Variance density

Long waves travel faster than short waves

n is the normal vector

mass x velocity

aka Continuity Equation

Viscosity is the fluid's resistance to shear stress

Wave breaking criteria

Long waves travel faster than short waves

Wave steepness

Not to be confused with amplitude, which is half of the wave height

Lift force is always perpendicular to the flow direction

Marine growth refers to the accumulation of organisms like algae, barnacles, mussels, and other sea life on underwater parts of offshore structures—such as platforms, pipelines, or wind turbine foundations.

As an environmental load, marine growth affects offshore structures in several ways: 1. Increased Weight The mass of the marine organisms adds dead load to the structure.

This can affect buoyancy and stability, especially for floating or semi-submersible structures.

1. Increased Diameter / Surface Area Marine growth increases the effective diameter of structural elements (e.g., piles or braces).

This leads to greater hydrodynamic drag from waves and currents, making the structure more exposed to wave and current forces.

1. Changes in Structural Dynamics Added mass can change the natural frequency of the structure, affecting how it responds to wave or wind loading.

This can be important in fatigue design.

1. Corrosion and Inspection Challenges Marine growth can retain moisture and promote corrosion.

It can also make inspections and maintenance more difficult.

Environmental load

Live load

What is launch load?