strong his feelings are about her everlasting beauty, like stated in the last sonnet. "O! carve not with thy hours my love's fair brow," gives an image of the wrinkles of aging or the deterioration of life

In Shakespeare's comparison of summer to this woman, he says "summer's lease hath all too short a date" followed later by, "But thy eternal summer shall not fade." This seems to suggest that while the beauty of summer does not last forever, this woman's does. These last two lines are significant in the fact that they suggest her beauty is captured in this sonnet, "so long lives this, and this gives life to thee." Giving life to her beauty and making it everlasting, as long as man can still see and continue reading his poems.

At the beginning of the sonnet he talks about astronomy and how he cannot foresee plagues, dearth (a lack of), seasons quality, rain, thunder etc. BUT he says he can read the stars "from thine [your] eyes." He then says that truth and beauty shall thrive "If from thyself, to store thou wouldst convert," which seems to suggest the bearing of a child again. If she does not have a child he foresees it as the end of truth and beauty, which is seen in the quote "Or else of thee this I prognosticate: / 'Thy end is truth's and beauty's doom and date'."

Man, Shakespeare really wants her to have a child. In earlier lines he seems to be disheartened that no one reading his poetry will ever get to know her full beauty. But, in the last two lines he suggests that her beauty can stay alive through both the existence of a child, and through his poetry.

Stating that the beauty one possesses is not of their own, but like passing beauty down to a child, it was borrowed ("lease[d]") from someone previously.

Like in sonnet two, there is a significance in raising the youth and ensuring that you pass down your "sweet semblance" to a child. To continue your legacy of sorts

Saying that energy should be spent on raising the youth, because when we grow old, the youths beauty could make up for the olds lack thereof. A sense of pride is shown in having a "fair" beautiful child

Now that the trees no longer bear leaves or "canopy the herd" from the heat, they have lost all beauty and purpose. He seems to be hinting a direct correlation between the two. Without beauty is without purpose. Both an eventual result of time.

Continuing off the first line, the same "hours" which create beauty, will be the "tyrant", resulting in its destruction. Time makes beauty and youth fleeting

growing up and the progression of time ("hours") shape and develop ("frame") beauty.